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Crunchyroll

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This article is about the streaming service. For the various related companies of this name and other uses, seeCrunchyroll (disambiguation).

Crunchyroll
Logo for the Crunchyroll service
Logo used since 2012
Type of businessSubsidiary
Type of site
OTT streaming platform
Available in20 languages
List of languages
  • Arabic
  • Catalan
  • Chinese
  • English
  • French
  • German
  • Hindi
  • Indonesian
  • Italian
  • Japanese
  • Malay
  • Polish
  • Portuguese
  • Russian
  • Spanish
  • Tamil
  • Telugu
  • Thai
  • Turkish
  • Vietnamese
FoundedMay 14, 2006;18 years ago(2006-05-14)
Headquarters
San Francisco,California
,
U.S.
Country of originUnited States
Area servedWorldwide
OwnerSony Group Corporation
Founder(s)Kun Gao[1][2]
James Lin[1][2]
Brandon Ooi[1]
Vu Nguyen[3][4]
Industry
Products
Services
  • Film production
  • film distribution
  • television production
  • television distribution
ParentCrunchyroll, LLC[a]
URLwww.crunchyroll
CommercialYes
RegistrationOptional
UsersIncrease120million
(13 million paying as of 2024)[5][6]
LaunchedMay 14, 2006;18 years ago(2006-05-14)
Current statusActive

Crunchyrollis an Americansubscription video on-demandover-the-topstreamingservice owned bySony Group Corporation.[a]The service primarily distributes films and television series produced byEast Asian media,includingJapanese anime,and is headquartered inSan Francisco, California,with a Japanese branch located inShibuya,Tokyo.

Founded in 2006 by a group ofUniversity of California, Berkeley,graduates,[7]Crunchyroll delivers content to over 120million registered users worldwide.[8]Crunchyroll was previously a subsidiary ofAT&T/WarnerMedia'sOtter Media,and from 2016 to 2018, the company partnered withFunimation,which Sony acquired in 2017 and would eventually merge into its brand in 2022 after Sony acquired Crunchyroll from AT&T in 2021.

Crunchyroll is a member ofThe Association of Japanese Animations(AJA).[9]"Crunchyroll-Hime", also known as "Hime", is the officialmascotof Crunchyroll.[10]

Crunchyroll offers over 1,000 anime shows,[9]more than 200 East Asian dramas in over 18 languages, and formerly offered around 80 manga titles asCrunchyroll Manga,although the number of available shows varies by each country due to licensing restrictions. Crunchyroll passed one million paid subscribers in February 2017,[9][11]and has over 13million paid subscribers as of 2024.[6]Crunchyroll also releases titles on home video either directly[12]or by having select anime titles released through its distribution partners (Sentai Filmworks,Viz Media,Discotek Media,and its corporate sibling,Aniplex of Americain North America;Anime Limitedin the United Kingdom).[13][14]

History[edit]

Origins and informal distribution[edit]

The original Crunchyroll logo used from 2006 to 2012

Crunchyroll was first founded in 2006 and was initially a for-profit video upload and streaming site that specialized in hosting East Asian content. Some of the content hosted on Crunchyroll included versions of East Asian shows that had beensubtitled by fans.[1][15]

In 2008, Crunchyroll secured a capital investment of $4.05 million from theventure capitalfirmVenrock.[16]The investment drew criticism from anime distributors and licensorsBandai EntertainmentandFunimationas the site continued to allow users to upload unlicensed copies of copyrighted titles.[17]

Move to legal distribution[edit]

Crunchyroll eventually began securing legal distribution agreements with companies, includingGonzo,for a growing list of titles. On January 8, 2009, after announcing a deal withTV Tokyoto host episodes ofNaruto Shippuden,Crunchyroll stated that it was committed to removing all copyright-infringing material from its site and to only hosting content to which it had legitimate distribution rights.[18]

In 2010, Crunchyroll announced its acquisition of theNorth AmericanDVD rights to5 Centimeters Per Second.This was the first DVD release licensed by Crunchyroll.[19]

On October 30, 2013, Crunchyroll began digitally distributing 12 different manga titles fromKodanshathroughCrunchyroll Manga,includingAttack on TitanandFairy Tail.[20]

Chernin Group ownership and Ellation[edit]

"Ellation" redirects here. For the company that acquired Ellation, seeCrunchyroll LLC.

