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Last Judgment

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(Redirected fromCrack of doom)
"Judgment Day" redirects here. For other uses, seeLast Judgment (disambiguation)andJudgment Day (disambiguation).
"Day of Judgment" redirects here. For the Salvatore Satta novel, seeThe Day of Judgment (novel).For the DC Comics series, seeDay of Judgment (comics).
"Final Judgment" redirects here. For other uses, seeFinal Judgment (disambiguation).
"Last Day" redirects here. For other uses, seeLast days (disambiguation).

The final judgment of sinners byJesus Christ;carving on the central portal ofAmiens Cathedral,France.

TheLast Judgment,Final Judgment,Day of Reckoning,Day of Judgment,Judgment Day,Doomsday,Day of ResurrectionorThe Day of the Lord(Hebrew:יום הדין,romanized:Yom ha-Dīn;Arabic:یوم القيامة,romanized:Yawm al-Qiyāmahorیوم الدین,Yawm ad-Dīn) is a concept found across theAbrahamic religionsand theFrashokeretiofZoroastrianism.

Christianityconsiders theSecond ComingofJesus Christto entail the final judgment byGodof all people who have ever lived,[1]resulting in the approval of some and the penalizing of most. The concept is found in all thecanonical gospels,particularly in theGospel of Matthew.The Christian tradition is also followed byIslam,where it is mentioned in many chapters of theQuran,according to some interpretations.

The Last Judgment has inspired numerous artistic depictions, including painting, sculpture and evangelical work.

In Judaism[edit]

Main article:Jewish eschatology

InJudaism,beliefs vary.Rosh HaShanahis sometimes referred to as a 'day of judgement', but it is not conceptualized astheDay of Judgement. Some rabbis hold that there will be a future day following theresurrection of the dead.Others hold that the final accounting and judgment happens when one dies.[citation needed]Still others hold that the Last Judgment applies to only thegentiles,not theJewish People.[2] TheBabylonian Talmudhas a lengthy passage describing the future Judgement Day.[3]

In Christianity[edit]

Main articles:Christian eschatologyandAmillennialism
Print of the Last Judgment, made by Johannes Wierix in the 16th century[4]
The Last JudgmentbyJohn Martin(1854)
The Last Judgment mosaic (14th century), south facade of Saint Vitus Cathedral, Prague, Czech Republic

Biblical sources[edit]

Thedoctrineandiconographicdepiction of the Last Judgment are drawn from many passages from theapocalypticsections of the Bible, but most notably from Jesus' teaching of thestrait gatein theGospel of Matthewand in theGospel of Luke.

Anglicanism and Methodism[edit]

Article IV – Of the Resurrection of Christin Anglicanism'sArticles of ReligionandArticle III – Of the Resurrection of Christof Methodism'sArticles of Religionstate that:[5][6]

Christ did truly rise again from death, and took again his body, with flesh, bones, and all things appertaining to the perfection of Man's nature; wherewith he ascended into Heaven, and there sitteth, until he return to judge all Men at the last day.[5][6]

AnglicanandMethodist theologyholds that "there is anintermediate statebetween death and theresurrection of the dead,in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward. "[7][8]This space, termedHades,is divided intoParadise(theBosom of Abraham) andGehenna"but with an impassable gulf between the two".[9][10]Soulsremain in Hades until the Last Judgment and "Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment".[11][12]

Anglican and Methodist theology holds that at the time of theLast Day,"Jesuswill returnand that He will 'judge both the quick [the living] and the dead', "[13]and "all [will] be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward inheavenand the Accursed will depart tohell(seeMatthew 25). "[14]The "issue of this judgment shall be a permanent separation of the evil and the good, the righteous and the wicked" (seeThe Sheep and the Goats).[15][16]Moreover, in "the final judgment every one of our thoughts, words, and deeds will be known and judged" and individuals will bejustifiedon the basis of theirfaith in Jesus,although "our workswill not escape God's examination. "[13]

Catholicism[edit]

The Last Judgment,Sistine ChapelbyMichelangelo(1536–1541)

Belief in the Last Judgment (often linked with thegeneral judgment) is held firmly inCatholicism.Immediately upon death each person undergoes theparticular judgment,and depending upon one's behavior on earth, goes toheaven,purgatory,orhell.Those in purgatory will always reach heaven, but those in hell will be there eternally.

