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Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu
Cyclone Namu near its peak intensity
Meteorological history
FormedMay 15, 1986
DissipatedMay 22, 1986
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone
10-minute sustained(BOM)
Highest winds130 km/h (80 mph)
Lowest pressure960hPa(mbar); 28.35inHg
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone
10-minute sustained(FMS)
Highest winds150 km/h (90 mph)
Lowest pressure955hPa(mbar); 28.20inHg
Category 2-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained(SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds155 km/h (100 mph)
Overall effects
Fatalities63 - 150
DamageSI$25 million
Areas affectedSolomon Islands,Vanuatu,New Caledonia
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the1985–86South Pacificand theAustralian regioncyclone seasons

Severe Tropical Cyclone Namuwas considered to be one of the worsttropical cyclonesto impact theSolomon Islandson record, after it caused over 100 deaths within the island nations. It was first noted as a weak tropical depression to the north of the Solomon Islands during May 15, 1986. Over the next couple of days, the storm steadily intensified while meandering. After briefly moving west, the storm attainedCategory 2 intensityon theAustralian intensity scaleon May 18, as it moved through the island chain on the next day. Cyclone Namu attained peak intensity of150 km/h (90 mph). After retaining its peak intensity for a day, Namu turned south and weakened steadily. By May 21, the winds of Cyclone Namu had been reduced to only 80 km/h (50 mph). Continuing to weaken, Namu turned east and dissipated on May 22, away from the island chain.

The system impacted the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia and caused over 100 deaths, as well as varying amounts of damage to the island nations. As a result, the name Namu was laterretiredfrom the lists of tropical cyclone names for the South Pacific by theWorld Meteorological Organization.

The storm's slow motion allowed for prolonged periods of heavy rainfall, resulting in phenomenal flooding across the Solomon Islands. The islands of Malaita andGuadalcanalexperienced the most significant damage from Namu. Coastal areas of the former were severely damaged by rough seas and strong winds, especially along the eastern side where entire villages were destroyed. Meanwhile, on the island of Guadalcanal, a village of 43 people had only 5 survivors. Moreover, Cyclone Namu flooded 75% of Guadalcanal's plains. In addition, 22% of homes were either damaged or destroyed on the island.

Across the Solomon Island group, schools, buildings, electricity, water supplies, roads, communication systems, forests, and agriculture sustained widespread damage. In some regions, nearly all homes were destroyed. Mudslides destroyed roads, bridges, water pipes and drainage systems. Crops such as cocoa, copra, coffee, and rice were destroyed. Villages throughout the entire island group sustained severe damage. Overall, approximately 90,000 people, one third of the country's population, were reported as homeless. In all, Cyclone Namu was responsible for at least 150 deaths, mostly from flooding and landslides. Property damage and economic losses across the Solomon Islands totaled $25 million and $100 million (1986USD) respectively. During the aftermath of the storm, the government of the Solomon Islands declared a national state of emergency. Meanwhile, the United Kingdom,Papua New Guinea,the United States, and Japan also sent supplies and goods to the Solomon Islands.

Meteorological history

[edit]
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Storm type
triangleExtratropical cyclone,remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Towards the middle of May 1986, two tropical depressions developed within a monsoon trough of low pressure that was located on either side of the equator between theMariana Islandsand theMarshall Islandsas well as in betweenTuvaluand theSolomon Islands.[1][2]The first of these tropical depression went on to becomeTyphoon Lolain the Northern Hemisphere, while the second system was first noted by theFiji Meteorological Service(FMS) during May 15, while it was located about 165 km (105 mi) to the north ofMalaitain the Solomon Islands.[3]

During the next day, as the depression moved eastwards, it showed signs of weakening with clouds associated with the system disintegrating.[4]However, the system remained in an area favourable forTropical cyclogenesis,before the system re-intensified and developed two weakfeeder bands.[4]The United StatesJoint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC)subsequently started to issue warnings on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 33P early on May 17, after the depression had developed gale-force winds.[5]During that day, the system moved south-westwards and acquired the characteristics of a tropical cyclone, before it was named Namu by the FMS, while it was located about55 km (35 mi) to the north ofSikaiana.[6][7]