On December 2, 2013, The Chernin Group (the holding company of formerNews Corp.presidentPeter Chernin) announced that it had acquired acontrolling interestin Crunchyroll for a reported $100 million.[21]The Chernin Group said that Crunchyroll management and existing investor TV Tokyo would maintain a "significant" stake in the company.[22][23]

Ellation (2015–2023)

On April 22, 2014, AT&T and The Chernin Group announced the formation of a joint venture to acquire, invest in, and launchover-the-top(OTT) video services. Both companies committed over $500 million in funding to the venture.[24]The new company was named Otter Media and became the majority owner of Crunchyroll.[25]On August 3, 2015,Varietyreported that Otter Media would unveil Ellation, a new umbrella company for its subscription-based video services, including Crunchyroll.[26]Ellation's services includedVRV,which debuted in 2016, a video streaming platform described as targeting "geeks, gamers and lovers of comedy, fantasy and technology."[27]

On October 22, 2015,Anime News Networkreported that Crunchyroll had achieved 700,000 paying subscribers. In addition, the company announced that Crunchyroll andSumitomo Corporationhad created a joint venture to produce and invest in anime productions.[28]

On April 11, 2016, Crunchyroll andKadokawa Corporationannounced the formation of a strategic alliance that gave Crunchyroll exclusive worldwide digital distribution rights (excluding Asia) for Kadokawa anime titles in the upcoming year. It also granted Crunchyroll the right to co-finance Kadokawa anime titles to be produced in the future.[29]

Funimation partnership, and home video expansion[edit]

On July 1, 2016, Crunchyroll announced plans to dub and release a number of series on home video.[30]On September 8, 2016, Crunchyroll announced a partnership withFunimation.Crunchyroll would stream select Funimation titles, while Funimation would stream select Crunchyroll titles as well as their upcoming dubbed content. In addition, Funimation would act as the distributor for Crunchyroll's home video catalog.[31]

On February 9, 2017, Crunchyroll announced that it had reached one million paid subscribers.[9][11]On March 22, 2017, Kun Gao took over as representative director of its Japanese branch, succeeding Vincent Shortino.[32]On March 30, 2017, Crunchyroll began to distribute anime throughSteam.[33][34]On November 4, 2017, a group of hackers managed tohijackthe official site for almost six hours. Users were redirected to a fake lookalike site that prompted them to download ransomware under the guise of "CrunchyViewer". Crunchyroll filed afirst information reportagainst the hackers.[35]On July 18, 2017, Crunchyroll began collaborating with the video-streaming platformTwitch.[36]

AT&T/WarnerMedia ownership and internal productions[edit]

In January 2018,Otter Mediabought the remaining shares (20%) of Crunchyroll from TV Tokyo and other investors.[37]In August 2018, AT&T acquired the remainder of Otter Media that it did not already own from The Chernin Group; the company and Crunchyroll were thus folded underWarnerMedia(formerly Time Warner, which AT&T had also recently acquired).[38]In August 2018, the service announced an expansion into original content with the anime-inspired seriesHigh Guardian Spice,produced by Ellation Studios.[39]On October 18, 2018, Funimation announced that their partnership with Crunchyroll ended as a result ofSony Pictures Television's acquisition of Funimation and AT&T's acquisition of Crunchyroll's parent company, Otter Media.[40]

