Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay
IndonesianandMalaysian Malayare two standardised varieties of theMalay language,the former used officially inIndonesia(and inTimor Lesteas a working language) and the latter inBrunei,MalaysiaandSingapore.Both varieties are generallymutually intelligible,yet there are noticeable differences in spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as the predominant source of loanwords.[1][2][3]The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another, to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.[4][5][6]
Perception
[edit]To non-native speakers the two varieties may seem identical, but to native speakers the differences are noticeable through both diction and accent. They affect the broadcasting industry with regard to foreign language subtitling, for example, in DVD movies and on cable TV. In order to reach a wider audience, both Indonesian and Malay subtitles are sometimes displayed in a movie, along with other language subtitles. Another example is Malaysian TV providing Malay subtitling on Indonesiansinetrons(TV dramas) aired in Malaysia[7]and vice versa.[8]
The Malay language in Indonesia and Malaysia also differs in recognition, where in Malaysia it enjoys status as the national language (Malaysian language),[9]while in Indonesia it is considered aregional languagein Malay-speaking areas such as the eastern coast ofSumatraandWest Kalimantan.[10][11]The term "Malay language" (Bahasa Melayu) in Indonesia and Malaysia invites different perceptions from its respective people.[12]To Malaysians, the Malay language is generally understood as thenational languageof Malaysia, with Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia)being a precise appellation for the Malay variety used in the country.[13]Between 1986 and 2007, the termBahasa Melayuwas used instead ofBahasa Malaysia,until the latter was reinstated, in order to instill a sense of belonging among Malaysians of all races, rather than justMalays.[14][15]Therefore, there was no clear distinction between the use of the term Malay (Bahasa Melayu) and the national language of Malaysia (Bahasa Malaysia). In Brunei, where Malay is also an official language, the language is known asBahasa Melayuand in English as "Malay".[16]
In Indonesia, however, there is a clear distinction between "Malay language" (bahasa Melayu) and "Indonesian" (bahasa Indonesia). Indonesian is the national language which serves as theunifying languageof Indonesia; despite being a standardized form of Malay, it is not referred to with the term "Malay" in common parlance.[17]The term "Malay" is usually reserved for the forms of Malay indigenous to the Malay ethnic group (the national standardized language of Malaysia and the non-standard idioms ofMalay people,including those used byMalay Indonesians). Thus, "Malay" is considered aregional language(bahasa daerah) in Indonesia, enjoying the same status asJavanese,Sundanese,Buginese,Balinese,Batak languagesand others.[18]Moreover, to some Indonesians, the term "Malay" is more often associated with Malaysia and the Malaysian variety of Malay.[19]
In Malaysia, the terms "Indonesian Malay" and "Malaysian Malay" are sometimes used for Indonesian and Malay as spoken in Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Indonesian Malay" usually refers to the vernacular varieties of Malay spoken by theMalay peoples of Indonesia,that is, to Malay as a regional language inSumatra,though it is rarely used.[20]Bahasa MalaysiaandBahasa Melayuare used interchangeably in reference to Malay in Malaysia.