After being named, the system continued to move south-westwards and continued to intensify, before aneye featurewas reported as it passed over Malaita during May 18.[4][3]After Namu had crossed Malaita, the FMS estimated that Namu had developed a small ring of hurricane-force winds, about 20–30 km (10–20 mi) from the centre.[4]They also estimated that the system had peaked with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of150 km/h (90 mph), which made it a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone on theAustralian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[8]At around this time, the JTWC estimated that Namu had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of155 km/h (100 mph), which made it equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane on theSaffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.[5][8]The system subsequently crossed Guadalcanal and 160°E where it moved into the Australian region during May 19, where a broad and ragged eye became visible in satellite imagery but quickly became obscured by high cloud.[4]Namu subsequently came under the influence of high levelwesterly winds,which steered the system on a south-easterly track and back into the South Pacific basin.[4]After it moved back into the South Pacific basin, Namu accelerated towards southern Vanuatu and rapidly weakened into a depression, as cold air from thesubtropicswrapped into the system.[9]Namu subsequently dissipated during May 22, after it had merged into an eastwards movingtroughof low pressure near south-eastern Vanuatu.[4][1]

Solomon Islands

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The FMS started to issue special weather bulletins for the Solomon Islands Meteorological Service (SIMS) during May 15, which advised that the system had gale-force winds associated with it and that it would affectMalaitaand smaller islands.[4]As a result, the SIMS issued a gale warning before the bulletins were suspended during the next day, after the system weakened and it became doubtful that gales were associated with the depression.[4][7]After the depression was named Namu during May 17, the FMS resumed issuing the weather bulletins, which advised the SIMS of the threat posed by Namu toMalaita,Guadalcanal,San Cristobaland other smaller islands.[4]Over the next few days, these bulletins were revised accordingly and advised the SIMS which areas would be affected bygale, storm and hurricane-force windsand the threat of flooding from rain orstorm surge.[4]These bulletins were subsequently used by the SIMS to prepare variousgale and tropical cyclone warnings,which were subsequently broadcast in English andPidginaround the clock by theSolomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation.[7][10]As the system approached and moved over the island nation on May 18, the Solomon Islands National Disaster Council was convened to oversee the relief effort.[11]Within the Solomon Islands, initial expectations were for a run of the mill tropical cyclone of a moderate intensity to impact the Solomon Islands.[11]However, many people were caught off guard by the cyclone's sudden increase in winds and the prolonged heavy rain, especially in remote areas where weather forecasts were difficult to disseminate because of communication problems.[4]

Weather

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Namu impacted the Solomon Islands between May 17 - 20, with torrential and prolonged rainfall, high seas, gale to hurricane-force winds, wind gusts of over 150 km/h (93 mph), which caused flooding, landslides, mudslides, tidal and wind surges throughout the island nation.[4][11]In particular it was estimated that storm or hurricane-force winds had impactedMalaita,Small Malaita,Guadalcanal,Bellona,as well as other smaller islands, that the Namu'scenterhad passed within 50 to 65 km (30 to 40 mi) off.[4][7]They also estimated that gale-force winds had impacted the area in betweenSan Cristóbal,theRussell Islands,Santa Isabeland the northern tip of Malaita.[4]However, because of Namu's slow movement through the island nation, the majority of the deaths and damages, were caused by heavy rain, floods and mudslides, rather than as a direct effect of Namu's winds.[4]It was later estimated that parts of Guadalcanal had over 600 mm (24 in) of rainfall, while the weather station atHenderson Fieldrecorded a rainfall total of 353 mm (13.9 in) between May 18 - 21.[7][12]

Death toll

[edit]