On March 4, 2019, it was announced that Otter Media would be placed underWarner Bros.as part of their reorganization efforts. As a result of said reorganization, the company and Crunchyroll became corporate sisters to the American cable channelCartoon Networkand its nighttime programming blockAdult Swim,which broadcast anime under theToonamibrand.[41]Due to a subsequent reorganization, Crunchyroll was moved under WarnerMedia Entertainment (owner of networks such asTBSandTNT) in May 2019 so that its COO could oversee anupcoming entertainment streaming servicefrom the brand.[42]

On July 3, 2019, Crunchyroll announced that they had partnered withViz Mediato distribute select Crunchyroll-licensed titles on home video and electronic sell-through in the United States and Canada.[43]On July 20, 2019, independent Australian production companyGlitch Productionsannounced that they had partnered with Crunchyroll to produce theirYouTubeoriginal series,Meta Runner.[44]On September 6, 2019, Crunchyroll announced that they had become the majority investor inViz Media Europe.[45]Crunchyroll solidified this deal on December 4, 2019, becoming the majority owners of Viz Media Europe Group and appointing former Viz Media Europe president John Easum as Head.[46]It was later rebranded asCrunchyroll EMEA,with former Viz Media Europe brands becoming Crunchyroll brands.[47][48]

On October 15, 2019, it was announced thatNaver Corporation'swebtoonpublishing portal,WEBTOON,was partnering with Crunchyroll to produce animated adaptations of its series.[49]On February 25, 2020, Crunchyroll announced a slate of several programs under their new "Crunchyroll Originals" brand, including anime adaptations of the webtoonsTower of God,The God of High School,andNoblesse.[50]

On September 5, 2020, Crunchyroll announced that they had entered into a partnership withSentai Filmworksto distribute Crunchyroll licensed titles onto home video and electronic sell-through, withGranbelm,Food Wars!: Shokugeki no Soma: The Fourth Plate,Ascendance of a Bookworm,andWorld Triggerbeing the first titles distributed through the partnership.[51]

Sony ownership[edit]

On August 12, 2020,The Informationreported thatSony Pictures Entertainment,Funimation's parent company, was in talks to acquire Crunchyroll from WarnerMedia (later spun out by AT&T and merged withDiscovery, Inc.to formWarner Bros. Discovery) forUS$1.5 billion.[52]According toVariety,the amount was decreased toUS$1 billion.[53]Later in October 2020, it was reported that Sony was in its final talks with AT&T to acquire the streaming service for more than¥100 billion (2020) (US$936.55 million).[54]On December 9, 2020, Funimation and its ownerSonyannounced that they had reached a deal with AT&T and WarnerMedia to acquire Crunchyroll for aroundUS$1.175 billion.The acquisition was considered to be a major consolidation of global anime distribution rights outside of East Asia.[55][56]However, on March 24, 2021, it was reported that theUnited States Department of Justicehad extended its antitrust review of the acquisition.[57]

On August 9, 2021, Sony announced that it had completed its acquisition of Crunchyroll. Following the acquisition, Sony stated that they wanted to create a unified anime subscription experience using their existing anime businesses as soon as possible.[58]Crunchyroll confirmed four days later thatVRVwas included in the acquisition.[59]On September 23, 2021, Crunchyroll announced that they had entered into a partnership deal withFuji TVfor anime content development and production. The partners planned to start work on the new slate in April 2022 with anime-focused developer and producer Slow Curve.[60][61]

On March 1, 2022, it was announced that the Funimation,Wakanim,and VRV SVOD services would be consolidated into Crunchyroll. Additionally, Funimation Global Group, LLC, would be renamed and merged into Crunchyroll, LLC, with the Funimation brand currently in the process of being phased out in favor of Crunchyroll.[62][63]On that same day, March 13, Crunchyroll would start adding new anime titles, including Hindi or Indian English subs and dubs for India.[64][65][66]In the wake of theRussian military invasion of Ukraine,Crunchyroll and Wakanim announced that they would suspend their services in Russia as of March 11.[67]Its parent company, Sony, donated $2 million in humanitarian aid to Ukraine.[68]