Malaywas designated as a national language by the Singaporean government after independence from Britain in the 1960s to avoid friction with Singapore's Malay-speaking neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia.[21]It has a symbolic, rather than functional purpose.[22][23]It is used in the national anthem "Majulah Singapura",[24]in citations ofSingaporean orders and decorationsand in military commands.[25]Singaporean Malay is officially written in the Latin-basedRumi script,though some Singaporean Malays also learn the Arabic-basedJawi script.[26]Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean identity cards.[27]
Orthography
[edit]Spelling
[edit]Before the 20th century, Malay was written in a local modified form of theArabic Alpha betknown asJawi.During the 20th century, Malay written withRoman letters,known as Rumi, almost completely replaced Jawi in everyday life. The romanisations originally used inBritish Malaya(now part ofMalaysia) and theDutch East Indies(nowIndonesia) reflected their history as British and Dutch colonial possessions respectively. In British Malaya, the romanisation of Malay, devised byRichard Wilkinson[28]was influenced by English, whereas in the Dutch East Indies, thesystem devised by C. A. Van Ophuijsenwas influenced byDutch.[29]As a result, in Indonesia, the vowel[u]was formerly representedoe,as in Dutch, although the official spelling of this sound was changed touin 1947 when theRepublican Spelling Systemwas used.[30]
Similarly, until 1972,[tʃ]was represented in Malaysia asch,whereas in Indonesia, it continued to follow Dutch and usedtj.Hence the word for 'grandchild' used to be written aschuchuin Malaysia andtjoetjoein Indonesia, until a unified spelling system was introduced in 1972 (known in Indonesia asEjaan Yang Disempurnakanor the 'Perfected Spelling') which removed most differences between the two varieties: Malaychand Indonesiantjbecamec:hencecucu.[31]Indonesia abandoned the spellingdj[dʒ]to conform to thejalready in use in Malaysia, while the old Indonesianjfor the semivowel[j]was replaced withyas in Malaysia. Likewise, thevelar fricative[x]which occurs in many Arabic loanwords, which used to be written 'ch' in Indonesian, becamekhin both languages.[31]However,oewas retained in some proper names, such as the name of the former vice-president,Boedionoor former ministerMohammad Roem.Thechanddjletter combinations are still encountered in names such asAchmadandDjojo(pronounced asAkhmadandJoyorespectively), although the post-1972 spelling is now favoured.
| IPA | Malaysian
Old Spelling |
Indonesian
Old Spelling |
Indonesian-Malaysian
Post-1972 Spelling |
|---|---|---|---|
| /ə/ | ă, ĕ | ē | e |
| /e/ | e | e | e |
| /ɛ/ | é | e | |
| /tʃ/ | ch | tj | c |
| /dˤ/ | dh | d | |
| /dʒ/ | j | dj | j |
| /x/ | kh | ch | kh |
| /ɲ/ | ny | nj | ny |
| /zˤ/ | dz | z | |
| /ʃ/ | sh | sj | sy |
| /θ/ | th | s | |
| /u/ | u | oe | u |
| /j/ | y | j | y |
Punctuation
[edit]One notable difference inpunctuationbetween the two languages is the use of differentdecimal marks;Indonesian, influenced by Dutch, uses thedecimal comma,[32]whereas Malay, influenced by English, uses thedecimal point.[33]A glossary ofInformation Technologyterminology, available in English, Indonesian, and Malay, was published to facilitate the comparison and comprehension of language variations among individuals in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei who are seeking assistance and information online.[34]
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronunciation also tends to be very different, with East Malaysia, Standard Singapore, and Indonesia pronouncing words in a form calledBahasa Baku,[35]where the words are pronounced as spelled.[36]Moreover, enunciation tends to be clipped, staccato and faster than on the Malay Peninsula, which is spoken at a more languorous pace. Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia, Colloquial Singapore, and Riau Sumatra:tujuhis pronounced (and was spelt)tujoh,pilihaspileh,etc., and many finala's tend to be pronounced asschwas;[e]and[o]are also allophones of/i/and/u/in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian, Colloquial Singaporean and Riau Sumatran varieties of Malay; These pronunciation rules is known asJohor-Riaupronunciation.[37][38]
| Example | Johor-Riau(Piawai)
Pronunciation |
Northern Peninsular
Pronunciation |
Baku& Indonesian
Pronunciation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable | ⟨kereta⟩ | /ə/ | /a/ | /a/ |
| ⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ | ⟨kambing⟩ | /e/ | /i/ | /i/ |
| ⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants | ⟨itik⟩ | /e/ | /e/ | /i/ |
| ⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ | ⟨tahun⟩ | /o/ | /u/ | /u/ |
| ⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants | ⟨lumpur⟩ | /o/ | /o/ | /u/ |
| final ⟨r⟩ | ⟨lumpur⟩ | silent | /r/ | /r/ |
The names for Latin letters are also of different origins, Indonesian names are from Dutch, while Malaysian Malay names are from English (seeMalay-Indonesian Alpha bet).
Syllabification
[edit]| Word | (Malaysian) Malay syllabification | Indonesian syllabification |
|---|---|---|
| problem | mas.a.lah | ma.sa.lah |
| start | mu.la.i | mu.lai |
| weather | cua.ca | cu.a.ca |
Vocabulary
[edit]Word derivation and compounds
[edit]Indonesian and (Standard Malaysian) Malay have similar derivation and compounds rule. However, there is difference on quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb. (Standard Malaysian) Malay uses prefixber-to denote such, while Indonesian uses prefixter-to do so. It is important to note that prefix ber- can denote several other meanings.
