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Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth

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Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth
King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in their coronation robes, 1937
Date12 May 1937;87 years ago(1937-05-12)
LocationWestminster Abbey,London, England
Budget£454,000
Participants

ThecoronationofGeorge VIand his wife,Elizabeth,askingandqueenof theUnited Kingdomandthe Dominionsof theBritish Commonwealth,Emperor and Empress consort of Indiatook place atWestminster Abbey,London, on Wednesday 12 May 1937. George VI ascended the throne upon theabdication of his brother,Edward VIII,on 11 December 1936, three days before his 41st birthday. Edward'scoronationhad been planned for 12 May and it was decided to continue with his brother and sister-in-law's coronation on the same date.

Although the music included a range of new anthems and the ceremony underwent some alterations to include theDominions,it remained a largely conservative affair and closely followed the ceremonial ofGeorge V's coronationin 1911. The ceremony began with theanointingof the King, symbolising his spiritual entry into kingship, and then hiscrowningand enthronement, representing his assumption of temporal powers and responsibilities. The peers of the realm thenpaid homageto the King before a shorter and simpler ceremony was conducted for the Queen's coronation. The return procession toBuckingham Palacewas over six miles (9.7 km) in length, making it the longest coronation procession up to that time; crowds of people lined the streets to watch it, over 32,000 soldiers and sailors took part, and 20,000 police officers lined the route. The coronation was commemorated by the issuing of officialmedals,coinage and stamps, by military parades across the Empire, and by numerous unofficial celebrations, including street parties and the production of memorabilia.

The event was designed to be not only a sacred anointing and formal crowning, but also a public spectacle, which was also planned as a display of the British Empire. May 1937 included a programme of royal events lasting nearly the entire month to commemorate and mark the occasion. As a preliminary to the coronation, guests from across the Empire and around the world assembled at Buckingham Palace and official receptions were held to welcome them; among those attending wereIndianprinces and, for the first time, nativeAfricanroyalty. For the event itself, theprime ministersof almost every Dominion took part in the procession to the abbey, while representatives of nearly every country attended. Contingents from most colonies and each Dominion participated in the return procession throughLondon's streets.

The media played an important part in broadcasting this show of pageantry and imperialism to the Empire. The coronation procession was an important event in thehistory of television,being the country's first majoroutside broadcast,although the ceremony inside the abbey was not televised. It was also the first coronation to be filmed, as well as the first to be broadcast on radio.

Background

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Accession

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Main articles:Proclamation of accession of George VIandAbdication of Edward VIII
A commemorativeglass tumbler,produced for the coronation of King Edward VIII, planned for 12 May 1937

In January 1936, KingGeorge Vdied and his eldest son,Edward VIII,succeeded him as king-emperor of the British Empire. He was unmarried at that time, but the American socialiteWallis Simpsonhad accompanied him on numerous social occasions in years leading up to 1936; she was married to the shipping executiveErnest Aldrich Simpsonand had previously been divorced. The relationship had not been reported in the British press, but was receiving considerable media attention in the United States; it was controversial due to her being divorced with her previous spouse still living, a status considered incompatible with the King's position as the nominal head of theChurch of England,which did not at that time permit remarriage after divorce if the previous spouse was still living.[1]

In October 1936 Simpson filed for divorce (which, when final, would result in two previous spouses still living), and the King informed thePrime Minister,Stanley Baldwin,that he intended to marry her. Baldwin and several leading imperial administrators advised the King that popular opinion in the dominions was hostile to the proposed marriage; at home, the King also faced opposition from the Church of England and from factions inParliament.The widespread unwillingness to accept Simpson as the King's consort, and Edward's refusal to give her up, led to his abdication in December 1936.[2]

He was succeeded by his next younger brother,George VI.Before his accession, George had been known as Prince Albert,Duke of York;hisregnal namewas chosen in honour of his late father. In 1923, he had marriedLady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon,the daughter of theEarl of Strathmore and Kinghorne.

Coronation ceremony

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Further information:Coronation of the British monarch

Although the reign of the British monarch begins on his or her succession to the throne, the coronation service marks their formal investiture. In 1937, the ceremony was organised by a Coronation Committee, established by thePrivy Counciland chaired by theLord President of the Council,a political appointment; its central component, the Executive Committee, was chaired bythe Duke of Norfolk,who inherited the office ofEarl Marshal,which carries with it, by convention, the responsibility for the organisation and coordination of the coronation ceremony.[3][4]

Preparation

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Planning

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The Coronation Committee had been delayed when it met for the first time on 24 June 1936:Ramsay MacDonald,theLord President of the Council,met the Duke of Norfolk to discuss the proceedings; MacDonald would chair the Coronation Committee as a whole, and the Duke would chair the Executive Committee. While Edward VIII was away, cruising on theNahlinwith Wallis Simpson, his brother, Albert, Duke of York (the future George VI) sat in his place on the committees.[3]Edward VIII had initially been reluctant to have a coronation at all (asking the Archbishop of Canterbury whether it could be dispensed with), but conceded that a shorter service would be acceptable; his desire for a lower-key event led to the planned abandonment of the royal procession through London the following day, the thanksgiving service atSt Paul's Cathedraland the dinner with London dignitaries.[5]

After the abdication of Edward VIII, the coronation committee continued to plan the event for George VI with minimal disruption; according toSir Roy Strong,at the next meeting after the abdication "no reference was made at all to the change of sovereign, everything immediately being assumed to have been done for the new king."[6]After the abdication, though, many of the traditional elements that Edward VIII cared less for were restored, withQueen Marytaking an interest in the design of furniture and insisting on a more traditional appearance; indeed, much of the service and the furnishings were to closely resemble those of the 1911coronation of George V.[7]

Archbishop of Canterbury

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Archbishop Cosmo Lang, painted in 1937 with his coronationcopeandmitrebyPhilip de László