Namu is commonly thought to have caused 150 deaths when it impacted the Solomon Islands, however, this death toll is disputed with different totals listed in reliable sources.[nb 1][11][15]Within their final report, the Solomon Islands National Disaster Council reported that Namu had caused about 103 deaths, however, only 63 people were listed as dead or missing.[7]In particular they noted that 49 of these deaths occurred on Guadalcanal, 11 on Malaita, 2 in the Temotu province and 1 on Makaria.[7]During July 1991, Russell Blong and Deirdre Radford ofMacquarie Universitypublished the results of an extensive survey into the natural disasters in the Solomon Islands, which "positively identified" 111 deaths in association with Cyclone Namu.[11][15]

Sikaiana

[edit]

During May 17, the newly named Tropical Cyclone Namu passed within55 km (35 mi) of the isolated atoll:Sikaiana,which bore the brunt of the system as it approached the Solomon Islands.[7][11]Storm surge associated with the cyclone inundated the island with salt water, which contaminated water wells and exacerbated difficulties with fresh water supplies.[3][16]The storm surge also destroyed the majority of the traditional housing that had been made out of palm fronds and left the islanders without any food, water or shelter.[3][16]Over the next few weeks, the islanders relied on coconut milk, untilHMASBruneiwas able to deliver relief supplies and over 200 drums of fresh water on June 4.[11]

Malaita

[edit]

After impacting Sikaiana, Namu moved south-westwards towards the southern part of Malaita, where it seemed to slow down and remain near-stationary for around five hours.[16]High winds associated with Namu, damaged roofs and defoliated the hills over central, southern and western Malaita, while waves damaged the coastline.[16]

Gudalcanal

[edit]

Within the island nation meandering rivers changed their course and cut a straight path, which brought mud, silt and debris to rich farming areas.[4]The floods also exposed a site of an American and Japanese World War 2 ammunition dump on Guadalcanal from Henderson Field toRed Beach.[17][18]

Makira

[edit]

Rennell and Bellona

[edit]

Namu passed just to the west of theRennell and Bellona Province,with both islands in the province feeling the effects of the cyclone.[16]On Rennell Island, 20 houses were destroyed while both the school and the airstrip were damaged by storm surge, high winds and heavy rain.[3]The damage to Bellona was considered more serious with 160 traditional houses destroyed by storm surge, high winds and heavy rain.[3][16]

Impact

[edit]
Image showing a mangled bridge split across a river with wood debris piled up against a section of the bridge.
Bridge damaged by Namu

Most of the damage caused by Cyclone Namu occurred due to river flooding.[12][19]The cyclone affected 48% of the Solomon's land area and 62% of its total population.[20]Along the eastern coast of the island, damage was massive; entire villages were destroyed. Gardens were devastated and walking pathways were blocked.[21][22][23]In Babanakira, 5 people died.[24]

On the island of Guadalcanal, a singlemudslidewas responsible for killing 38 villagers.[25]Of the 43 people that lived in the small town of Valebaibai, only 5 survived, all of whom narrowly escaped.[26]Moreover, 14 dead bodies were found in the central and southern areas of Guadalcanal on May 21 when flood waters began to recede.[27]

Deep flood water covered 75% of the island's (Guadalcanal) coastal plain;[28]these waters cut off channels and destroyed coastal villages. Furthermore, the Lungga, Ngalimbiu, Mberande, and Nggurambusu rivers sustained the worst flood damage;[12]water depth in some of the aforementioned rivers reached 8 m (26 ft).[29]Many trees were brought down due to high winds.[12]Also, numerous plantations were destroyed across the island. However, littlebeach erosionoccurred on the island.[12]Moreover, 22% of homes on the island were either damaged or destroyed.[3]One bridge was also destroyed on the island.[30]OffshoreHoniara,the capital of the nation, two ships [one was 60 ft (20 m) long and the other was 120 ft (35 m) long] each sank during the storm.[31]Throughout the capital, several schools were destroyed. The two bridges that connected the city with the island of Guadalcanal were destroyed, thus leaving Honiara isolated.[32]Furthermore, about 5,000 homeless were left homeless across the city,[33]2,000 of whom sought refuge in a local college due to the storm. Although no people were to have confirmed to have died in the city, five children were reported missing in one of the capital's suburbs, Ngalimera.[32]

