Cutosea
| Cutosea | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Phylum: | Amoebozoa |
| Clade: | Evosea |
| Superclass: | Cutosa Cavalier-Smith, 2016[1] |
| Class: | Cutosea Cavalier-Smith, 2016[1] |
| Order: | Squamocutida Cavalier-Smith, 2016[1] |
| Families[1] | |
| Diversity | |
| 4 species | |
Cutosea(fromLatincutis'skin') is a small group ofmarineamoeboidprotistsproposed in 2016. It is a monotypic class ofAmoebozoacontaining the orderSquamocutida(fromLatinsquama'scale', andcutis'skin'). Cutosean organisms are characterized by a cell coat of microscales separated from thecell membrane.Fourgenera,Armaparvus,Idionectes,SapocribrumandSquamamoeba,belong to this group, distributed in threefamilies.
Characteristics
[edit]Thecellsof cutoseanamoebaeare surrounded by a continuous thin, somewhat flexible envelope, unique in structure because it is not attached to thecytoplasmic membrane.Below this envelope, they present oval microscales surrounded by a dense matrix. The small scales are not visible under alight microscope.[2]The envelope is penetrated by one or many small pores, which allow subpseudopodiato occasionally protrude from the cell membrane,[3]for a very slow locomotion. Locomoting cells are flattened, oval or round in shape. All of their cells lackciliaorcentrosomes.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]History
[edit]Cutosea is acladediscovered through a 2016phylogeneticstudy byThomas Cavalier-Smithand his coauthors, published in the journalMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.It is described as aclass-levelrank,monotypicas it contains only one orderSquamamoebida.Additionally, it is grouped under the monotypic superclassCutosa.In traditional rank-based classifications, it is grouped within theparaphyleticLobosa,a subphylum of Amoebozoa that also containsTubulineaandDiscosea.Cutosean amoebae present a structurally unique cellular envelope, theirdistinguishing feature.Their names derive from theLatincutis,meaning 'skin', andsquama,meaning 'scale', referencing this envelope.[1]
The Cutosea clade is supported by posteriormolecularandmorphologicalstudies, and has been accepted as of 2019 by the International Society of Protistologists, which revises the moderncladisticclassification ofeukaryotes.[3]The firstgenerato be grouped within Cutosea wereSapocribrumandSquamamoeba,discovered in 2015 and 2013 respectively, and placed in separate families Sapocribridae and Squamamoebidae. A third genus was discovered later in 2018,Armaparvus,which was added to Squamamoebidae.[2]The fourth genus,Idionecteswas discovered by Sebastian Hess and Alastair G. B. Simpson in 2019.[4][5]
Classification
[edit]Cutosea contains a total of fourspecies,distributed in four monotypic genera:
- Family IdionectidaeHess and Simpson, 2019[4]
- IdionectesHess and Simpson, 2019
- Idionectes vortexHess and Simpson, 2019
- IdionectesHess and Simpson, 2019
- FamilySapocribridaeCavalier-Smith, 2016
- SapocribrumLahr, Grant, Molestina & Anderson, 2015[6]
- Sapocribrum chincoteaguenseLahr, Grant, Molestina & Anderson, 2015
- SapocribrumLahr, Grant, Molestina & Anderson, 2015[6]
- FamilySquamamoebidaeCavalier-Smith, 2016
- ArmaparvusSchuler & Brown, 2018[2]
- Armaparvus languidusSchuler & Brown, 2018
- SquamamoebaKudryavtsev & Pawlowski, 2013[7]
- Squamamoeba japonicaKudryavtsev & Pawlowski, 2013
- ArmaparvusSchuler & Brown, 2018[2]
Evolution
[edit]Cutosea is afully supportedcladewithinAmoebozoa.It is thesister grouptoConosa,which contains all the non-loboseamoebozoans:Variosea,ArchamoebeaandEumycetozoa.Together, Cutosea and Conosa are the two members of the larger cladeEvosea.[8]The followingcladogramis based on a 2022phylogenetic analysis:[9]
References
[edit]- ^abcdefCavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Lewis R (June 2016)."187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.99:275–296.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023.PMID27001604.
- ^abcSchuler, Gabriel A.; Brown, Matthew W. (2019)."Description ofArmaparvus languidusn. gen. n. sp. Confirms Ultrastructural Unity of Cutosea (Amoebozoa, Evosea) ".The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.66:158–166.doi:10.1111/jeu.12640.
- ^abAdl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJG, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, Mitchell EAD, Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q (2019)."Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes".Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.66(1): 4–119.doi:10.1111/jeu.12691.PMC6492006.PMID30257078.
- ^abHess, Sebastian; Eme, Laura; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (2019-06-10)."A natural toroidal microswimmer with a rotary eukaryotic flagellum".Nature Microbiology.4(10): 1620–1626.doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0478-6.ISSN2058-5276.PMID31182800.
- ^"Tiny flying saucers are actually odd new microbes".Nature.570(7761): 279. 2019-06-12.Bibcode:2019Natur.570R.279..doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01827-x.ISSN0028-0836.
- ^Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Grant, Jessica; Molestina, Robert; Katz, Laura A.; Anderson, O. Roger."Sapocribrum chincoteaguensen. gen. n. sp.: A Small, Scale-bearing Amoebozoan with Flabellinid Affinities ".The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.62:444–453.doi:10.1111/jeu.12199.PMC4469638.
- ^Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Pawlowski, Jan (2013). "Squamamoeba japonican. g. n sp. (Amoebozoa): a deep-sea amoeba from the Sea of Japan with a novel cell coat structure ".Protist.164(1): 13–23.doi:10.1016/j.protis.2012.07.003.
- ^Kang, Seungho; Tice, Alexander K; Spiegel, Frederick W; Silberman, Jeffrey D; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan; Kostka, Martin; Kosakyan, Anush; Alcântara, Daniel M C; Roger, Andrew J; Shadwick, Lora L; Smirnov, Alexey; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Lahr, Daniel J G; Brown, Matthew W (September 2017)."Between a Pod and a Hard Test: The Deep Evolution of Amoebae".Molecular Biology and Evolution.34(9): 2258–2270.doi:10.1093/molbev/msx162.PMC5850466.PMID28505375.
- ^Tekle YI, Wang F, Wood FC, Anderson OR, Smirnov A (2022)."New insights on the evolutionary relationships between the major lineages of Amoebozoa".Sci Rep.12(11173): 11173.Bibcode:2022NatSR..1211173T.doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15372-7.PMC9249873.PMID35778543.S2CID247231712.
External links
[edit]- Cutoseaat UniEuk Taxonomy App.