The Last Judgment will occur after theresurrection of the deadand "our 'mortal body' will come to life again."[17]The Catholic Church teaches that at the time of the Last JudgmentChrist will come in His glory,and all theangelswith him, and in his presence the truth of each one's deeds will be laid bare, and each person who has ever lived will be judged with perfect justice. The believers who are judged worthy as well as those ignorant of Christ's teaching who followed the dictates of conscience[18]will go to everlasting bliss, and those who are judged unworthy will go to everlasting condemnation.

A decisive factor in the Last Judgment will be the question, were the corporalworks of mercypracticed or not during one's lifetime. They rate as important acts of charity. Therefore, and according to the biblical sources (Mt 25:31–46), the conjunction of the Last Judgment and theworks of mercyis frequent in the pictorial tradition of Christian art.[19]

Before the Last Judgment, all will be resurrected. Those who were in purgatory will have already been purged, meaning they would have already been released into heaven, and so like those in heaven and hell will resurrect with their bodies, followed by the Last Judgment.[20]

According to theCatechism of the Catholic Church:

1038 The resurrection of all the dead, "of both the just and the unjust" (Acts 24:15), will precede the Last Judgment. This will be "the hour when all who are in the tombs will hear [the Son of man's] voice and come forth, those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of judgment" (Jn 5:28–29) Then Christ will come "in his glory, and all the angels with him.... Before him will be gathered all the nations, and he will separate them one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats, and he will place the sheep at his right hand, but the goats at the left.... And they will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life" (Mt 25:31, 32, 46).

1039 In the presence of Christ, who is Truth itself, the truth of each man's relationship with God will be laid bare (Cf. Jn 12:49). The Last Judgment will reveal even to its furthest consequences the good each person has done or failed to do during his earthly life.

1040 The Last Judgment will come when Christ returns in glory. Only the Father knows the day and the hour; only he determines the moment of its coming. Then through his Son Jesus Christ he will pronounce the final word on all history. We shall know the ultimate meaning of the whole work of creation and of the entire economy of salvation and understand the marvelous ways by which his Providence led everything towards its final end. The Last Judgment will reveal that God's justice triumphs over all the injustices committed by his creatures and that God's love is stronger than death. (Cf. Song 8:6)[21]

— Catechism of the Catholic Church

The Eastern Orthodox and Catholic teachings of the Last Judgment differ only on the exact nature of the in-between state ofpurgatory/Abraham's Bosom.These differences may only be apparent and not actual due to differing theological terminology and evolving tradition.

Eastern Orthodoxy[edit]

The Last Judgment,17th centuryiconfrom Lipie. Historic Museum inSanok,Poland.
The Last Judgment,mural fromVoroneț Monastery,Romania

TheEastern Orthodox Churchteaches that there are two judgments: the first, or particular judgment, is that experienced by each individual at the time of his or her death, at which time God will decide where[22]one is to spend the time until theSecond Comingof Christ (seeHades in Christianity). This judgment is generally believed to occur on the fortieth day after death. The second,Generalor Final Judgment will occur after the Second Coming.

Although in modern times some have attempted to introduce the concept ofsoul sleepinto Orthodox thought about life after death, it has never been a part of traditional Orthodox teaching, and it contradicts the Orthodox understanding of theintercession of the Saints.[citation needed]

Eastern Orthodoxy teaches that salvation is bestowed by God as a free gift ofdivine grace,which cannot be earned, and by which forgiveness of sins is available to all. However, the deeds done by each person are believed to affect how he will be judged, following the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats. How forgiveness is to be balanced against behavior is not well-defined in scripture, judgment in the matter being solely Christ's.

Similarly, although Orthodoxy teaches that sole salvation is obtained only through Christ and his Church, the fate of those outside the Church at the Last Judgment is left to themercy of Godand is not declared.

Icons[edit]
Viktor Vasnetsov'sThe Last Judgment,1904

The theme of the Last Judgment is important in Orthodoxy. Traditionally, an Orthodox church will have afrescoormosaicof the Last Judgment on the back (western) wall so that the faithful, as they leave the services, are reminded that they will be judged by what they do during earthly life.

Theiconof the Last Judgment traditionally depictsChrist Pantokrator,enthroned in glory on a white throne, surrounded by theTheotokos(Virgin Mary),John the Baptist,theApostles,saintsandangels.Beneath the throne the scene is divided in half with the "mansions of the righteous" (John 14:2), i.e., those who have beensaved,to Jesus' right (the viewer's left), and the torments of those who have beendamnedto his left. Separating the two is theriver of firewhich proceeds from Jesus' left foot. For more detail, see below.