On March 16, 2022, it was announced that Funimation's home video releases would be distributed under the Crunchyroll banner, with the latter's logo replacing that of the former on the spine and back of the covers for each new release that comes out, starting with its June 2022 slate.[12]On March 24, 2022, Crunchyroll announced that starting with the Spring 2022 season, a subscription would be required to watch new and continued simulcasts, with older titles featured on the site prior to this season remaining free to watch. It was also announced that the first three episodes of select titles would be free a week after their premiere until May 31.[69][70]

On April 5, 2022, the company announced that Funimation'sYouTubechannel had been rebranded asCrunchyroll Dubsand that it would serve as Crunchyroll's channel for English-dubbed content, while English-subtitled content would continue to be uploaded on theirCrunchyroll Collectionchannel.[71]The company also stated that they would release an English-dubbed first episode of an anime series every Saturday at 3:00 p.m. ET on the Crunchyroll Dubs YouTube channel, starting withRe:Zero − Starting Life in Another Worldon April 9, 2022. Three days later, Crunchyroll announced that the Funimation Shop would be moved to the Crunchyroll Store.[72]On November 2, 2022, Crunchyroll collaborated with the instant messaging social platformDiscord.The integration allows Crunchyroll users to link their accounts and display the movie or show they are currently watching on their Discord profile.[73]

On March 1, 2023, it was reported Crunchyroll received a dedicated button on newSony Bravia TVsremotes.[74]On May 15, 2023, Crunchyroll partnered with the language learning appDuolingoto help users learn Japanese via anime.[75]

On October 6, 2023, Senior Vice President of global creative marketing Markus Gerdemann stated that some of Crunchyroll's fastest-growing markets outside the United States wereBrazil,France,GermanyandMexico,and over 800 million people were interested in anime worldwide.[76]

On February 16, 2024, Crunchyroll launched its official weeklypodcastCrunchyroll Presents: The Anime Effecton all majoraudio streaming platformsmade to discuss anime and its impact on worldwide popular culture.[77]Throughout February 2024, Crunchyroll launched its application forLGandSamsungsmart TVsglobally.[78]

Programming[edit]

Original programming[edit]

On February 25, 2020, Crunchyroll initially announced seven series under its Crunchyroll Originals label.[79]These are anime or other animated series that are either co-produced or directly produced by the company. While Crunchyroll previously co-produced anime titles, this list only includes those that Crunchyroll themselves officially place under the label. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the brand was quietly discontinued alongside the closure of the in-house production studios.[80][81]

Series released under the "Crunchyroll Originals" label included:

Title First run start date First run end date Episodes Notes Animation Studio
In/Spectre January 11, 2020 March 28, 2020 12 Adaptation ofnovelseries written by Kyo Shirodaira. Brain's Base
Tower of God April 1, 2020 June 24, 2020 13 Adaptation ofwebtoonby SIU. Telecom Animation Film
The God of High School July 6, 2020 September 28, 2020 13 Adaptation of webtoon by Yongje Park. MAPPA
Gibiate July 15, 2020 September 30, 2020 12 Original work created by Ryō Aoki. Lunch Box
Studio Elle
Tonikawa: Over the Moon for You October 3, 2020 December 19, 2020 12 Adaptation of manga byKenjiro Hata. Seven Arcs
Noblesse October 7, 2020 December 30, 2020 13 Adaptation of webtoon written by Son Jeho and illustrated by Lee Kwangsu. Production I.G
Onyx Equinox November 21, 2020 December 26, 2020 12 Original work created bySofia Alexander. Crunchyroll Studios
So I'm A Spider, So What? January 8, 2021 July 3, 2021 24 Adaptation of light novel series written by Okina Baba and illustrated by Tsukasa Kiryu. Millepensee
Dr. Ramune Mysterious Disease Specialist January 10, 2021 March 28, 2021 12 Adaptation ofmangaseries written by Aho Toro. Platinum Vision
Ex-Arm January 11, 2021 March 29, 2021 12 Adaptation of manga written by HiRock and illustrated by Shinya Komi. Visual Flight
Fena: Pirate Princess[82] August 15, 2021 October 24, 2021 12 Original work byKazuto Nakazawaand Production I.G. Co-production withAdult Swim. Production I.G
High Guardian Spice October 26, 2021[83] October 26, 2021 12 Original work created by Raye Rodriguez. Crunchyroll Studios
Blade Runner: Black Lotus[84] November 14, 2021 February 6, 2022 13 Original work based on theBlade Runnerfranchise. Co-production with Adult Swim. Sola Digital Arts
FreakAngels January 27, 2022[83] January 27, 2022 9 Adaptation ofwebcomicwritten byWarren Ellisand illustrated by Paul Duffield. Crunchyroll Studios
Shenmue: The Animation[85] February 6, 2022 May 1, 2022 13 Adaptation of theShenmuevideo game series by Yu Suzuki. Co-production with Adult Swim. Telecom Animation Film
Meiji Gekken: 1874 January 14, 2024 March 24, 2024 10 Original work created by Tsukasa Sakurai and Naoki Tozuka. Produced under theworking titleMeiji Gekken: Sword and Gun.[79] Tsumugi Akita Anime Lab