Although the Executive Committee was chaired by the Earl Marshal, theArchbishop of Canterbury,Cosmo Lang,was also a driving force behind the preparations for the 1937 coronation; and many of the decisions about the order of service were made by or with him. He was anex officiomember of both the Executive Committee and the Coronation Committee, which dealt with the detail and, as such, he attended all of the rehearsals. He tended to take a leading role in the planning process, becoming a key mediator when queries arose, and dealing with questions of how the service should be broadcast by the media.[8]Lang also spoke to the nation through the BBC services in the run-up to Coronation Day; he saw the Coronation as an opportunity for the spiritual renewal of the nation, and he organised a campaign ofevangelismcalledRecall to Religion,which he launched on 27 December 1936 with an address on BBC radio. He was also keen to ensure that the King and Queen understood the religious nuances of the service, and held two meetings with the couple beforehand.[9]

The Archbishop met the King and Queen on the evening before their coronation, running through the ceremony and explaining the most important parts. He was also concerned about King George'sstutterand discussed the matter withLord Dawson of PennandLord Wigram;Lionel Loguewas then the King's speech therapist and the Archbishop discussed replacing him, but decided to monitor the King's improvement and Logue remained his therapist. As it happened, the King delivered his speech without stuttering.[9]

Construction

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The coronation cost £454,000, which was more than three times the cost of the 1911 ceremony.[10]This cost included the construction of the annexe, which was built as a temporary add-on at the entrance of the abbey for each coronation. In previous years, it had taken the form of an imitation Gothic entrance, but, as a remnant of Edward VIII's modernising attitude, it was now anart-decodesign, adorned with stylised heraldic beasts and tapestries belonging tothe Duke of Buccleuch.[11]For each coronation, special seating was also constructed to accommodate the large number of guests; 1937 was the first year to make use of metal structures to support the seats, in the form of tubular steel. Four hundred tons were used alongside 72,000 cubic feet (2,000 cubic metres) of wood, with 400 men working on the construction. The theatre (the area in thetranseptfor the first part of the ceremony) and sacrarium (the space in front of the high altar) were at floor level for the first time since theRestoration,having traditionally been raised on a platform.[12]

Imperial considerations

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See also:1937 Imperial Conference
Eaton'sdepartment store window inTorontodisplaying mannequins of George and Elizabeth wearing their crowns and holding orbs

In 1911, standards of theDominions—autonomous communities of the British Empire—were borne during the procession. But, after the1931 Statute of Westminster,which established legislative equality between the Dominions and the United Kingdom, the actual service and coronation rite needed to be updated to reflect this change in political power within the Empire, which itself was beginning to be known asthe Commonwealth.Furthermore, the fact that the service was an Anglican rite excluded other faiths and denominations; in 1937, several Dominions had premiers who wereCatholicand, by that time, laws which previously excluded people from public office on religious grounds had been repealed.[13]The Coronation Committee altered the rite to reflect this change; the King now swore to maintain "the Protestant Reformed Religion only as established by law in the United Kingdom."[13]During Edward VIII's reign, a committee was established and chaired by the Duke of York to investigate how colonial representatives might be included within the ceremony. The committee failed, though, to implement any changes, except to theCoronation Oath.This was the first amendment to the oath since the coronation ofKing William IIIandQueen Mary IIin 1689.[14]

Although 1937 saw an increase in the colonial contingents partaking in the procession and an official lunch inWestminster Hallwas given to parliamentary representatives of Empire states for the first time, the service itself was barely altered to reflect the new status of the Dominions.[15]

Guests

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King George VI and Queen Elizabeth coronation invitation

The ceremony was attended by the King's and Queen's daughters, PrincessesElizabethandMargaret,as well as by the King's mother,Queen Mary.[16]When Mary attended the coronation, she became the first Britishdowager queento do so.[17]Members of the extended royal family attended and all peers and members of parliament were invited. Leading colonial administrators, ambassadors, Indian princes[18]and premiers of the dominions were also on the guest list.[19]Working-class representatives included representatives of the trade unions and co-operative societies,[20]while native Africans were allowed to attend for the first time.[21]

British royal family

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Bowes-Lyon/Cavendish-Bentinck families

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Foreign royalty

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Rulers of British protectorates

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Other foreign dignitaries

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The abbey's doors were closed to guests at 8.30 on the morning of the coronation. The official record of the ceremonial, published in theLondon Gazette,describes the seating plan: "The Lords Spiritual were seated on the North side of the Area, or Sacrarium, the Lords Temporal in the South Transept, and the Dowager Peeresses and Peeresses in the North Transept."[22]

Procession to the abbey

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A crowd inParliament Squarewaits to watch the coronation procession rehearsal, two days before the coronation ceremony, 10 May 1937
See also:List of participants in the coronation processions of George VI § Procession to the abbey

Before the coronation ceremony begins, there is traditionally a lengthy procession to the abbey. The procession left Buckingham Palace and headed upThe Mall,thoughAdmiralty Arch,and downWhitehall,before entering Westminster Abbey.[4]

The first to take part in the procession were lesser members and relatives of the Royal Family and the representatives of foreign royalty and heads of state; they departed Buckingham Palace by car between 08:40 and 08:45 and arrived at the abbey ten minutes later; British and Dominionprime ministersfollowed half an hour later, leaving at 09:15. At 09:49, members of the Royal Family left the palace (Queen Mary's carriage left Marlborough House shortly afterwards at 10:13). The King and Queen then travelled in theGold State Coachfrom Buckingham Palace at 10:43; their procession was by far the longest and included numerous military contingents and delegates from Britain, the Dominions, and the colonies, as well as members of theWar Office,the Army, Naval and Air Boards and the personal aides-de-camp.[23]

Procession into the abbey

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See also:List of participants in the coronation processions of George VI

Foreign representatives

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The first to arrive in procession were the royalty and foreign representatives; they arrived ten minutes after departing the palace. The royal members were led in by two officers of arms—theBluemantle Pursuivant(R.P. Graham-Vivian) and thePortcullis Pursuivant(A.R. Wagner)—followed by twoGentleman Ushers(Captain Humphrey Lloyd and ColonelVivian Gabriel), and were led to their seats in the royal gallery.[22]

