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County of London

Coordinates:51°30′N0°06′W/ 51.5°N 0.1°W/51.5; -0.1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the present-day ceremonial county, seeGreater London.For other uses, seeLondon County (disambiguation).
London
County of London
County

County of London shown within England
Area
• 191174,816 acres (302.77 km2)
• 196174,903 acres (303.12 km2)
Population
• 19114,521,685
• 19613,200,484
Density
• 191160/acre
• 196142/acre
History
• OriginDistrict of the Metropolitan Board of Works
• Created1889
• Abolished1965
• Succeeded byGreater London
StatusAdministrativeand (smaller)ceremonialcounty
GovernmentLondon County Council
•HQCounty Hall,Lambeth
Arms of London County Council
Coat of arms of London County Council
Subdivisions
• TypeParishesanddistricts(1889–1900)
Metropolitan boroughs(1900–1965)

Boroughs numbered 2–29 (1 is the City)

TheCounty of Londonwas a county ofEnglandfrom 1889 to 1965, corresponding to the area known today asInner London.It was created as part of the general introduction of elected county government in England, by way of theLocal Government Act 1888.The Act created anadministrativeCounty of London, which included within its territory theCity of London.However, the City of London and the County of London formed separateceremonial countiesfor "non-administrative"purposes.[1]The local authority for the county was theLondon County Council(LCC), which initially performed only a limited range of functions, but gained further powers during its 76-year existence. The LCC provided very few services within the City of London, where the ancientCorporationmonopolised local governance.[1]In 1900, the lower-tiercivil parishes and district boardswere replaced with 28 newmetropolitan boroughs.The territory of the county was 74,903 acres (303.12 km2) in 1961. During its existence, there was a long-termdecline in populationas more residents moved into the outer suburbs; there were periodic reviews of the local government structures in the greater London area and several failed attempts to expand the boundaries of the county. In 1965, theLondon Government Act 1963replaced the county with the much largerGreater Londonadministrative area.

Geography[edit]

The county occupied an area of just under 75,000 acres (30,351 ha) and lay within theLondon Basin.[2]It was divided into two parts (north and south) by theRiver Thames,which was the most significant geographical feature. It was bordered by theRiver LeawithEssexto the north-east,Kentto the south-east,Surreythe south-west andMiddlesexto the north. The highest point wasHampstead Heathin the north of the county at 440 feet (134 m), which is one of thehighest points in London.In 1900 a number of boundary anomalies were abolished. These included the loss of theAlexandra Parkexclave to Middlesex, gainingSouth Hornseyin return, and the transfer ofPengeto Kent.

History[edit]

Creation of the county[edit]

TheMetropolis Management Act 1855revolutionised and amalgamated much of local government across an identical, newly formed, area. This reform created an indirectly electedMetropolitan Board of Workswhich initially built and maintained infrastructure for the metropolis, including modern sanitation.[3]Over time the board gained more functions and became the de facto local authority and provider of new services for the London area. The board operated in those parts of the counties ofMiddlesex,Surrey andKentthat had been designated by theGeneral Register Officeas "the Metropolis" for the purposes of theBills of Mortality.[3]This area had been administered separately from the City of London, which came under the control of theCorporation of London.

There had been several attempts during the 19th century to reform London government, either by expanding the City of London to cover the whole of the metropolitan area; by creating a new county of London;[4]or by creating ten municipal corporations matching the parliamentary boroughs of the metropolis.[5]These had all been defeated in Parliament, in part because of the agency power of the City Corporation.[6]Ultimately, theLocal Government Act 1888and the introduction of county councils in England provided the mechanism for creating a territory and authority encompassing the expanded London area. For expediency, the area of the metropolitan board was chosen for the new county, and no attempt was made to select new boundaries.[1]This area had been out of line with the expansion of London even in 1855.[3]For example, it anomalously omitted built-up and expanding areas such asWest Ham,but included some sparsely populated areas on the metropolitan fringe.[3]

The City of London and the County of London each formed counties for "non-administrative"purposes, with a separateLord LieutenantandHigh Sherifffor the county of London.[1]However, theadministrative county,which corresponded to the area of control of the county council, also included the City of London. In practice, the county council had very little authority over the ancient City, with some powers over drainage, roads, fire brigade, embankment of the river and flood prevention.[1]In common with the rest of the country, the 1888 Act provided no reform of lower-tier authorities and the county was, initially at least, administered locally by a series of parish vestries and district boards.

County council[edit]

Main article:London County Council

The local authority for the county was theLondon County Council(LCC). Initially, the LCC provided the services it had inherited from the Metropolitan Board of Works.[1]Eventually, however, it absorbed functions from ad-hoc agencies such theLondon School BoardandMetropolitan Asylums Board.The council was initially based inSpring Gardens,but moved to a purpose-builtCounty Hallin the 1930s. The housing policy of the council includedprovision of large housing estatesoutside the boundaries of the county, such as that atBecontree.[7]

Local government[edit]

In 1900, eleven years after its foundation, theLondon Government Actdivided the County of London into 28metropolitan boroughs.These replaced the ancient parishvestriesand district boards as the second tier of local government.