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| registered(having had one's name added to an official list or entered into a register) | berdaftar | terdaftar |
| local | tempatan | setempat |
| honorable | berhormat | terhormat |
| written(having been written) | bertulis | tertulis |
Loanword source differences
[edit] | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(February 2024) |
Indonesian and Malaysian Malay both differ in the forms of loanwords used due to division of the Malay Archipelago by the Dutch and the British and their long-lasting colonial influences, as a consequence of theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824:Indonesian absorbed primarily Dutch loanwords whereas Malaysian Malay absorbed primarily English words. Pronunciation of certain loanwords in Malaysian Malay follows English, while in Indonesian it follows Dutch, for example Malay "televisyen"(from English: television) and Indonesian"televisi"(from Dutch:televisie); the "-syen" and "-si" also prevail in some other words, though "-si" has become more preferred in Malay of late likegenerasianddimensi.[citation needed]
Malaysian Malay has also experienced significant conservative pushback as precedent entities that existed within the British sphere made efforts to create words that would fit naturally foreign ideas of governance and thought through a Malay-oriented context. The Pakatan Belajar Mengajar Pengetahuan Bahasa inJohoreheaded byAbdul Rahman Andakduring the 19th century was especially important in introducingneologismslikepejabat( "office", cf. Indonesiankantorfromkantoor) andsetiausaha( "secretary", cf. IndosekretarisfromDutch:secretaris) into the Malay lexicon.[40]For example, the word for 'post office' in Malaysia is "pejabat pos"(in Indonesia this means 'post officer'), whereas in Indonesia it is"kantor pos".
There are also somePortugueseinfluences: in Indonesia, Christmas is known as "Natal",whereas Malaysia uses both" Natal "and"Krismas",the latter derived from English. There are also instances where the Malaysian Malay version derives from English pronunciation while the Indonesian version takes its cue fromLatin.The Latin preference of the (older) Indonesian intellectuals in these instances may be ascribed to the influence of their classical-oriented education whenGymnasiumschools were established during the Dutch colonial period: compare Malaysian Malaykualiti,kuantiti,majoriti,minoritianduniversitiwith Indonesiankualitas,kuantitas,mayoritas,minoritasanduniversitas.[citation needed]
Some words which are spelt the same in both languages may even carry entirely different meanings in the other language, potentially leading to humorous or embarrassing situations: whilebajameans "steel" in Indonesian,[41]in Malaysian Malay it means "fertiliser".[42]Also, whereas the Indonesian wordbutuh(fromSundaneseᮘᮥᮒᮥᮂ butuh) means "require" or "need",[43]in Malay, it is a vulgar slang term referring to male genitalia.[44]Conversely, where the word "banci"seems innocuous enough in Malaysia (" census "),[45]in Indonesia it is a derogatory term for "transvestite".[46]
The relatively large share of Islamic (Arabic or Persian) loan words shared by Malaysian Malay and Indonesian often poses no difficulty in comprehension and usage, although some forms may have developed a (slightly) different meaning or have become obsolete either in Malaysian Malay or in Indonesian, e.g.khidmat,wakil.[citation needed]
English loanwords
[edit]One of the most important aspect in differences between Malay (Malaysian and Brunei) and Indonesian is the degree of influence from English. Apart from being heavily influenced by the Dutch language, the Indonesian language also adopted a significant number of English loanwords in its vocabulary, although English did not play significant role on the Indonesian language and in fact most of these vocabulary are of Dutch origin – Dutch and English share a similarGermanic origin,and Dutch has also borrowed fromLatin,although to a lesser extent than English. There have been many changes in Indonesian as a result of its historical development. Words have been freely borrowed from English and only partly assimilated, in many cases, to the Indonesian patterns of structure.[47]
By the late 1970s, English words began pouring into the language, leading one commentator, writing in 1977, to refer to the "trend towards Indo-Saxonization",[48]known in Indonesian aspengindosaksonan.Many loanwords from English sometimes fulfill no communicative need, expressing concepts adequately covered by existing words. Among the examples are:akuratinstead oftepat(accurate, Dutchaccuraat),aliansiin the place ofsekutu(alliance, Dutchalliantie),eksisrather thanada(exist),kandidatas well ascalon(candidate, Dutchkandidaat),konklusiinstead ofkesimpulan(conclusion, Dutchconclusie),kontaminasiin the place ofpencemaran(contamination, Dutchcontaminatie),opinirather thanpendapat(opinion, Dutchopinie) andopsiin the place ofpilihan(option, Dutchoptie).[49]However, thesepengindosaksonanis not directly borrowed from English, but through their cognates in Dutch pronunciations asPedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilahis heavily influenced by Dutch cognates.