Hymnography[edit]
Theodore PoulakisThe Hymn to the Virgin with Last Judgment,1622

The theme of the Last Judgment is found in thefuneralandmemorial hymnodyof the Church, and is a major theme in the services duringGreat Lent.The second Sunday before the beginning of Great Lent is dedicated to the Last Judgment. It is also found in the hymns of theOctoechosused on Saturdays throughout the year.

Cretan School[edit]

There were many renditions of the Last Judgment completed by Greek painters living in Crete which was held by the Venetian Empire. Most of the works of art were influenced by Venetian painting but were considered to be painted in theManiera Greca.

The Last JudgmentbyFrancheskos Kavertzas,1648

Georgios Klontzaspainted many triptychs featuring the Last Judgment some includeThe Last Judgment,The Last Judgement Triptych,andThe Triptych of the Last Judgement.Klontzas was the forerunner of a new painting style.[23][24]

Other Greek painters followed the precedent set by Klontzas.Theodore Poulakisadded the last judgment to his rendition of Klontzas'In Thee Rejoiceth.The painter incorporated the Last Judgement into one of Klontzas' earlier works entitledIn Thee Rejoiceth.Poulakis paid hommage to the father of the Last Judgement style.[25]Leos MoskosandFrancheskos Kavertzasalso followed the outline for the stylistic representation of the Last Judgement set by Klontzas. Their works wereThe Last Judgment (Kavertzas)andThe Last Judgment (Moskos).Both paintings resemble Klontas' Last Judgement painting.[26][27]

Lutheranism[edit]

Lutheransdo not believe in any sort of earthly millennial kingdom of Christ either before or after his second coming on the last day.[28]On the last day,[29]all the dead will be resurrected.[30]Their souls will then be reunited with the same bodies they had before dying.[31]The bodies will then be changed, those of the wicked to a state of everlasting shame and torment,[32]those of the righteous to an everlasting state of celestial glory.[33]After the resurrection of all the dead,[34]and the change of those still living,[35]all nations shall be gathered before Christ,[36]and he will separate the righteous from the wicked.[37]Christ will publicly judge[38]all people by the testimony of their faith[39]– thegood works[40]of the righteous in evidence of their faith,[41]and theevil worksof the wicked in evidence of their unbelief.[42]He will judge in righteousness[43]in the presence of all and men and angels,[44]and his final judgment will be justdamnationto everlasting punishment for the wicked and a gracious gift oflife everlastingto the righteous.[45][46][47]

William Blake'sThe Day of Judgment,printed in 1808 to illustrateRobert Blair's poem "The Grave"

Esoteric Christian traditions[edit]

See also:Second Coming § Esoteric Christian teachings,andEsoteric Christianity

Although the Last Judgment is believed by a great part of Christian mainstream churches; some members ofEsoteric Christiantraditions like theEssenes,Rosicrucians,theSpiritualist movement,and someliberalsinstead believe in a form ofuniversalsalvation.[citation needed]

Max Heindel,a Danish-American astrologer and mystic, taught that when theDay of Christcomes, marking the end of the current fifth or Aryan epoch, the human race will have to pass a final examination or last judgment, where, as in theDays of Noah,[48]the chosen ones or pioneers, thesheep,will be separated from thegoatsor stragglers,[49]by being carried forward into the next evolutionary period, inheriting theetherealconditions of theNew Galileein the making. Nevertheless, it is emphasized that all beings of the humanevolutionwill ultimately be saved in a distant future as they acquire a superior grade ofconsciousnessandaltruism.At the present period, the process of human evolution is conducted by means of successiverebirthsin the physical world[50]and the salvation is seen as being mentioned inRevelation3:12 (KJV), which states "Him that overcometh will I make apillarin the temple of my God andhe shall go no more out".However, this western esoteric tradition states – like those who have had anear-death experience– that after thedeathof the physical body, at the end of each physical lifetime and after thelife reviewperiod (which occurs before thesilver cordis broken), a judgment occurs, more akin to a Final Review or End Report over one'slife,where the life of the subject is fully evaluated and scrutinized.[51]This judgment is seen as being mentioned inHebrews9:27, which states that "it is appointed unto men once to die, butafter this the judgment".