Crunchyroll Channel[edit]

Crunchyroll Channel
TypeFAST streamingtelevision channel
CountryUnited States
Broadcast areaNationwide
HeadquartersCoppell, Texas
Programming
Language(s)English
Picture format1080pHDTV
(downscaled toletterboxed480pfor older programming)
Ownership
OwnerSony Pictures Entertainment[b]
Aniplex(Sony Music Entertainment Japan)[c]
ParentCrunchyroll, LLC
Game Show Network, LLC
Sister channels
History
LaunchedOctober 11, 2023;8 months ago(2023-10-11)
Availability
Streaming media
The Roku ChannelChannel 778
LGChannelsChannel 261
VizioWatchFree+Channel 775
Amazon FreeveeNone
Pluto TVNone

On October 4, 2023,Sonyannounced it would launch theCrunchyroll Channelas afree ad-supported streaming television(FAST) channel under a partnership between itsCrunchyrollandGSNdivisions.[86][d]The linear service launched on October 11 forThe Roku Channel,LGChannels, andVizioWatchFree+ platforms. The channel later became available onAmazon Freeveeon October 17 and onPluto TVon February 5, 2024.[87][88]The initial programming lineup featured English-dubbed versions of anime titles such asHorimiya,Ranking of Kings,Moriarty the Patriot,Psycho-Pass,Arifureta: From Commonplace to World's Strongest,Sugar Apple Fairy Tale,To Your Eternity,andCode Geass.[89][90]

Device support and service features[edit]

Crunchyroll is available worldwide (except for parts of Asia, Russia, and Belarus) and can be accessed via an internet browser on PCs, while Crunchyroll apps are available on various platforms, includingBlu-raydisc players, mobile devices such asiOS/iPadOS,Android,andWindows Phone,game consoles such asXbox(Xbox OneandXbox Series X/S),PlayStation(4/5andPlayStation Vita), andNintendo(Nintendo Switch). It is also compatible withWindowsandmacOSoperating systems for desktop and laptop devices. Additionally, it is available onSmart TVsmade byLG,SamsungandSony,as well as on media players such asApple TV,Roku,Google Chromecast,Amazon Fire TV,Tizen OS,andAndroid TVand on external players including theXiaomiMi Box S and theNvidia Shield TV,among others. In addition,virtual reality headsetsrunningvisionOSare also supported.[91]Furthermore, it is available viaPrime VideoChannels in the U.S., Canada, Sweden and the U.K., followed by additional territories throughout 2024.[92]

The Anime Awards[edit]

Main article:Crunchyroll Anime Awards

The Crunchyroll Anime Awards are annual awards given to anime from the previous year. The awards were first held in January 2017. Crunchyroll selects twenty judges from diverse backgrounds, who then create a list of six nominees within each category. This list is then made available to the public, who votes online to choose the winners.[93]