The foreign representatives followed in at roughly 09:00 and were greeted by senior members of the Royal Household and the Diplomatic Corps.[nb 1]Led in by theRouge Croix Pursuivant(P.W. Kerr) and theRouge Dragon Pursuivant(E.N. Geijer); they were escorted to their seats in the choir.[24]

Regalia

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Following tradition dating back to the reign ofKing Charles II,theregaliawere brought to theDeanery of Westminsterthe night before the coronation. Staff started working at 4 a.m., while guests began arriving two hours later. TheImperial State Crownhad been remade for the occasion by the Crown Jewellers,Garrard & Co.[25]Queen Elizabeth's crownwas new and made fromplatinum;it featured theKoh-i-Noordiamond from thecrown of Queen Mary.[26]Queen Elizabeth wore a gown made of silksatin,with pure gold thread embroidery in a rose and thistle pattern. The ermine-lined velvet robe had a floral pattern with a gold outline.[27]The goldwork on the gown and the robe was embroidered by theRoyal School of Needlework.[28]The gown and the robe also featured designs patriotic to the British Empire. Created byElizabeth Handley-Seymour,the toile featured the embroidered emblems of the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the otherdominions.[28]The national flowers that appeared on the robe included the South Africanproteaand theIndian lotus flower.[28]Intertwined letter Esfor Elizabeth were also embroidered on the robe.[29]Norman Hartnelldressed the maids of honour.[30]

While thelitanywas sung, the Choir led the Dean andPrebendariesof Westminster down from the High Altar at 09:55; they were carrying the Crown Jewels and regalia, which they then deposited at the Vestibule. The Comptroller of theLord Chamberlain's Officethen handed the regalia to theLord High Constable,who in turn handed them to theLord Great Chamberlain;the items were then handed over to individual peers, who are listed below.[31]

Entrance of the Royal Family

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Led by two officers of arms—theRouge Croix Pursuivantand theRouge Dragon Pursuivant—and twoGentleman Ushers(Rear-Admiral Arthur Bromley and Lieutenant-Colonel Henry De Satgé), the senior members of the Royal Family arrived at 10:15 and formed their procession into the abbey.The Princess Royalwas flanked by The Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, and they were followed by the Duchesses ofGloucesterandKentand then, in pairs,PrinceandPrincess Arthur of Connaught;Princess Alice, Countess of AthloneandLady Patricia Ramsay;andPrincess Marie LouiseandPrincess Helena Victoria,each with an attendant, train-bearer, or coronet carrier, as applicable.[32]

Twenty minutes later, theQueen of Norwayand Queen Mary arrived, being received by the Earl Marshal. Their procession took a different form to that of other members. TheYorkandWindsor Heraldsled, followed by G.A. Ponsonby[nb 2](Comptroller of Queen Maud's Household) and then the Queen of Norway, attended by Miss von Hanno and followed by theRichmondandChester Heralds.Then, Queen Mary's Lord Chamberlain (the Marquess of Anglesey) led Queen Mary, whose train was borne by four pages (the Earl of Dalkeith, the Marquess of Lansdowne, Gerald Lascelles, and Viscount Errington) and who was attended by the Mistress of the Robes (the Duchess of Devonshire), two ladies of the bedchamber in waiting, her private secretary, comptroller, and three equerries (two ordinary and one extra).[33]

Entrance of the King and Queen

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A guard of honour had formed at the vestibule and at the entrance, and the King and Queen arrived at 11:00. On their entry, they were greeted by the great officers of state, the archbishops, and the peers bearing the regalia. They then formed their procession, which was led by the King's chaplain and the Chapter at Westminster, who were followed by representatives of the Free Churches and the Church of Scotland. The procession involved all of the great officers of state, the archbishops of Canterbury and York, the lord mayor of London, the officers of arms of England and Scotland, the standards of each dominion, the prime ministers of the UK and of each of the dominions, and the most senior and highest-ranking officials in the Royal Household. They were followed by twelve members of the Yeoman of the Guard and six of its officials.

The King and Queen walked surrounded by their regalia, borne by the designated peers; King George wore his great robes of state, which had to be carried by ninepages of honour:[34]

The Queen was attended by sixmaids of honour:[35]

The royal couple walked past the choir, in which sat the foreign representatives and delegates, before passing through the screen; after this, they sat or stood in their designated area and the King and Queen took their seats in the Chairs of State in front of the royal box. As the King and Queen and the procession proceeded, the choir sangI was gladwith the traditional acclamations ofVivat Regina ElizabethaandVivat Rex Georgiusby theKing's ScholarsofWestminster School.

Service

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An artist's impression of the coronation service byHenry Charles Brewer(1866–1943) and published inThe Illustrated London News

The coronation service itself began once the procession into the abbey was over and the King and Queen were seated. Beginning with the recognition, the King then took an oath and was anointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, before being crowned king. As a remnant of the coronation ceremony's feudal origins, the King then received homage from the peers and peeresses of the realm in attendance.

There were few departures from the services conducted at previous coronations. Efforts were made to shorten the lengthy proceedings: thelitanywas sung during the regalia procession before the start of the service, and thesermonwas omitted entirely.[36]Even so, the service itself lasted for two and a half hours,[37]excluding the preliminary processions.

Recognition, oath, and anointing of the King

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The first part of the service was the recognition, where the Archbishop of Canterbury called for those present to proclaim their recognition of the sovereign as their rightful king. The King was conducted by the Garter King of Arms toSt Edward's Chair,and the Archbishop, as tradition dictates, asked: "Sirs, I here present unto you King George, your undoubted King: wherefore all you who are come this day to do your homage and service, are you willing to do the same?" The people replied loudly at each repetition "God save King George". The king then sat in the Chair of Estate and the regalia, except the swords, were laid on the altar.[38]The King then knelt before the altar and swore on the Bible hiscoronation oath,a copy of which he then signed.[38]

The canopy being moved over the King in preparation for the anointing

The Archbishop of Canterbury then began the Communion Service, while theBishop of Londonread the Epistle and the Archbishop of York the Gospel; after the Service concluded, the King and Queen knelt while the choir sang "Veni, Creator Spiritus".This marked the beginning of the anointing of the monarch, when the Archbishop of Canterbury marks the monarch's head with oil to symbolise the introduction of the Holy Spirit. The Choir sangHandel'sZadok the Priestand the Archbishop prayed, before the King was disrobed and sat in St Edward's Chair, with the Canopy borne by four knights of the Garter placed over him. The Archbishop then anointed him with oil from theAmpulla,which had been poured onto theAnointing Spoon.

