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Copei

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COPEI
LeaderJuan Carlos Alvarado
(ad-hoc)
Roberto Enríquez
(de jure)[1][2]
Secretary-GeneralJuan Carlos Alvarado
(ad-hoc)
Robert García
(de jure)[1][2]
FounderRafael Caldera
Founded13 January 1946
HeadquartersAvenida La Gloria, El Bosque,Caracas
Youth wingJuventud Demócrata Cristiana
IdeologySocial conservatism
Christian democracy
Economic liberalism
Political positionCentre[3]tocentre-right[4]
National affiliationDemocratic Alliance
Regional affiliationChristian Democrat Organization of America
International affiliationCentrist Democrat International
ColorsDark green(customary)
Lime green
National Assembly
1 / 277
States' Governors
0 / 23
Mayors
15 / 337
Website
copei.org.ve

COPEI,also referred to as theSocial Christian Party(Spanish:Partido Socialcristiano) orGreen Party(Spanish:Partido Verde), is aChristian democratic[5]partyinVenezuela.The acronym stands forComité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente(English:Independent Political Electoral Organization Committee), but this provisional full name has fallen out of use.[6]The party was influential during the twentieth century as a signatory of thePuntofijo Pactand influenced many politicians throughout Latin America at its peak.[7]

History[edit]

20th century[edit]

COPEI was founded on 13 January 1946 byRafael Caldera.[6]COPEI,Democratic Action (AD)andDemocratic Republican Union (URD)signed thePuntofijo Pactin October 1958, establishing themselves as the dominant political parties in the country.[8]Signatories and supporters of the Pact stated that it was created to preserve democracy and to share governorship between parties.[9]Critics believed that the Pact allowed signing parties to limit control over Venezuela's government to themselves.[10]URD would later leave the pact in 1962 following Cuba's removal from theOrganization of American States,[11]leaving governing of Venezuela to COPEI and AD.[12]The Puntofijo system ultimately created a network of patronage for both parties.[13]

Caldera was elected president in December 1968 and for the first time in Venezuela's history, opposition parties transferred power peacefully. COPEI was also the first Venezuelan political party to assume power peacefully on its first attempt.[14]The only other COPEI member to become president of Venezuela wasLuis Herrera Campins,from 1979 to 1983.[15]However, Herrera Campins fell from grace due to a drop in oil revenue, leading to AD candidateJaime Lusinchiwinning the presidency in 1984.

Governing by COPEI and AD would continue through the rest of the century. Dissatisfaction with the established governmental system of patronage increased, culminating in the1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attemptsled byHugo Chávez.For the1993 Venezuelan general election,COPEI passed over choosing Caldera as their candidate.[7]Caldera would afterwards win the election through his newly foundedNational Convergenceparty.[citation needed]Soon after being elected, Caldera freed Chávez,[16][17]who became Caldera's successor following the1998 Venezuelan presidential election.[18][non-primary source needed]

21st century[edit]

With the election of Chávez, Venezuela entered into a period of adominant-party systemled by hisUnited Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV).[19]In the2000 legislative electionsCOPEI won a meager five of 165 seats in theNational Assembly,with the party receiving 5.10% of valid votes.[20]In the2005 legislative electionsCOPEI staged an electoralboycottand did not win any seats in the National Assembly.[21]In the2010 parliamentary election,COPEI was part of the broad oppositionalCoalition for Democratic Unityand won eight of the 165 seats.[22]

Prior to the2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election,the pro-governmentSupreme Tribunal of Justicedesignated new leaders of COPEI, leading some to state that the party was infiltrated by the PSUV.[23]By 2017,Caracas Chroniclessaid the party was "dying an undignified death" as infighting among leaders could not agree on a path for the party.[7]

Presidents of Venezuela[edit]

№

[24]

Portrait President(Birth–Death) State Term of office Term

[25]