Crunchyroll Expo[edit]

Main article:Crunchyroll Expo
The Crunchyroll Store at Crunchyroll Expo 2017

Crunchyroll Expo (CRX) is ananime conventionheld annually inSan Jose, Californiasince 2017. Crunchyroll initially contracted LeftField Media to produce the convention, before partnering withReedPopsince 2020.[94]Crunchyroll Expo 2019 premiered the movieBlackfoxand theMob Psycho 100 IIoriginal video animation,whileToei Animationorganized a screening of the moviesDragon Ball Z: Bardock – The Father of GokuandDragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn.[95][96]Conventions in 2020 and 2021 were held virtually due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[97][98]Crunchyroll held an expo in Australia in 2022.[99]On February 2, 2023, six months after announcing the dates and location, Crunchyroll revealed that its 2023 flagship event in San Jose would be cancelled in an effort to "focus on attending a growing roster of expos and festivals around the world".[100]

Reception[edit]

Crunchyroll has been generally well-received as a streaming service dedicated to anime.IGNhighlighted its simulcast streams of new shows as they air in Japan.[101]WhilePCMagwas impressed by the selection of shows available, their reviewers felt that theuser interfacewas too cluttered.[102]

Crunchyroll Originals have been less well-received. Callum May ofAnime News Networkoutlined the production issues that Originals have faced, both for internal productions and U.S.-Japan co-productions.[103]

Crunchyroll has been accused ofunion bustingand other anti-union practices in its English dubbing work.[104]After shifting to at-home recording during theCOVID-19 pandemic,Crunchyroll announced a return to studio recording in May 2022.[105]Following this shift, Crunchyroll began to primarily hire Texas-based actors to use their Texas studio. Since Texas is aright-to-workstate, the Coalition of Dubbing Actors (CODA) alleged that this policy shift was an attempt to thwart union organization among dubbing actors and encouraged them to pressure Crunchyroll to sign a union contract withSAG-AFTRA.[105]In September 2022, Crunchyroll firedKyle McCarleyfrom his role as the protagonist ofMob Psycho 100.McCarley, who is a member of SAG-AFTRA, had offered to work on a non-union contract for the third season, on the condition that Crunchyroll meet with SAG-AFTRA representatives to discuss potential future contracts but Crunchyroll refused.[106][107][108][109]In June 2023, Crunchyroll unlawfully forbade the developers of theTower of God:New Worldmobile game to cast the voice actors from the anime because the game production was covered by a union contract.[110]

TheUnited States Department of JusticereviewedSony's plan to combineFunimationand Crunchyroll into one service as a possibleantitrustcase.[111]The Coalition of Dubbing Actors called the merged company a "chokepoint of power" in the dubbing industry.[105]Comic Book Resourcescalled the merger a monopoly and observed that it resulted in increased prices for existing Funimation customers, despite being available in fewer countries.[112]In February 2024, Crunchyroll announced that it would not be honoring Funimation customers' digital purchases of anime, leading to a backlash.[113]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^abCrunchyroll, LLCoperates but does not directly own the brand's namesake OTT streaming platform. Instead, both the company and service are owned by a joint venture betweenSony Pictures EntertainmentandSony Music Entertainment Japan(throughAniplex).
  2. ^Through its ownerships ofCrunchyroll, LLCandGame Show Network, LLC,itself a segment of theSony Pictures Television Networksdivision ofSony Pictures Television.
  3. ^Through its ownership ofCrunchyroll, LLC.
  4. ^SonyownsCrunchyroll, LLCandGame Show Network, LLCthrough different divisions of the company. Crunchyroll, LLC is owned bySony Pictures EntertainmentandSony Music Entertainment Japan'sAniplex,while Game Show Network, LLC is owned by theSony Pictures Television Networksdivision ofSony Pictures Television.

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External links[edit]

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