Crowning the King

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The King's crowning

In preparation for his crowning, the King, still on St Edward's Chair, was invested with the two coronation robes, theColobium Sindonisand theSupertunicaby the Dean of Westminster. Next, he was invested with the regalia, each of which symbolised his progress to kingship. First, the Lord Great Chamberlain touched the King's heels with theGolden Spurs;the Great Sword of State was deposited in St Edward's Chapel and the Jewelled Sword of Offering was passed to the King by the Archbishops and Bishops, who said "With this sword do justice"; the King then offered this sword at the altar. Seated again, the Lord Great Chamberlain fastened theArmillsand the Dean invested the King with theRobe Royal;the Archbishop passed him theSovereign's Orb,put theSovereign's Ringon his fourth finger and handed to him the two sceptres—with the cross(for Royal power) andwith the dove(for "mercy and equity" ).The Earl of Lincoln,as Deputy of the Lord of theManor of Worksop,then handed over aglove,which the King wore.[39]

Once adorned with his regalia and seated in St Edward's Chair, King George was crowned withSt Edward's Crownby the Archbishop of Canterbury and the people in the abbey proclaimed loudly "God save the King"; the peers and peeresses wore their coronets (the only time that this happens) and the guns in the Royal Parks were fired to mark the crowning.[40]The ceremony appeared to run smoothly, although there were a few inconspicuous mishaps: the Archbishop of Canterbury almost placed the crown on the King's head the wrong way, one bishop stepped on the King's train, and another obscured the words of the Oath with his thumb while the King was reading it.[16]

Enthronement and homage to the King

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A 1938 painting byFrank O. Salisbury,depicting the coronation service

In the text of the service, this part of the ceremony was described using the archaic term "inthronization". The Archbishop of Canterbury presented the Bible to the King and the King returned it to him, who gave it to the Dean, who placed it on the Altar. The King handed the glove over to the Lord Chamberlain of the Household and the Sceptre with the Cross to the Lord of the Manor of Worksop. The Benediction followed and then the King moved over to the other throne, accompanied by the Bishops of Bath and Wells and of Durham, the Great Officers of State, the Lords carrying the swords and the Lords who had carried the regalia. The Archbishop knelt and paid homage to the King; the Archbishop of York did so next, followed by each of the Bishops. The Dukes of the Blood Royal then did homage, followed by the Lords Temporal (Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts, Barons);[41]six anthems were sung by the Choir during the homage: "O come ye servants of the Lord", "Hear my prayer, O Lord","O clap your hands together, all ye people "," All the ends of the world shall remember themselves "," O praise God in His holiness "and" Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace ".[42]

The Queen

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Queen Elizabeth beingcrowned

The Queen was crowned and anointed in a much smaller and simpler ceremony. This began immediately after the homage to the King finished, when the Queen knelt in prayer before the altar. She then went to theFaldstool,which had been placed before the altar, where she knelt under a canopy, which was held by the Duchesses of Norfolk,Rutland,Buccleuch,andRoxburghe.The Archbishop anointed her, placed on her fourth finger on her right hand theQueen Consort's Ring,and then crowned her, at which point the Princesses and peeresses donned their coronets. She was then handed theQueen Consort's Sceptre with Crossand theQueen Consort's Ivory Rod with Dove,before walking over to her own throne beside the King, where she sat.[42]

End of the service

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TheOffertoryfollowed, in which the King and Queen offered their regalia on the Altar. They then receivedHoly Communionfrom the Archbishop and were passed their crowns before returning to their thrones where they were also given their sceptres back.Te Deumwas sung by the choir. A recess followed, during which the King and Queen proceeded to St Edward's Chapel. There, the King delivered the Sceptre with the Dove to the Archbishop who laid it on the altar. The bearers of the Orb, the Golden Spurs and St Edward's Staff delivered these to the Dean of Westminster, who laid them on the altar in the chapel. The King was disrobed of his Royal Robe of State by the Lord Great Chamberlain and put on the Robe of Estate. The King, now wearing theImperial State Crown,was then given the Orb by the Archbishop.

While the King and Queen were in the chapel, the Officers of Arms arranged the procession out of the abbey, which was similar in form to the procession into the abbey. The King and Queen then joined the procession, with the King carrying the Sceptre with the Cross in his right hand and the Orb in his left, while the Queen carried her Sceptre with the Cross in her right hand and the Ivory Rod with the Dove in her left.[43]They proceeded to the West Door of the Abbey as the National Anthem, "God Save the King",was sung.

State Procession to Buckingham Palace

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See also:List of participants in the coronation processions of George VI § Procession from the Abbey to Buckingham Palace
The King and Queen in theGold State Coachduring the procession

As in the 1902 and 1911 events, the coronation was followed by a procession through London's streets from Westminster Abbey to the Royal residence, allowing the public to view the new king and queen. In 1937, this return route was extended significantly.[44]From Westminster Abbey, it passed around Parliament Square and up the Victoria Embankment (where 40,000 schoolchildren were waiting)[44]and then along Northumberland Avenue, intoTrafalgar Square,up Cockspur Street through toPall Mall;from there, the procession went up St James' Street, joining Piccadilly, then up Regent Street, then west alongOxford Street,before turning pastMarble Archand then down East Carriage Road, alongsideHyde Park;from there, the procession passed throughHyde Park Cornerand then throughWellington Arch,on toConstitution Hilland then back into Buckingham Palace.[4]