Social and cultural differences
[edit]Lexical items that reflect separate social and cultural development.
Education
[edit]Indonesia has a more uniform nationwide system of terms than does Malaysia.Public school(a publicly funded and administered school) is known assekolah negeriin Indonesian andsekolah kebangsaanin Malaysia. Meanwhile,sekolah tinggiis translation ofhigh schoolin Malaysia (similar to English usage), while it refers touniversity collegein Indonesia (similar to Flanders Dutchhogeschool).
| Age Range | Malaysian Malay | Singaporean Malay | Brunei Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-4 | ||||
| 3-5 | ||||
| Sekolah Rendah | Sekolah Rendah | |||
| 5-6 | Darjah 1 (Satu) | |||
| 6-7 | Darjah 2 (Dua) | Sekolah Rendah | Sekolah Dasar (SD) | |
| Tahun 1 (Satu) | Kelas 1 (Satu) | |||
| 7-8 | Darjah 3 (Tiga) | Tahun 2 (Dua) | Kelas 2 (Dua) | |
| 8-9 | Darjah 4 (Empat) | Tahun 3 (Tiga) | Kelas 3 (Tiga) | |
| 9-10 | Darjah 5 (Lima) | Tahun 4 (Empat) | Kelas 4 (Empat) | |
| 10-11 | Darjah 6 (Enam) | Tahun 5 (Lima) | Kelas 5 (Lima) | |
| 11-12 | Sekolah Menengah | Sekolah Menengah | Tahun 6 (Enam) | Kelas 6 (Enam) |
| Tingkatan 1 (Satu) | ||||
| 12-13 | Tingkatan 2 (Dua) | Sekolah Menengah | Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) | |
| Tahun 7 (Tujuh) | Kelas 7 (Tujuh) | |||
| 13-14 | Tingkatan 3 (Tiga) | Tahun 8 (Lapan) | Kelas 8 (Delapan) | |
| 14-15 | Tingkatan 4 (Empat) | Tahun 9 (Sembilan) | Kelas 9 (Sembilan) | |
| 15-16 | Tingkatan 5 (Lima) | Tahun 10 (Sepuluh) | Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) | |
| Kelas 10 (Sepuluh) | ||||
| 16-17 | Kolej Tingkatan Enam
Kolej Matrikulasi |
Maktab Rendah | Tahun 11 (Sebelas) | Kelas 11 (Sebelas) |
| Tingkatan 6 (Enam) Bawah
Matrikulasi |
||||
| 17-18 | Tingkatan 6 (Enam) Atas | Prauniversiti | Kelas 12 (Duabelas) | |
| Tahun 12 (Duabelas) | ||||
| Tertiary Education | ||||
Time
[edit]In Indonesian, "pukulsetengah tujuh"refers to half to seven (6.30) referring to Dutch"half zeven".However, in (Malaysian) Malay,"pukul tujuh setengah"means half past seven (7.30).
