Colobinae
| Colobine monkeys[1] | |
|---|---|
| |
| Gray langurin Maharashtra, India | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Subfamily: | Colobinae Jerdon,1867 |
| Genera | |
|
Colobus | |
TheColobinaeorleaf-eating monkeysare asubfamilyof theOld World monkeyfamily that includes 61speciesin 11genera,including theblack-and-white colobus,the large-nosedproboscis monkey,and thegray langurs.Some classifications split thecolobinemonkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three African generaColobus,Piliocolobus,andProcolobusin one group; these genera are distinct in that they have stub thumbs (Greek κολοβόςkolobós= "docked" ). The various Asian genera are placed into another one or two groups. Analysis ofmtDNAconfirms the Asian species form two distinct groups, one of langurs and the other of the "odd-nosed" species, but are inconsistent as to the relationships of the gray langurs; some studies suggest that the gray langurs are not closely related to either of these groups,[2]while others place them firmly within the langur group.[3]
Characteristics
[edit]
Colobines are medium-sizedprimateswith long tails (except for thepig-tailed langur) and diverse colorations. The coloring of nearly all young animals differs remarkably from that of the adults.
Most species arearboreal,although some live a moreterrestriallife. They are found in many different habitats of different climate zones (rainforests,mangroves,mountain forests, andsavannah), but not in deserts and other dry areas. They live in groups, but in social forms vary.
Colobines arefolivorous,though their diet may be supplemented with flowers, fruits and the occasional insect. To aid in digestion, particularly of hard-to-digest leaves, they have multichambered, complex stomachs, making them the only primates withforegut fermentation.Foregut fermenters use bacteria to detoxify plant compounds before reaching the intestine, where toxins can be absorbed. Foregut fermentation is also associated with higher protein extraction and efficient digestion of fiber;[4][5]it is the dominant form of digestions in diverse herbivore taxa, including most Artiodactyla (e.g., deer, cattle, antelope), sloths, and kangaroos. In contrast, lower diversity howler monkeys in the New World rely on hindgut fermentation – occurring lower in the colon or cecum – much like horses and elephants.[4]Unlike the other subfamily of Old World monkeys, theCercopithecinae,they do not possess cheek pouches.
Gestation averages six to seven months. Young are weaned at about one year and are mature at three to six years. Their life expectancy is approximately 20 years.
Classification
[edit]Colobinae is split into two tribes:Colobini,found in Africa, andPresbytini,found in Asia. Based on fossil records, the tribes split between 10 and 13 million years ago.[6][7]The Colobini tribe contains three genera, black-and-white colobuses, red colobuses, and the olive colobus, all of whom are found in Africa. The Asian Presbytini comprises seven genera split into two clades, the odd-nosed group and the langur group.[6][2]The discordant gene tree topologies and divergence age estimates suggest that hybridization, particularly involving female introgression fromPiliocolobus/ProcolobusintoColobusand male introgression fromSemnopithecusintoTrachypithecus,played a prominent role in shaping the phylogenetic relationships of African and Asian colobine monkeys during their evolutionary history.[3]
- FamilyCercopithecidae[1][2]
- SubfamilyCercopithecinae
- Subfamily Colobinae
- TribeColobini
- GenusColobus- black-and-white colobus monkeys
- GenusPiliocolobus- red colobus monkeys
- GenusProcolobus- olive colobus
- †GenusCercopithecoides
- TribePresbytini
- Langur (leaf monkey) group
- GenusTrachypithecus- lutungs
- GenusPresbytis- surilis
- GenusSemnopithecus- gray langurs
- Odd-nosed group
- GenusPygathrix- doucs
- GenusRhinopithecus- snub-nosed monkeys
- GenusNasalis- proboscis monkey
- GenusSimias- pig-tailed langur
- †GenusMesopithecus
- Langur (leaf monkey) group
- TribeColobini
Hybrids
[edit]Intergenerichybridsare known to occur within the subfamily Colobinae. In India,gray langurs(Semnopithecusspp.) are known to hybridize withNilgiri langurs(Trachypithecus johnii).[8]
References
[edit]
- ^abGroves, C. P.(2005)."SUBFAMILYColobinae".InWilson, D. E.;Reeder, D. M (eds.).Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference(3rd ed.).Johns Hopkins University Press.pp. 167–178.ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0.OCLC62265494.
- ^abcSterner, Kirstin N.; Raaum, Ryan L.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Stewart, Caro-Beth; Disotell, Todd R. (2006)."Mitochondrial data support an odd-nosed colobine clade"(PDF).Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.40(1): 1–7.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.017.PMID16500120.Retrieved2021-06-19.
- ^abOsterholz, Martin; Walter, Lutz; Roos, Christian (2008)."Phylogenetic position of the langur genera Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus among Asian colobines, and genus affiliations of their species groups".BMC Evolutionary Biology.8(1). Springer Nature: 58.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-58.ISSN1471-2148.PMC2268674.PMID18298809.
- ^abEdwards, Mark S.; Ullrey, Duane E. (1999)."Effect of dietary fiber concentration on apparent digestibility and digesta passage in non-human primates. II. Hindgut- and foregut-fermenting folivores".Zoo Biology.18(6): 537–549.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:6<537::AID-ZOO8>3.0.CO;2-F.ISSN1098-2361.
- ^Feldhamer, George A.; Lee C. Drickamer; Stephen H. Vessey (2007).Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology.JHU Press. pp. 128–130.ISBN978-1-4214-3652-4.OCLC1097452280.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^abXiaoPing, Wang (2013)."Summary of phylogeny in subfamily Colobinae (Primate: Cercopithecidae)".Chinese Science Bulletin.58(18): 2097–2103.Bibcode:2013ChSBu..58.2097W.doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5624-y.
- ^Perelman, Polina; Johnson, Warren E.; Roos, Christian; Seuánez, Hector N.; Horvath, Julie E.; Moreira, Miguel A. M.; et al. (17 March 2011)."A Molecular Phylogeny of Living Primates".PLOS Genetics.7(3): e1001342.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342.PMC3060065.PMID21436896.
- ^Rowe, N. (1996).The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates.Pogonias Press. pp.139,143, 154, 185, 223.ISBN978-0-9648825-0-8.
Roos, Christian, et al. “Nuclear Versus Mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for Hybridization in Colobine Monkeys.” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 11, no. 1, 2011, pp. 77–77,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-77.