The progression included a large number of military personnel from across the Empire. There were representative detachments from all the elements of theBritish armed forcesand thereserve forces,theBritish Indian ArmyandRoyal Indian Navy,contingents from the British Dominions and a contingent representing the defence forces of the Colonial Empire. Contingents taking part represented the following sections of the Empire:India,the dominions ofCanada,Australia,New Zealand,Burma,NewfoundlandandSouth Africa,and the Colonies ofSouthern Rhodesia,Kenya,Uganda,Tanganyika,Nyasaland,theGambia,theGold Coast,Sierra Leone,Somalia,Aden,Transjordan,Malta,theWest Indies,British Guiana,Honduras,Ceylon,theFalklandsandHong Kong.[45]In total there were 32,500 officers and men either marching or lining the route. Overall, the procession was 2.0 miles (3.2 km) in length and took 40 minutes to pass any given point.[46]The route of the procession was the longest on record, at six and a quarter miles (10.1 kilometres).[47]Before and after the event, the British and Dominion troops were accommodated in temporary camps atKensington Gardens,Regent's Park,Primrose Hill,OlympiaandHampton Court;the Colonial troops were housed in various Londonbarracks.[46]

Music

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The musical director for the service wasErnest Bullock,who was organist and Master of the Choristers at Westminster Abbey, in consultation with theMaster of the King's Musick,Henry Walford Davies.The Abbey choir was supplemented by choirs from theChapel Royal,St Paul's Cathedral,St George's Chapel, Windsorand theTemple Church.An orchestra composed of musicians from London's main orchestras was conducted bySir Adrian Boult.[48]

Tradition demanded the inclusion ofGeorge Frederick Handel'sZadok the Priest(1727) andHubert Parry'sI was glad(1902). New work written for the occasion includedConfortare (Be strong and play the Man)by Walford Davies and theFestivalTe Deumin F MajorbyRalph Vaughan Williams.[49]Perhaps the best known work from the 1937 coronation isCrown Imperial,an orchestralmarchbyWilliam Walton.[50]It was the desire of Bullock and Davies that the programme should include music from 'Tudor times to the present day' and so new pieces were composed byArnold Bax,Arthur BlissandGranville Bantock,as well as Walton and Vaughan Williams.[51]Walton'sCrown Imperialwas played while the King and Queen progressed up the nave;Edvard Grieg'sHomage MarchfromSigurd JorsalfarandEdward German'sCoronation Marchwere played when the Princes and Princesses, and then Queen Mary arrived, respectively.[51]Choral works included the traditionalplainsongVeni, Creator Spiritus,William Byrd'sCreedandSanctus,Christopher Tye'sO Come ye Servants of the Lord,Henry Purcell'sHear My Prayer,Samuel Sebastian Wesley'sThou Wilt Keep Him in Perfect Peace,SirGeorge Dyson'sO Praise God in His holiness,SirEdward Bairstow'sLet My Prayer Come Up into Thy Presenceand DrWilliam Henry Harris'sOffertorium.[52]

Commentary

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Despite a number of hitches, described above, the coronation ran relatively smoothly. It has been somewhat overshadowed in history by the largerCoronation of Queen Elizabeth IIin 1953; the Abbey's sacrist, Jocelyn Perkins, said that the 1953 event was "out and away the most impressive" of the 1953, 1937 and 1911 coronations.[56]Nonetheless, a number of those present, the King included, commented privately on the spirituality of the ceremony. Despite recalling it as being "inordinately long" and remembering how heavy the crown and robes were, the Queen said that it was "wonderful and there is a great sense of offering oneself".[57]The King wrote to Lang thanking him for his support and, although he said it was an "ordeal", he also wrote that "I felt I was being helped all the time by Someone Else as you said I would".[58]

Media coverage

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The front cover of the coronation edition of theRadio Timeswith a depiction of a commentator's vantage point byC. R. W. Nevinson

Radio

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On the eve of the coronation, the Kingmade a live broadcastfrom Buckingham Palace which was heard throughout the British Empire.[59]The Coronation ceremony itself was not televised, but it was the first coronation service to be broadcast on radio; 28 microphones were placed around the Abbey to capture the music and speech. There was no commentary, but the ReverendFrederic Iremonger,Director of Religion at the BBC andHonorary Chaplain to the King,read out therubricsor written directions from the service book from a seat high in thetriforiumoverSaint Edward's Chapel. During the most sacred parts of the service, theconsecrationand theHoly Communion,the microphones were turned off and listeners heard hymns being sung by the choir in the Church ofSt Margaret, Westminster.[60]The ability to project the service to citizens of the Empire allowed the Coronation to further Britain's imperial ambitions; as Range wrote, "with the twentieth century there also came a heightened awareness of... the propagandistic qualities of the event".[61]

TheBBCandCBCjointly transmitted the proclamation of George VI. In the lead up to the Coronation, the BBC organised talks by Ministers to be broadcast under the nameResponsibilities of Empire,and also broadcastThe Empire's Homagefeaturing messages from colonial officers and citizens from across the Empire.[62]The BBC'sEmpire Servicebroadcast the whole service, lasting two-and-a-half hours.[63]

Television

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The procession was broadcast on theBBC Television Service,which had only been operating since the previous November. Several tons of television cables, measuring 8 miles (13 km), were laid across central London,[64]so that the images from threeEmitrontelevision camerascould be sent to the transmission centre atAlexandra Palace.Commentary was byFrederick Grisewood,who was with the cameras atHyde Park Corner.The coverage of the procession is regarded as being the BBC's firstoutside broadcast.[64]In reviewing the broadcast,The Daily Telegraphcommented: "Horse and foot, the Coronation procession marched into English homes yesterday," while theDaily Mailsaid: "When the King and Queen appeared the picture was so vivid that one felt that this magical television is going to be one of the greatest of all modern inventions."[64]