Convergence and divergence
[edit]The rift of evolution between the two languages is based more on political nuance and the history of their formation than on cultural reasons. As a result, views regarding each other's languages differ amongst Malaysians and Indonesians. In Malaysia, the national language is Malay; in Indonesia, it is Indonesian. Malaysians tend to assert that Malay and Indonesian are merely different varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate – albeit closely related – languages. The result of this attitude is that the Indonesians feel little need to synchronize their language with Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, whereas the Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with the Indonesians.[50]However, both parties have realized that communication benefits from mutually comprehensible and intelligible languages, which motivated efforts to synchronize the languages' development. The effort to synchronize both languages' evolution to increase their mutual intelligibility has been embarked by imposing standardrules of language.This process is headed byBadan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasaon the Indonesian side andDewan Bahasa dan Pustakaas its Malaysian counterpart throughMajlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia(MABBIM). Authorities in both Brunei and Singapore generally abide by the Malaysian standard in disputes.[citation needed]Although, MABBIM is not working properly which reflects Indonesian attitude of little need to synchronize their language.[51][52]
Example
[edit]Original text in Indonesian:[53]
- Apabila peraturanpakta stabilitas Eropadihormati sampai kedetailnya,rasio utang publikdibandingproduk domestik brutopadaharikrisis akan berada diposisi10persentase poinkurang dalamzonaeuro, katanya.
In Malay (Malaysian and Brunei):
- Jika peraturanpakatan kestabilan Eropahdihormati secara terperinci,nisbah hutang awamberbandingkeluaran dalam negara kasarpadazamankrisis akan berada dikedudukan10mata peratusankurang dalamzoneuro, kata beliau.
In English:
- If theEuropean stability pactrules had been respected indetail,theratio of public debttogross domestic producton thedaysof crisis would have been at theposition10percentage pointsless in the eurozone,he said.
The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsin Indonesian and Malay (Malaysian and Brunei), along with the original declaration in English.
| Indonesian[54] | Malay (Malaysia and Brunei)[55] | English[56] |
|---|---|---|
| Maka,
Majelis Umum memproklamasikan PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIAsebagai satu standar umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara, dengan tujuan agar setiap orang dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini, akan berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan terhadap hak-hak dan kebebasan-kebebasan tersebut, dan dengan jalan tindakan-tindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional, menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif, baik oleh bangsa-bangsa dari negara anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa-bangsa dari daerah-daerah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka. Pasal 1Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan. |
Maka dengan ini,
Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIAini sebagai suatu ukuran bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat, dengan sentiasa mengingati Perisytiharan ini, hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak-hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara langkah-langkah berperingkat-peringkat, di bidang negara dan antarabangsa, bagi menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan, kedua-duanya di antara negara-negara anggota masing-masing dan rakyat wilayah-wilayah di bawah bidang kuasa mereka. Perkara 1Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan |
Now, therefore,
The General Assembly proclaims ThisUNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTSas a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. Article 1All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
See also
[edit]- Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia
- Malay-Indonesian orthography
- Malay-Indonesian grammar
- Indonesian orthography
- Indonesian slang
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- ^The Indonesian Quarterly,Yayasan Proklamasi,Centre for Strategic and International Studies,1977 Volume 5, Issues 1–3, page 76
- ^Seong Chee Tham (1991).A Study of the Evolution of the Malay Language: Social Change and Cognitive Development.Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 14.ISBN978-9971691363.
- ^"Who is Malay?".July 2005. Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.
- ^Amin, Manzaidi Mohd (21 April 2022)."Terima hakikat negara jiran tolak penggunaan bahasa Melayu bahasa pengantar - MPN"[Accept the fact that neighboring countries reject the use of Malay as the medium of instruction - MPN].Malaysia Gazette.Retrieved7 June2024.
{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^"Indonesia akan tolak selagi Malaysia guna istilah 'Bahasa Melayu'"[Indonesia will reject as long as Malaysia uses the term 'Malay'].Astro Awani.
{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^Antara News – Draghi: Krisis Zona Euro Berisiko "Sistemik"
- ^"Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia"[Universal Declaration of Human Rights].OHCHR.Retrieved7 June2024.
- ^"Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat"[Universal Declaration of Human Rights].OHCHR(in Malay).
- ^"Universal Declaration of Human Rights: English".OHCHR.
External links
[edit]- Haji Omar, Asmah (1989)."The Malay Spelling Reform".Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society:9–13. Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2006.Retrieved2 November2006.
- Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.2008. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
- Regina Pasys."Ternyata 4 Negara Ini Mempunya Bahasa yang Mirip dengan Bahasa Indonesia, Sudah Tahu?".Grid Kids.
- Senarai komprehensif perbezaan ejaan Malaysia dan ejaan Indonesia,Hiroki Nomoto, Nahoko Yamashita, Ayano Osaka (orthographic differences between Standard Malay and Indonesian)
- convection era[1]