39 Rafael Caldera(1916–2009) Yaracuy 11 March 1969

– 12 March 1974

28(1968)
41 Luis Herrera Campins(1925–2007) Portuguesa 12 March 1979

– 2 February 1984

30(1978)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ab"En 5 puntos: Plataforma Unitaria anuncia su participación en las regionales con la tarjeta de la MUD".Runrun(in Spanish). 2021-08-31.Retrieved2021-08-31.
  2. ^ab"Plataforma Unitaria anuncia que participará en las elecciones del 21-N".El Universal(in Spanish). 2021-08-31.Retrieved2021-08-31.
  3. ^Salojärvi, Virpi (2016).The Media in the Core of Political Conflict: Venezuela During the Last Years of Hugo Chávez's Presidency(PDF).p. 30.ISBN978-951-51-1092-3.ISSN2343-2748.
  4. ^"Q&A: Venezuela's referendum".BBC News.30 November 2007.
  5. ^Mainwaring, Scott; Scully, Timothy, eds. (2003).Christian Democracy in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts.Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 81.ISBN0-8047-4598-6.
  6. ^abCrisp, Brian F.; Levine, Daniel H.; Molina, Jose E. (2003),"The Rise and Decline of COPEI in Venezuela",Christian Democracy in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts,Stanford University Press, p. 275,ISBN9780804745987
  7. ^abcLinares, Rodrigo (2017-03-27)."Requiem for COPEI".Caracas Chronicles.Retrieved2019-09-13.
  8. ^"Document #22:" Pact of Punto Fijo, "Acción Democrática, COPEI and Unión Republicana Democrática (1958) | Modern Latin America".Brown University.Retrieved2019-09-13.
  9. ^Corrales, Javier (2001-01-01). "Strong Societies, Weak Parties: Regime Change in Cuba and Venezuela in the 1950s and Today".Latin American Politics and Society.43(2): 81–113.doi:10.2307/3176972.JSTOR3176972.
  10. ^Kozloff, Nikolas (2007).Hugo Chávez: Oil, Politics, and the Challenge to the U.S.Palgrave Macmillan. pp.61.ISBN9781403984098.
  11. ^"Jóvito Villalba, URD y Margarita".El Sol de Margarita.2009-02-12.Archivedfrom the original on 2009-02-12.Retrieved2019-09-13.
  12. ^Karl, Terry Lynn (1987-01-01)."Petroleum and Political Pacts: The Transition to Democracy in Venezuela".Latin American Research Review.22(1): 63–94.doi:10.1017/S0023879100016435.JSTOR2503543.S2CID252930082.
  13. ^Buxton, Julia (2005-07-01). "Venezuela's Contemporary Political Crisis in Historical Context".Bulletin of Latin American Research.24(3): 328–347.doi:10.1111/j.0261-3050.2005.00138.x.ISSN1470-9856.
  14. ^Guillermo Aveledo Coll: Christians in Politics - YouTube
  15. ^Nohlen, D(2005)Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II,p555ISBN978-0-19-928358-3
  16. ^Marcano and Tyszka 2007.pp. 107–08.
  17. ^Jones 2007.pp. 182–86.
  18. ^"Venezuela's 1998: Presidential, Legislative, and Gubernatorial Elections: Election Observation Report"(PDF).Election Observation Report.International Republican Institute. 12 February 1999. p. 12. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 September 2015.Retrieved17 February2015.Voter turnout rose significantly in the 1998 elections, reversing a two-decade trend toward lower participation.
  19. ^Musil, Pelin Ayan (2015-01-02). "Emergence of a Dominant Party System After Multipartyism: Theoretical Implications from the Case of the AKP in Turkey".South European Society and Politics.20(1).Taylor & Francis:71–92.doi:10.1080/13608746.2014.968981.ISSN1360-8746.S2CID219697348.another example is the PSUV in Venezuela, which served in government as a single party for 14 years following a period of multi-party politics. After the death of the charismatic party leader, Hugo Chavez, the PSUV had a new leader, yet managed to form a single-party government again in 2013.
  20. ^"Elecciones 30 de Julio de 2000 VOTOS DIPUTADOS LISTAS A LA ASAMBLEA NACIONAL"(PDF).National Electoral Council (Venezuela).Archived(PDF)from the original on 2017-08-05.
  21. ^Forero, Juan (30 November 2005)."3 Anti-Chávez Parties Pull Out of Election".The New York Times.
  22. ^"Divulgación Elecciones Parlamentarias - 26 de Septiembre de 2010".National Electoral Council (Venezuela).26 September 2010.Retrieved2019-09-13.
  23. ^"Enrique Mendoza: Candidatos de Copei deben tener el aval de las direcciones regionales".Efecto Cocuyo.2015-07-31.Retrieved2019-09-13.
  24. ^For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example,Carlos Soublettewas both the 8th and 10th President because the two periods where he was president were not consecutive. A period during which a vice-president temporarily becomes acting president under the Constitution is not a presidency, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  25. ^For the purposes of numbering, a term is a period between two presidential elections. Some terms might be longer than originally expected due tocoup d'étatsor the installation of military dictatorships, thus extending the time between two elections. Venezuela's unique history has allowed several presidents to serve during a single term, as well as some presidents, such asJose Maria Vargas,serving twice during a single term.

External links[edit]

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