Newsreels

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The coronation service of George VI was the first to be filmed; the 40 camera crew inside the Abbey were required to wearevening dress.It was later shown in edited form as anewsreelin cinemas across theBritish Empire.The service was later broadcast from these recordings, with the authorities censoring only one small section: a clip of Queen Mary wiping a tear from her eye.[65]

Honours and official commemorations

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Programme of celebrations and royal events

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The Ribbon of King George's Coronation Medal

Aside from the Coronation ceremony itself, a 23-day-long programme of official events spanned most of May 1937. The 1902 Coronation was the first to see such a programme implemented, but 1937 was nearly twice as long, and, building on similar developments in 1911, it was a very public spectacle; Sir Roy Strong argues that the month-long festivities were designed to "recapture the confidence of the nation" following the abdication crisis.[66]The first week saw receptions for foreign visitors and delegates, while a State Banquet was held on 10 May, but the weeks following the coronation saw more public spectacles; the following day included a royal drive through north London, 16 May included a luncheon atGuildhallwith London dignitaries and the 'Empire Service of Youth' in Westminster. On 20 and 21 May the King and Queen inspected fleets and visited flagships, while, on 22 May the Queen visitedHyde Parkto inspectSt John's ambulancesand then drove through another area in North London.[67]

Coronation honours, medals, coinage and stamps

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See also:1937 Coronation HonoursandKing George VI Coronation Medal
Commemorative stamp, issued in New Zealand
Another stamp, issued by Swaziland

The King marked the occasion of his coronation by conferring honours on a select group of his subjects; in all, thirteen peerages and seven baronetcies were created, while appointments were made to the Privy Council and to theOrders of the Garter,Thistle,Bath,Merit,Star of India,St Michael and St Georgeand theRoyal Victorian Order.[68]An official medal was also struck to mark the occasion, as is customary; however, unlike his father's and grandfather's coronation medals, it was produced in one class.[69]The medal was issued to 90,279 people from across the Empire.[70]Canada, for instance, was allowed just over 10,000, with many being issued to commanding officers in the military, cabinet ministers, senators and their staff and the staff of theGovernor-General.[70]

TheRoyal Mintissued two special 1937 coin sets comprising the coinage for that year and commemorative issues. 5,501 goldSovereignsandhalf-Sovereignswere minted (the only ones of George VI's reign). Additionally, over 400,000 Coronationcrownswere issued, plus over 26,000 at proof grade.[71]ThePost Officehad planned to issue special commemorative stamps to mark thecoronation of Edward VIII,but, on his abdication, were uncertain as to whether a new design could be prepared in time, but invitedEric Gillto submit designs for a 1½d stamp. Another artist,Edmund Dulac,also submitted two plans. The King accepted Dulac's and they were printed in brown with a hint of violet the day after the Coronation.[72]

Other celebrations and commemorations

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United Kingdom

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The streets along the procession route were crowded with people, with women estimated by one newspaper to outnumber men two-to-one. In all, 20,000 police officers were deployed to line the route and keep the crowds calm and, apart from a "dense crush" in Trafalgar Square, which the police dispersed, there were few problems with managing the public in London.[73]In London and elsewhere across Britain,[74]the Coronation became a social occasion, with street parties taking place, in which inhabitants and communities closed off roads, decorated their streets with bunting and flags, and laid on a celebratory lunch; thePearly Kings and Queens,a traditional part of working-class culture in London, turned out, joining in with festivities and theatrically mocking the Royal Family.[75]

Mass Observation,a research programme aimed at curating a record of everyday life in Britain, had been launched in January 1937. Contributors across the country were invited to record the details of the day of the Coronation in a diary for the project, whether the events of the Coronation were part of this day for them or not. The same exercise was repeated every 12 May in following years, and again when Mass Observation was relaunched in 1981. It continues to be an annual initiative into the 2020s, open to anyone to contribute.[76]

Commemorative rail services

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TheCoronation ScotandThe Coronationwere trains operated by theLondon, Midland and Scottish Railwayand theLondon and North Eastern Railwayrespectively, in order to celebrate the coronation. Both were uniquely constructed streamlined express trains, with the intent of matching the level of luxury surrounding the event and the royal family.

Commemorative clock towers

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Kuala Kangsar Clock Tower at Kuala Kangsar, Perak commemorating the coronation. Completed in 1939.

Two clock towers were built inMalaya(nowMalaysia) to commemorate the coronation. One is located at Medan Pasar,Kuala Lumpur,and was erected in 1937. The clock tower still exists today; however, the memorial plaques were removed following the independence of Malaya (1957). The other tower is located atKuala Kangsar, Perak,and was completed in 1939. It still exists today and is popular among tourists.

Empire

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The National Archives released photographs of celebrations for the Coronation from across the British Empire where various commemorations were held. These included military parades, athletics events and religious services, and the gallery below shows examples of these commemorative events:[77]

  • United Religious Service, High Court building, Accra
    United Religious Service, High Court building, Accra
  • United Religious Service, Gold Coast
    United Religious Service, Gold Coast
  • Coronation Day Parade, Saltpond
    Coronation Day Parade, Saltpond
  • Athletics event, possibly in Accra
    Athletics event, possibly in Accra
  • Jamestown, Gold Coast
    Jamestown, Gold Coast
  • Ceremonial parade, Kumasi
    Ceremonial parade, Kumasi
  • Distribution of souvenirs to schoolchildren
    Distribution of souvenirs to schoolchildren

Memorabilia

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An Empire flag showcasing all the realms of the newly-crowned King

The coronation was capitalised on by manufacturers as a means of selling commemorative material. Recordings of the service were put up for sale, while glassware and pottery were also made to commemorate the event.[78]In Canada, for instance, at least five cookbooks were printed to mark the Coronation.[79]British Empire flagsfeaturing the emblems of the dominions and India were also produced to celebrate their role in a united empire. The ones dating back to 1937 were based on a design previously used for the coronation of George V in 1911.[80]