In both Guadalacal and Malatia, extensive areas of irrigated rice crops were submerged under floodwaters and mud.[4]In some areas, nearly all homes were destroyed. Mudslides and logs destroyed roads, bridges, water pipes and drainage systems. Crops such ascocoa,copra,coffee,andricewere destroyed, resulting in thousands of dollars in damage.[26]Additionally, communication between the outer and island of the Solomon group was completely destroyed.[34]

In all, approximately 90,000 people, one third of the country's population, were reportedly homeless.[19][35]The southern islands of the Solomon's chain were seriously affected by the passage of Namu, becoming the worst tropical cyclone to impact the area in five years.[19]Of the 25,000 "traditional" houses on the Solomon Island, 6,000 (26%) were destroyed. Most of the fatalities were due to landslides and flooding. Property damaged totaled $25 million (1986 USD)[26]and the storm also caused US $100 million in economic losses in the Solomon Islands.[36]On May 18,Honiara's Central Hospital authorities decided to evacuate several patients, as the hospital was located on a coastal strip that was vulnerable to river flooding and seawater inundation.[14]

Aftermath

[edit]

During May 19, the Government of the Solomon Islands declared a state of national disaster and decided that the emergency period would run until May 31.[7][21]As a result, the government started to ask bilateral donors including Australia, New Zealand and the United Nations for assistance.[21]However, before any foreign assistance could arrive in the Solomon Islands, residents started to try to help themselves by patching up water pipes with bamboo, string and rubber strips.[26]New Zealand subsequently donated an initialNZ$1 million, while the Australian High Commission subsequently donated an initialAU$1.2 million worth of relief supplies.[21]This included two C-130 Hercules cargo planes from theRoyal Australian Air Force,a detachment party, relief supplies and two Iroquois helicopters.[14][21][37]These aircraft arrived during May 21, whenHenderson Field Airportreopened for emergency operations, after flood waters had receded and the mud and debris had been removed.[14]

Within a week following the storm, access to fresh water was resorted to the archipelago; doctors believed that had these services not been restored, widespread disease would have been reported.[38]The government declared June 2 a national day of mourning for the victims of the storm.[39]

TheInternational Monetary Fundloaned $1.3 millionUSDto the nation.[40]Australian relief planes had dropped food to 4,000 victims in the highlands on the main island of Guadalcanal and New Zealand provided nearly 30,000 lb (13,610 kg) of rice, canned meat and tea to the devastated region. New Zealand engineers were brought in to assess damage to roads and bridges and start removal of 40 ft (10 m) high debris along the waterfronts of the island chain.[41]Also, $10,000ECUwas donated to the devastated island group.[42]Other countries, including theUnited Kingdom,Papua New Guinea,the United States, and Japan also sent supplies and goods to the Solomon Islands.[19]Overall, US$8.6 million was provided to the Solomons[43]and 71,000 lb (32,205 kg) worth of supplies were provided to victims of the cyclone.[44]

During May 26, Henderson Field was reopened for commercial flights

Moreover, a commercial aircraft provided supplies to the 200 inhabitants of Sikiana Island, which had run out of food a week after the storm.[45]In all, a total of 17 coastal trading vessels, four helicopters, and six aircraft were used to transport food, tents and medical supplies to the needy.[46]It was estimated that the homeless would require aid such as food for six months.[47]

Elsewhere, in Honiara, the local ministry asked each resident to pay $50 so that the roofs that were damaged by the system could be repaired.[48]The cleanup process took a long time; a year after the storm, bulldozers were reportedly still removing brokenlogsand not all roads had been repaired.[26]Following the storm, disease spread to isolated part of the Solomon Island group; many animals died and hundreds of children were hospitalized because of the outbreak of disease.[49]

Longer term aftermath

[edit]

