Cooper's ligaments

This article is about Cooper's ligaments of the breast. For the inguinal structure also called Cooper's Ligament, seePectineal ligament.

Cooper's ligaments
Dissection of human breast: Cooper's ligaments labeled as "Retinacula cutis (Ligs. of Cooper)" and "Retinacula cutis"
Details
Identifiers
Latin	retinaculum cutis mammae, ligamenta suspensoria mammaria
TA98	A16.0.02.015
TA2	7109
FMA	71433
Anatomical terminology

Cooper's ligaments(also known asthe suspensory ligaments of Cooperandthe fibrocollagenous septa) areconnective tissuein thebreastthat help maintain structural integrity. They are named forAstley Cooper,who first described them in 1840.Their anatomy can be revealed using Transmissiondiffraction tomography.

Cooper's suspensory ligament should not be confused with thepectineal ligament(sometimes called the inguinal ligament of Cooper) which shares the sameeponym.Also, the intermediate fibers and/or the transverse part of theulnar collateral ligamentare sometimes called Cooper's ligament(s).

Structure

The ligaments run from theclavicleand theclavipectoral fascia,branching out through and around breast tissue to the dermis of the skin overlying the breast. The intact ligament suspends the breast from the clavicle and the underlying deep fascia of the upper chest. This has the effect of supporting the breast in its normal position, and maintaining its normal shape. Without the internal support of this ligament, the breast tissue (which is heavier than the surrounding fat) sags under its own weight, losing its normal shape and contour.

Clinical significance

The suspensory ligaments of Cooper play an important role in the change in appearance of the breast that often accompanies the development ofinflammatory carcinomaof the breast in which blockage of the local lymphatic ducts causes swelling of the breast. Because the skin remains tethered by the suspensory ligaments of Cooper, it takes on a dimpled appearance reminiscent of the peel of an orange (peau d'orange). Carcinomas can also decrease the length of Cooper's ligaments leading to a dimpling.

Relationship to sagging

Main article:Ptosis (breasts)

Many women believe thatsagging(ptosis) is caused by the failure of the Cooper's ligaments to support the breast tissue. In fact, ptosis is partly determined by genetic factors, but a review found that the biggest factors are higherbody mass index,larger breast size, significant weight loss, smoking, her number ofpregnancies,and her age.

Many women incorrectly believe that wearing abrassiereprevents their breasts from sagging later in life and that breasts cannot anatomically support themselves.But bra manufacturers have stated that because breasts are formed of fatty tissue and not muscle, bras only affect the shape of breasts while they are being worn.

Pathologically heavy breasts may cause pain in the woman's upper thoracic area, but this may be due to a poorly-fitting bra. Numerous reports state that 80–85% of women are wearing the wrong bra size.

In middle-aged women, breast ptosis is caused by a combination of factors. If the woman has had children, postpartumhormonalchanges will cause the depletedmilk glandsto atrophy. Women who experiencemultiple pregnanciesrepeatedly stretch the skin envelope during engorgement whilelactating.As a woman's breasts grow in size during repeated pregnancies, the Cooper's ligaments that maintain the position of themammary glandsagainst the chest are stretched and gradually lose strength. Breast tissue and suspensory ligaments may also be stretched if the woman is overweight or loses and gains weight.