Representation in fiction

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InHoward Spring's 1940 novel,Fame Is the Spur,the coronation is seen through the eyes of the central character, Hamer Shawcross, who attends the event as a newly-elevatedviscount.Along with his fellow peers, he is discomforted by the tedious hours of waiting, the lack of organised refreshments, the difficulty of finding toilets and, above all, the confusion on leaving the abbey when chauffeurs are directed to the wrong exits to meet their masters, with many of those attending having to walk home in the rain.[81]

The Coronation Review of the Fleet

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The final coronation event was theReview of the Fleet,held on 20 May atSpitheadoff the coast atPortsmouth.The largest assembly of warships since the coronation review of 1911, it has been described bymilitary historianHedley Paul Willmott as "the last parade of the Royal Navy as the world's greatest and most prodigious navy". Ten Britishbattleshipsandbattlecruiserswere present, and for the first time at a coronation review, fouraircraft carriers.[82]Altogether, there were 101 surface warships, 22submarinesand 11auxiliariesdrawn from theHome,MediterraneanandReserve Fleets.The Review Procession included theroyal yacht,HMYVictoria and Albert,twominesweepersand asurvey ship.The Commonwealth and Empire were represented by two warships from Canada and one each from New Zealand and India. A large complement of British merchant ships ranging fromocean linerstopaddle steamerswere also present.[83]

By tradition, foreign navies were invited to send a single warship each to the review and seventeen were present.[83]Notable among them were theUSSNew York,the newFrench battleshipDunkerqueand the elderlySovietMarat.Also present were the formidable looking German "pocket battleship"Admiral Graf Spee,the Argentine battleshipARAMoreno,the Greek cruiserGeorgios Averofand the Japaneseheavy cruiserAshigara.[84]

Following the review, in which the King and Queen on the royal yacht passed along seven lines of moored ships, there was aflypastby theFleet Air Arm,however a planned second pass had to be abandoned because of the misty weather.[85]That night, the assembled ships were illuminated by their ownsearchlights;the spectacle was famously described on BBC Radio by commentator Lieutenant-CommanderThomas Woodrooffe,who had enjoyed too much naval hospitality and was very drunk.[86]

  • The battleship HMS Nelson off Spithead for the 1937 Fleet Review
    The battleshipHMSNelsonoff Spithead for the 1937 Fleet Review
  • Admiral Graf Spee at Spithead in 1937; HMS Hood and Resolution lie in the background
    Admiral Graf Speeat Spithead in 1937;HMSHoodandResolutionlie in the background
  • Ashigara at the Spithead Naval Review, Portsmouth, May 1937
    Ashigaraat the Spithead Naval Review, Portsmouth, May 1937
  • USS New York at the Spithead Naval Review
    USSNew Yorkat the Spithead Naval Review
  • Marat at Spithead for the 1937 Fleet Review
    MaratatSpitheadfor the 1937 Fleet Review
  • Averof at Coronation Naval Review, Spithead, 1937
    Averofat Coronation Naval Review, Spithead, 1937

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Lieutenant-ColonelT.E.G. Nugent,Comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain's Department,Lieutenant-General SirSidney Clive,Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps, J.B. Monck, Vice-Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps, Major Norman Gwatking, Assistant Comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain's Department and CaptainSir John Dashwood,Assistant Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps.[24]
  2. ^Sir George Arthur KCVO, seeDebrett's Peerage,1963, p. 155 for his full details