Swedenborgian[edit]

Emanuel Swedenborg(1688–1772) had a revelation that the church has gone through a series of Last Judgments. First, during Noah's Flood, then Moses on Mount Sinai, Jesus' crucifixion, and finally in 1757, which is the final Last Judgment. These occur in a realm outside earth and heaven, and are spiritual in nature.[52][53][54]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church) teaches that the last judgment for each individual occurs after that individual has been resurrected.[citation needed]People will be judged by Jesus Christ.[55]Jesus'twelve apostleswill help judge thetwelve tribes of Israeland the twelveNephitedisciples from theBook of Mormonwill help to judge the Nephite andLamanitepeople.[55]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that people will be judged by their words, their works, their thoughts, and the intents of their hearts.[55]Records that have been kept in heaven and on earth will also be used to judge people.[55]Jesus Christ will act as the advocate for people who had faith in him and such people will enter God's presence based on Jesus' merits as opposed to their own.[56]

After the final judgment, an individual is assigned to one of thethree degrees of glory.

Artistic representations[edit]

Doom painting,St Mary's Church,North Leigh,Oxfordshire,15th century
Main article:Doom paintings
Armenian manuscript depicts the Last Judgment, 1679.

In art, the Last Judgment is a common theme in medieval and renaissance religious iconography. Like most early iconographic innovations, its origins stem fromByzantine art,although it was a less common subject than in the West during the Middle Ages.[57]In Western Christianity, it is often the subject depicted in medieval cathedrals and churches, either outside on the centraltympanumof the entrance or inside on the (rear) west wall, so that the congregation attending church saw the image on either entering or leaving.

In the 15th century it also appeared as the central section of atriptychonaltarpieces,with the side panels showing heaven and hell, as in theBeaune Altarpieceor atriptych by Hans Memling.The usual composition has Christ seated high in the centre, flanked by angels, theVirgin Mary,andJohn the Evangelistwho are supplicating on behalf of those being judged (in what is called aDeesisgroup in Orthodoxy).Saint Michaelis often shown, either weighing the deceased on scales or directing matters, and there might be a large crowd of saints, angels, and the saved around the central group.

The Last JudgmentbyGeorgios Klontzaslate 1500s

At the bottom of the composition a crowd of the deceased are shown, often with some rising from their graves. These are being sorted and directed by angels into the saved and the damned. Almost always the saved are on the viewer's left (so on the right hand of Christ), and the damned on the right. The saved are led up toheaven,often shown as afortified gateway,while the damned are handed over to devils who herd them down intohellon the right; the composition therefore has a circular pattern of movement. Often the damned disappear into aHellmouth,the mouth of a huge monster, an image ofAnglo-Saxonorigin. The damned often include figures of high rank, wearing crowns, mitres, and often thePapal tiaraduring the lengthy periods when there wereantipopes,or in Protestant depictions. There may be detailed depictions of the torments of the damned.

Last Judgment (Russia, 18th century)

The most famous Renaissance depiction isMichelangelo Buonarroti'sThe Last Judgmentin theSistine Chapel.Included in this fresco is his self-portrait, asSt. Bartholomew'sflayedskin.[58]

The image inEastern Orthodoxiconshas a similar composition, but usually less space is devoted to hell, and there are often a larger number of scenes; the Orthodox readiness to label figures with inscriptions often allows more complex compositions. There is more often a large group of saints around Christ (which may include animals), and thehetoimasiaor "empty throne", containing a cross, is usually shown below Christ, often guarded by archangels; figures representingAdam and Evemay kneel below it or below Christ. A distinctive feature of the Orthodox composition, especially in Russian icons, is a large band leading like a chute from the feet of Christ down to hell; this may resemble a striped snake or be a "river of Fire" coloured flame red. If it is shown as a snake, it attempts to bite Adam on the heel but, as he is protected by Christ, is unsuccessful.

In Islam[edit]

Main article:Judgement Day in Islam
Further information:AkhirahandResurrection in Islam

Belief in Judgment Day (Arabic:یوم القيامة,romanized:Yawm al-qiyāmah,lit. 'Day of Resurrection' orArabic:یوم الدین,romanized:Yawm ad-din,lit. 'Day of Judgement') is considered a fundamental tenet of faith by all Muslims. It is one of thesix articles of faith.The trials and tribulations associated with it are detailed in both the Quran and thehadith,(sayings ofMuhammad), from whence they are elaborated on in the creeds, Quranic commentaries (tafsịrs), and theological writing,[59]eschatological manuals, whose authors includeal-Ghazali,Ibn Kathir,Ibn Majah,Muhammad al-Bukhari,andIbn Khuzaymah.