County of London boroughs numbered in the information box on the right side:

Metropolitan Borough

Successor(s)

No. on map

City of London† City of London 1
Battersea Wandsworth 28
Bermondsey Southwark 8
Bethnal Green Tower Hamlets 6
Camberwell Southwark 10
Chelsea Kensington and Chelsea 29
Deptford Lewisham 11
Finsbury Islington 4
Fulham Hammersmith and Fulham 25
Greenwich Greenwich 14
Hackney Hackney 16
Hammersmith Hammersmith and Fulham 24
Hampstead Camden 20
Holborn Camden 3
Islington Islington 18
Kensington(Royal Borough) Kensington and Chelsea 23
Lambeth Lambeth 27
Lewisham Lewisham 12
Paddington Westminster 22
Poplar Tower Hamlets 15
Shoreditch Hackney 5
Southwark Southwark 9
St Marylebone Westminster 21
St Pancras Camden 19
Stepney Tower Hamlets 7
Stoke Newington Hackney 17
Wandsworth Lambeth,Wandsworth 26
Westminster(City) Westminster 2
Woolwich Greenwich,Newham 13

† Not a metropolitan borough.

Decline in population[edit]

Population fell afterWorld War Iand as recorded at each census until its 1965 demise. In 1901, the population was 4.5 million and by 1961 it had fallen to 3.2 million. Following the 1931 census, more of the population of "Greater London" (defined at the time as theMetropolitan Police Districtand City of London) lived outside the county than in it.[8]The following table illustrates the approximate population according to the census at various intervals:[9]

Year Central Area† Inner Ring‡ Second Ring§ County of London
Total		 Outer Ring# of
Greater London
1881 1,743,000 1,008,000 1,093,000 3,844,000 950,000[10]
1901 1,623,000 1,201,000 1,601,000 4,425,000 1,422,000[11]
1921 1,364,000 1,186,000 1,933,000 4,483,000 2,993,000[12]
1931 1,260,000 1,163,000 1,976,000 4,399,000 3,807,000[8]
1951 738,000 927,000 1,683,000 3,348,000 4,998,000[13]

†The City of London and the Metropolitan Boroughs of Bermondsey, Bethnal Green, Finsbury, Holborn, St Marylebone, St Pancras, Shoreditch, Southwark, Stepney and Westminster.

‡The Metropolitan Boroughs of Battersea, Chelsea, Islington, Kensington, Lambeth and Paddington.

§The Metropolitan Boroughs of Camberwell, Deptford, Fulham, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith, Hampstead, Lewisham, Poplar, Stoke Newington, Wandsworth and Woolwich.

#Defined as the area of the Metropolitan Police district outside the County of London.

Abolition[edit]

London boroughscovering the area of the former County of London within modernGreater London

The county of London was abolished in 1965 and was replaced by the fivefold-sizedGreater London,which took in nearly all ofMiddlesex,along with areas inSurrey,Kent,EssexandHertfordshire.Middlesex and Surrey had already been reduced in 1889 on the county's creation.[14]The area "that had been" has since been known statutorily asInner Londonand anInner London Education Authorityoperated in the area until 1990. The 28 metropolitan boroughs were merged to form 12 new InnerLondon boroughs.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdefRobson 1939, pp. 80–92.
  2. ^Natural England –London Basin Natural Area.Retrieved on 22 July 2009.
  3. ^abcdRobson 1939, pp. 54–61.
  4. ^County of London Bill, 1870
  5. ^Municipal Boroughs (Metropolis) Bill, 1870
  6. ^Robson 1939, pp. 71–79.
  7. ^Robson 1939, pp. 168–169.
  8. ^ab"London census – Decline in County Population".The Times.London. 27 July 1932. p. 7.
  9. ^Pevsner, Nikolaus (1952).The Buildings of England – London, except the Cities of London and Westminster.Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 37–39.
  10. ^"Some Results of the Census".The Times.London. 9 June 1891.
  11. ^"London and the Outer Ring".The Times.London. 15 May 1901.
  12. ^"Official Census Figures – London's Shrinkage".The Times.London. 24 August 1921.
  13. ^"Census of England and Wales".The Times.12 July 1951.
  14. ^Redcliffe-Maud & Wood, B.,English Local Government Reformed,(1974)

Works cited[edit]

  • Robson, William A. (1939).The government and misgovernment of London.London: Allen & Unwin.OCLC504395625.

External links[edit]

51°30′N0°06′W/ 51.5°N 0.1°W/51.5; -0.1

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