References

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Citations

[edit]
  1. ^"Divorce".Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2011.
  2. ^Matthew, "Edward VIII (later Prince Edward, duke of Windsor) (1894–1972)",The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,2004
  3. ^abStrong,Coronation,2005, p. 421
  4. ^abcThe Coronation Book of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth,n.d., pp. 16-17
  5. ^Strong,Coronation,2005, pp. 421–422
  6. ^Strong,Coronation,2005, p. 422
  7. ^Strong,Coronation,2005, p. 423
  8. ^Beaken, Cosmo Lang: Archbishop in War and Crisis, 2012, pp. 132–133
  9. ^abBeaken,Cosmo Lang: Archbishop in War and Crisis,2012, pp. 132–133
  10. ^Strong,Coronation,2005, p. 458
  11. ^Strong,Coronation,2005, pp. 423, 459–460 and 462
  12. ^Strong,Coronation,2005, pp. 462–463
  13. ^abStrong,Coronation,2005, p. 442
  14. ^"Coronation Oath: form announced".The Sydney Morning Herald.20 February 1937.
  15. ^Strong,Coronation,2005, pp. 443–444
  16. ^ab""George VI", Westminster Abbey (official website) ".westminster-abbey.org.Retrieved12 September2018.
  17. ^According to custom, crowned heads do not attend coronations of other kings and queens.Pope-Hennessy, James(1959),Queen Mary,London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., p. 584
  18. ^Ramusack 2004, p. 125
  19. ^"Plans for the Coronation Broadcast",Radio Times,7 May 1937, p. 10
  20. ^Strong,Coronation,2005, p. 428
  21. ^Hobsbawn and Ranger,The Invention of Tradition,1983 (2012 reprint), p. 241
  22. ^ab"Supplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937 issue no. 34453, p. 7037 ".Retrieved26 May2014.
  23. ^Supplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937, issue 34453, pp. 3071–3077
  24. ^ab"Supplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937 issue no. 34453, p. 7038 ".Retrieved26 May2014.
  25. ^"The Imperial State Crown".Royal Collection Trust.Inventory no. 31701.
  26. ^"Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Crown".Royal Collection Trust.Inventory no. 31703.
  27. ^Tierney,Elizabeth the Queen Mother Paper Dolls,2001, p. 71
  28. ^abc"Queen Mother's Coronation Gown".Royal School of Needlework.26 May 2021.Retrieved2 April2023.
  29. ^"What is a queen consort".Royal Collection Trust.Retrieved28 April2023.
  30. ^Vickers, Hugo (2013).Elizabeth, The Queen Mother.Random House. pp. 63, 178.ISBN9781448150724.
  31. ^abcdefghijklmnopq"Supplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937 issue no. 34453, p. 7043 ".Retrieved26 May2014.
  32. ^"Supplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937 issue no. 34453, p. 7044 ".Retrieved26 May2014.
  33. ^"Supplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937 issue no. 34453, pp. 7044–45 ".Retrieved26 May2014.
  34. ^Wrightson, Hay."King George VI with page boys, 12 May 1937".National Portrait Gallery.Retrieved13 August2021.
  35. ^Wrightson, Hay."Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother at the coronation with her six maids of honour, May 1937".National Portrait Gallery.Retrieved13 August2021.
  36. ^Range,Music and Ceremonial at British Coronations: From James I to Elizabeth II,2003, p. 243
  37. ^Lacey,Monarch: The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II,p. 111
  38. ^abSupplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937, issue no. 34453, p. 7054
  39. ^Supplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937, issue no. 34453, pp. 7055–56
  40. ^Supplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937, issue no. 34453, p. 7056
  41. ^Supplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937, issue no. 34453, pp. 7056–57;list of peers pp. 7057–73
  42. ^abSupplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937, issue no. 34453, p. 7073
  43. ^Supplement to the London Gazette,10 November 1937, issue no. 34453, pp. 7073–74
  44. ^abStrong,Coronation,2005, p. 452
  45. ^The Central Queensland Herald,20 May 1937, p. 21
  46. ^ab"Coronation",HC Deb 16 March 1937 vol 321 cols 1833–1836 (Hansard)
  47. ^The Advocate(Burnie, Tasmania) – Wednesday 19 August 1936 –Coronation Procession Route: LONGEST ON RECORD(p. 1)
  48. ^Richards,Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876–1953,p. 113
  49. ^"British Choral Tradition Volume Two – Choirs Royal – Choral Music from the 1937 Coronation".Amphion Recordings.
  50. ^Petrocelli,William Walton and the Violin Concerto in England between the 1900 and 1940,2007, p. 32
  51. ^abStrong,Coronation,2005, p. 468
  52. ^Richards p. 114
  53. ^"Music played at the C20th Coronations".studylib.net.StudyLib.Retrieved5 October2018.
  54. ^ab"Coronation of George VI, May 12 1937"(PDF).westminster-abbey.org.Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey.Retrieved27 September2018.
  55. ^Range, p. 288
  56. ^Strong,Coronation,2005, p. 494
  57. ^Beaken,Cosmo Lang: Archbishop in War and Crisis,2012, p. 135
  58. ^Beaken,Cosmo Lang: Archbishop in War and Crisis,2012, pp. 134–35
  59. ^"Coronations and the Royal Archives".royal.uk.The Royal Family. Archived fromthe originalon 18 April 2023.Retrieved5 April2023.
  60. ^"Plans for the Coronation Broadcast",Radio Times,7 May 1937, pp. 10–11
  61. ^Range,Music and Ceremonial at British Coronations,2012, p. 31
  62. ^Potter,Broadcasting Empire,2012, p. 99
  63. ^Potter,Broadcasting Empire,2012, p. 94
  64. ^abc"The story of BBC Television – Television out and about".bbc.co.uk.
  65. ^S. Bates,"King Edward VIII abdication: the newspaper that never was",The Guardian,9 December 2011
  66. ^Strong,Coronation,2005, pp. 446–447
  67. ^Strong,Coronation,2005, pp. 447–448
  68. ^The London Gazette,11 May 1937, issue no. 34396, pp. 3074–3105
  69. ^Joslin,The Standard Catalogue of British Orders and Decorations,1976, p. 36
  70. ^ab"King George VI Coronation Medal (1937)",Veterans Affairs of Canada (official site),veterans.gc.ca(accessed on 30 May 2014)
  71. ^Mussell (ed.) et al.,Coin Yearbook 2010,2010, pp. 170, 173, 179 and 256
  72. ^"Coronation",The British Postal Museum and ArchiveArchived31 May 2014 at theWayback Machine(accessed on 30 May 2014).
  73. ^The Central Queensland Herald,20 May 1937, p. 20
  74. ^See, for instance, photographs at"George VI Coronation street party, Southgate Street, Neath, 1937"Archived29 May 2014 atarchive.todayatGathering the Jewels: the Website for Welsh Cultural History(accessed on 29 May 2014), and newspaper clippings at"Coronation of King George VI 12th May 1937"Archived5 March 2016 at theWayback MachineatHistory of Wallasey(accessed on 29 May 2014)
  75. ^P. Conrad,"The big picture: a coronation street party in Islington, London, 1937",The Observer,16 May 2010, and newspaper clippings at"Coronation of King George VI 12th May 1937"Archived5 March 2016 at theWayback MachineatHistory of Wallasey(accessed on 29 May 2014)
  76. ^"12th May".Mass Observation.University of Sussex.Retrieved13 September2022.
  77. ^See also:'Coronation Souvenir', 1937,The National Archivesprofile of Flickr (accessed 29 May 2014)
  78. ^Market Lavington Museum Blog,30 March 2012 (accessed on 29 May 2014)
  79. ^Driver,Culinary Landmarks: A Bibliography of Canadian Cookbooks,2008, pp. 800–01
  80. ^Kelly, Ralph (8 August 2017)."A flag for the Empire"(PDF).The Flag Institute.Archived(PDF)from the original on 13 August 2023.Retrieved13 August2023.
  81. ^Spring, Howard (1940).Fame is the Spur.Collins. Chapter 24.
  82. ^Willmott, H P (2010)The Last Century of Sea Power: From Washington to Tokyo, 1922–1945,Indiana University Press,ISBN978-0-253-35214-9(pp. 24–25)
  83. ^abWillmott, p. 34
  84. ^Willmott, p.28
  85. ^F E M (August 1937)."The Naval Review: Vol. xxv. No. 3 (pp. 417–418)"(PDF).naval-review.The Naval Review. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 October 2014.Retrieved17 October2014.
  86. ^"History of the BBC - Thomas Woodrooffe at the [sic] Coronation Fleet Review 20 May 1937".bbc.co.uk.BBC. 3 June 2014.

Bibliography

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