Diagram of "Plain of Assembly" (Ard al-Hashr)on the Day of Judgment, from an autograph manuscript ofFutuhat al-MakkiyyabySufi mysticandMuslim philosopherIbn Arabi,c. 1238.Shown are the 'Arsh (Throne of God), pulpits for the righteous (al-Aminun), seven rows ofangels,Gabriel(al-Ruh), A'raf (the Barrier), thePond of Abundance,al-Maqam al-Mahmud (the Praiseworthy Station; where Muhammad will stand to intercede for the faithful), Mizan (the Scale),As-Sirāt(the Bridge),Jahannam(Hell), andMarj al-Jannat(Meadow of Paradise).[60]
Similarities to the Judgement Day of Christianity

Like Christianity,Islamic eschatologyhas a time of tribulation preceding Judgement Day where strange and terrible events will serve as portents; there will be a second coming ofJesus(but in different roles); battles with anAntiChrist(Al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl, literally "Deceitful Messiah"[61]) and struggles withGog and Magog;and aRapture-like removal of all righteous believers before the end. A "Day of Resurrection"of the dead (yawm al-qiyāmah), will be announced by a trumpet blast.[62]Resurrection will be followed by a "Day of Judgment" (yawm ad-din) where all human beings who have ever lived will be held accountable for their deeds by being judged by God. Depending on the verdict of the judgement, they will be sent for eternity to either the reward of paradise (Jannah) or the punishment of hell (Jahannam).[63]

Salvation and damnation

In this process, the souls will traverse over hellfire[64]via the bridge ofsirat.For sinners, the bridge will be thinner than hair and sharper than the sharpest sword, impossible to walk on without falling below to arrive at their fiery destination,[65]while the righteous will proceed across the bridge to paradise (Jannah).

Not everyone consigned to hell will remain there. Somewhat like the Catholic concept ofpurgatory,sinful Muslims will stay in hell until purified of their sins. According to the scholar Al-Subki (and others), "God will take out of the Fire everyone who has said the testimony" (i.e. theshāhadatestimony made by all Muslims, "There is no deity but The God" ) "and none will remain to save those who rejected or worshipped other than God."[66]

Literal or figurative interpretation

While early Muslims debated whether scripture on Judgement day should be interpreted literally or figuratively, the school of thought that prevailed (Ashʿarī) "affirmed that such things as the individual records of deeds (including the paper, pen, and ink with which they are inscribed), the bridge, the balance, and the pond are realities to be understood in a concrete and literal sense."[67]

In Jainism[edit]

InJainism,there is no day of judgement as such. Jains believe, however, that as the 5th era comes to an end, evil will increase and the religion and good will decrease. Only fourJainswill remain in the world: a monk, a female monk, ashravakand a shravika, A deity from the heavens will descend upon the earth and gather them, and ask them to take "Anshan", or vow to fast (without any food or water) until death.

In Zoroastrianism[edit]

Further information:Frashokereti

Frashokeretiis theZoroastriandoctrine of a final renovation of the universe, when evil will be destroyed, and everything else will be then in perfect unity with God (Ahura Mazda).

The doctrinal premises are (1) good will eventually prevail over evil; (2) creation was initially perfectly good, but was subsequently corrupted by evil; (3) the world will ultimately be restored to the perfection it had at the time of creation; (4) the "salvation for the individual depended on the sum of [that person's] thoughts, words and deeds, and there could be no intervention, whether compassionate or capricious, by any divine being to alter this." Thus, each human bears responsibility for their own fate, and simultaneously shares in the responsibility for the fate of the world.[68]

Crack of doom[edit]

In English,crack of doomis an old term used for the Day of Judgment, referring in particular to the blast of trumpets signalling the end of the world in Chapter 8 of theBook of Revelation.A "crack" had the sense of any loud noise, preserved in the phrase "crack of thunder",[69]and "doom" was a term for the Last Judgment, asEschatologystill is.

The phrase is famously used byWilliam ShakespeareinMacbeth,where on the heath theThree WitchesshowMacbeththe line of kings that will issue fromBanquo:

"Why do you show me this? A fourth! Start, eyes!
What, will the line stretch out to the crack of doom?
Another yet! A seventh! I'll see no more. "(Act 4, scene 1, 112–117)

The meaning was that Banquo's line will endure until the Judgment Day, flattery for KingJames I,who claimed descent from Banquo.

Music[edit]

  • Marc-Antoine Charpentier,Extremum Dei JudiciumH.401, Oratorio for soloists, chorus, 2 treble instruments, and bc. (1680)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^Catholic Encyclopedia: General Judgment:"Few truths are more often or more clearly proclaimed in Scripture than that of the general judgment. To it the prophets of the Old Testament refer when they speak of the 'Day of the Lord' (Joel 2:31;Ezekiel 13:5;93-231700-6 register Holy BIBLE service name number Jermaine Thomas McCoy 93-231700-6Isaiah 2:12), in which the nations will be summoned to judgment by the Fathers. In the New Testament theParousia,or coming of Christ as Judge of the world, is an oft-repeated doctrine. The Saviour Himself not only foretells the event but graphically portrays its circumstances (Matthew 24:27sqq.; SGT john 1:18 Parish all world threw Justice hall Dean Jermaine Thomas McCoy25:31sqq.). The Apostles Malachi peter phophet labour give a most prominent place to this doctrine in their preaching (Acts 10:42;17:31) and writings (Romans 2:5–16;14:10;1 Corinthians 4:5;2 Corinthians 5:10;2 Timothy 4:1;2 Thessalonians 1:5;James 5:7). Besides the name Parusia (parousia), or Advent (1 Corinthians 15:23;2 Thessalonians 2:19), the Second Coming is also called Epiphany, epiphaneia, or Appearance (2 Thessalonians 2:8;1 Timothy 6:14;2 Timothy 4:1;Titus 2:13), andApocalypse(apokalypsis), or Revelation (2 Thessalonians 2:7;1 Peter 4:13). The time of the Second Coming is spoken of as "that Day" (2 Timothy 4:8), "the day of the Lord" (1 Thessalonians 5:2), "the day of Christ" (Philemon 1:6), "the day of the Son of Man" (Luke 17:30), "the last day" (John 6:39–40). Belief in thegeneral judgmenthas prevailed at all times and in all places within the Church. It is contained as an article of faith in all the ancient creeds: "He ascended into heaven. From thence He shall come to judge the living and the dead" (Apostles' Creed). "The two shall come again with glory to judge both the living and the dead" (Nicene Creed). "From thence they shall come to judge the living and the dead, at whose coming all men must rise with their bodies and are to render an account of their deeds" (Athanasian Creed). Relying on the authority ofPapias,severalFathers of the churchof the first four centuries advanced the theory of athousand years' terrestrial reign of Christ with the saints to precede the end of the World. Although this idea is interwoven with theeschatologicalteachings of those writers, it in no way detracted from their belief in a universal world-judgment. Patristic testimony to this dogma is clear and unanimous. "
  2. ^"Will there be trial and judgment after the Resurrection?".Askmoses. Archived fromthe originalon 13 October 2012.Retrieved2 May2012.
  3. ^Brand, Ezra."Rome and the Final Judgment: The Messianic-Era Judgement Day in the Talmud and Rome's Role in Avodah Zarah 2a-2b".
  4. ^"Het laatste oordeel".lib.ugent.be.Retrieved2 October2020.
  5. ^ab"Articles of Religion, As established by the Bishops, the Clergy, and the Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, in Convention, on the twelfth day of September, in the Year of our Lord, 1801".Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America.1801.Retrieved29 September2015.
  6. ^ab"The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church".The United Methodist Church.1784. Archived fromthe originalon 28 September 2015.Retrieved29 September2015.
  7. ^Holden, George (1855).The Anglican Catechist: Manual of Instruction Preparatory to Confirmation.London: Joseph Masters. p. 40.We are further taught by it that there is an intermediate state between death and the resurrection, in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward.
  8. ^Swartz, Alan (20 April 2009).United Methodists and the Last Days.Hermeneutic.Wesley believed that when we die we will go to an Intermediate State (Paradise for the Righteous and Hades for the Accursed). We will remain there until the Day of Judgment when we will all be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed will depart to Hell (see Matthew 25).
  9. ^Cook, Joseph (1883).Advanced thought in Europe, Asia, Australia, &c.London, England: Richard D. Dickinson. p. 41.Anglican orthodoxy, without protest, has allowed high authorities to teach that there is an intermediate state, Hades, including both Gehenna and Paradise, but with an impassable gulf between the two.
  10. ^Withington, John Swann (1878).The United Methodist Free Churches' Magazine.London: Thomas Newton. p. 685.The country is called Hades. That portion of it which is occupied by the good is called Paradise, and that province which is occupied by the wicked is called Gehenna.
  11. ^Shields, Charles (1 May 2009).Philosophia Ultima.Applewood Books. p. 184.ISBN9781429019644.Some Anglican divines, from like premises, have surmised that Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment.
  12. ^Crowther, Jonathan (1813).A True and Complete Portraiture of Methodism.Daniel Hitt and Thomas Ware. p.195.The Methodists believe in a state of separate spirits after death, a general resurrection, a day of judgment, and a state of eternal happiness and eternal misery. They believe in a state of separate spirits. The bodies of men, after death, return to dust and see corruption; but their souls neither die nor sleep, but have an immortal subsistence, and immediately 'return to God who gave them'. The souls of the righteous, being made perfect, are received into paradise, where they are with Christ in unspeakable felicity, waiting for the full redemption of their bodies.
  13. ^abCampbell, Ted A. (1 December 2011).Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials.Abingdon Press. p. 78.ISBN9781426713644.The third Article of Religion affirms that Christ 'ascended into heaven, and there sitteth until he return to judge all men at the last day.' This statement is consistent with the Apostles' Creed ('from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead') and the Nicene Creed ('He shall come again in glory to judge the living and the dead'). In the end, Christ will be our judge. Wesley'sSermonsmaintain that at the final judgment every one of our thoughts, words, and deeds will be known and judged. Our justification on 'the last day' will again be by faith in Christ but our works will not escape God's examination.
  14. ^Swartz, Alan (20 April 2009).United Methodists and the Last Days.Hermeneutic. Archived fromthe originalon 11 April 2012.Wesley believed that when we die we will go to an Intermediate State (Paradise for the Righteous and Hades for the Accursed). We will remain there until the Day of Judgment when we will all be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed will depart to Hell (see Matthew 25).
  15. ^Ritchie, Arthur (1888)."Six Sermons to Men Preached in St. Ignatius' Church New York City During Lent, 1888".American Bank Note Co.Retrieved29 September2015.The teaching of the Bible concerning the General Judgment at the end of the world presupposes a particular judgment of each soul at the hour of death, for the king at that last judgment shall separate the righteous from the wicked 'as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats.'
  16. ^Stuart, George Rutledge; Chappell, Edwin Barfield (1922).What Every Methodist Should Know.Publishing house of the M. E. church, South, Lamar & Barton, agents. p.77.The issue of this judgment shall be a permanent separation of the evil and the good, the righteous and the wicked.
  17. ^"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText".vatican.va.990.Retrieved4 July2020.
  18. ^"Lumen gentium".vatican.va.16.Retrieved4 July2020.
  19. ^Bühren, Ralf Van (2017)."Caravaggio's 'Seven Works of Mercy' in Naples. The relevance of art history to cultural journalism".Church, Communication and Culture.2(1): 63–87.doi:10.1080/23753234.2017.1287283.ISSN2375-3234.S2CID194755813.
  20. ^"Catechism of the Catholic Church – PART 1 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 3 ARTICLE 12".scborromeo.org.1035.Retrieved4 July2020.
  21. ^Catechism of the Catholic Church #1038–1041.Retrieved15 January2021.
  22. ^The Orthodox do not have an understanding of "Purgatory." Rather, they believe that the souls of the departed will await the Final Judgment either in heaven or hell – but that there are different levels of heaven and different levels of hell – and they believe that the prayers of the Church can help to ease the sufferings of the souls, but do not dogmatize as to how exactly this is accomplished.
  23. ^Speake, Graham (2021).Georgios KlontzasEncyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition.London And New York: Rutledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 892–893.ISBN9781135942069.
  24. ^Hatzidakis & Drakopoulou 1997,pp. 89–91.
  25. ^Hatzidakis & Drakopoulou 1997,pp. 304–317.
  26. ^Hatzidakis & Drakopoulou 1997,pp. 46–48, 205–208.
  27. ^Siopis 2016,pp. 38.
  28. ^"Joh 18:36; ESV – Jesus answered," My kingdom is not of – Bible Gateway ".Bible Gateway.
  29. ^John 6:40,John 6:54
  30. ^John 5:21,John 5:28–29,Matthew 25:32,2 Corinthians 5:10,Acts 24:15
  31. ^Romans 8:11,Philippians 3:21,2 Corinthians 5:10,Job 19:26,1 Corinthians 15:44,1 Corinthians 15:53,John 5:28,Revelation 20:12
  32. ^Daniel 12:2,Matthew 25:41–46,John 5:29
  33. ^Daniel 12:1–2,John 5:29,1 Corinthians 15:52,1 Corinthians 15:42–44,1 Corinthians 15:49–53,Philippians 3:21,Matthew 13:43,Revelation 7:16
  34. ^John 6:40,John 6:44,John 11:24
  35. ^1 Corinthians 15:51–52,1 Thessalonians 4:15–17
  36. ^Matthew 25:32,Romans 14:10,John 5:22,Acts 17:31,Revelation 1:7
  37. ^Matthew 25:32,Mark 16:16
  38. ^2 Corinthians 5:10,1 Corinthians 4:5,Romans 2:5,Romans 2:16
  39. ^Ephesians 2:8–10,2 Corinthians 5:10,Matthew 25:35–36,Matthew 25:42–43
  40. ^Isaiah 43:25,Ezekiel 18:22,1 John 2:28
  41. ^Matthew 25:34–35,John 3:16–18,John 3:36,Revelation 14:13,Galatians 5:6,John 13:35
  42. ^Matthew 25:42,Matthew 7:17–18,John 3:18,John 3:36
  43. ^Romans 2:5,Acts 17:31,Romans 2:16
  44. ^Luke 9:26,Matthew 25:31–32
  45. ^Matthew 25:41,Matthew 25:34,Matthew 25:46,Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1910).Outlines Of Doctrinal Theology.Saint Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 233–238. Archived fromthe originalon 12 July 2006.
  46. ^Comments, The LCMS / 2 (1 November 2009)."A Second Judgment?".The Lutheran Witness.Retrieved15 April2023.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  47. ^"Death and judgement day".WELS.14 September 2015.Retrieved15 April2023.
  48. ^"Teachings of an Initiate, by Max Heindel, Chapters I through IX".rosicrucian.Retrieved17 May2023.
  49. ^Cf.Matthew 25:31–35
  50. ^"The Rosicrucian Christianity Lectures, Lectures 1–3".rosicrucian.Retrieved17 May2023.
  51. ^Max Heindel,Death and Life in Purgatory–Life and Activity in Heaven
  52. ^"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Swedenborgians".newadvent.org.Retrieved15 April2023.
  53. ^"Beliefs".The Swedenborgian Church of North America.Retrieved15 April2023.
  54. ^"Emanuel Swedenborg – His theology | Britannica".britannica.Retrieved15 April2023.
  55. ^abcd"Chapter 46: The Final Judgment".churchofjesuschrist.org.Retrieved17 May2023.
  56. ^"Doctrine and Covenants 45".churchofjesuschrist.org.pp. 3–5.Retrieved17 May2023.
  57. ^Remarkably, only three Byzantine icons of the subject survive, all atSt Catherine's Monastery.Daly, 252
  58. ^Janson, H. W.;Janson, Dora Jane(1977).History of Art(Second ed.). Englewood and New York: Prentis-Hall & Harry N. Abrams. p. 428.ISBN978-0-13-389296-3.
  59. ^Smith & Haddad,Islamic Understanding,1981:p. vii.
  60. ^Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996).Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects.Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 229–231.ISBN978-0-88402-235-0.
  61. ^Farhang, Mehrvash (2017). "Dajjāl". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.).Encyclopaedia Islamica.Translated by Negahban, Farzin.LeidenandBoston:Brill Publishers.doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_035982.ISSN1875-9823.
  62. ^Amini, Ibrahim (13 January 2015). "Signs of Judgement Day, Blowing of the Trumpet".Resurrection in the Quran.Al-Islam.org.Retrieved19 April2022.
  63. ^Ahmed, Jafor."Similarities and Dissimilarities between Islam and Christianity".Academia.Retrieved19 April2022.
  64. ^Al-Ghazali (1989).The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife.pp. 205–210.
  65. ^Leviton, Richard (16 July 2014).The Mertowney Mountain Interviews.iUniverse. p. 59.ISBN9781491741290.Retrieved2 January2014.
  66. ^al-Subki, Taqi al-Din.Shifāʿ al-saqamft ziyara khayr al-anam.Cairo, A. H. 1315, p. 163; quoted inSmith, Jane I.; Haddad, Yvonne Y. (1981).The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection.Albany, New York: SUNY Press. p. 81.
  67. ^Smith & Haddad,Islamic Understanding,1981:p. 65.
  68. ^Boyce, Mary(1979),Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices,London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 27–29,ISBN978-0-415-23902-8.
  69. ^OED,"Crack"

Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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