On June 4, the Government of the Solomon Islands lifted the emergency period, four weeks after the system had impacted the islands.[14]After the emergency period was lifted, outside assistance that had been brought in to assist with relief efforts were gradually withdrawn, including armed services from Australia and New Zealand.[14]However, external assistance from Australia and New Zealand amongst others, was still needed due to the Solomon Islands reliance on overseas aid in general.[14]As a result, a two-day meeting took place in Honiara during July, at which the Solomon Islands Government requested and was promised about13.5 million for 20 rehabilitation programs.[50]Pledges of assistance were made by Australia, Britain, New Zealand, the European Economic Community and agencies of the United Nations and the United States of America.[50]These programs included projects to replace rural primary schools flattened by the cyclone, bridges and water supply systems swept away by Namu.[50]

During December 1986, the then Solomon Islands Prime Minister SirPeter Kenilorearesigned, after allegations surfaced that he had channelled aid from France for Cyclone Namu towards the rebuilding of his village. However, the allegation was never proven.[51]


During March 1987, volunteers from the Australian Rotarians, commenced an eighteen-month project to build 93 schools in the Solomon Islands.[52][53]

Questions were raised during the systems aftermath over whether or not excessivedeforestationworsened the impact of the flood. The government denied reports that deforestation had any link to the catastrophe.[54]

Other areas

[edit]

On May 21, the FMS issued special weather bulletins for Vanuatu as Namu's projected track took it near or over the southern islands of the island nation; however, these were terminated later that day after Namu had rapidly weakened into a tropical depression.[4]The system also caused heavy rainfall in New Caledonia, which caused various roads to be temporarily closed.[13]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^References for Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu causing 150 deaths in the Solomon Islands.[3][13][14]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"May 1986"(PDF).Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement.5(5). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 3. 1986.ISSN1321-4233.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 4, 2016.RetrievedMay 15,2021.
  2. ^1986 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report(PDF)(Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1987. p. 27.Archived(PDF)from the original on January 23, 2024.RetrievedAugust 5,2024.
  3. ^abcdefghRadford, Deirdre A; Blong, Russell J (1992).Natural Disasters in the Solomon Islands(PDF).Vol. 1 (2 ed.). The Australian International Development Assistance Bureau. pp. 113–122. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 27, 2015.RetrievedJanuary 28,2020.
  4. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrsKumar, Pradeep (August 28, 1986). Tropical Cyclone Namu: Preliminary Report (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service.
  5. ^ab1986 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report(PDF)(Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 183–190.Archived(PDF)from the original on January 13, 2021.RetrievedMarch 25,2013.
  6. ^Kingston, G.The Australian tropical cyclone season 1985-86(PDF).Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal(Report).Archived(PDF)from the original on August 4, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 26,2020.
  7. ^abcdefghiReport on Cyclone Namu(PDF)(Report). Solomon Islands National Disaster Council. December 1986. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 3, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 28,2020.
  8. ^ab"1986 Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu (1986135S07160)".The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.Archivedfrom the original on June 12, 2024.RetrievedJanuary 26,2020.
  9. ^Revell, Cliff G (1986). "Tropical Cyclone Namu".Weather and Climate.6(2). The Meteorological Society of New Zealand: 67–69.doi:10.2307/44279721.JSTOR44279721.
  10. ^Radford, Deirdre A; Blong, Russell J (1992).Natural Disasters in the Solomon Islands(PDF).Vol. 1 (2 ed.). The Australian International Development Assistance Bureau. pp. 113–122. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on May 2, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 28,2020.
  11. ^abcdefgBullard, Steven (2017). "13 - An outstanding overall effort".In their Time of Need: Australia's Overseas Emergency Relief Operations 1918-2006. Volume 6, The Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations.Cambridge University Press.ISBN9781107026346.
  12. ^abcdeRoy, Peter (June 1986)."Geological Impacts of Cyclone Namu on the Coastal Plain of Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands — June 1986"(PDF).Secretariat of the Pacific Community's Applied Geoscience and Technology Division. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 17, 2013.RetrievedMarch 27,2013.
  13. ^ab"À travers cyclones et Tempêtes Tropicales: Dans le Pacifique Sud-Ouest en 1985-1986"[Through Cyclones and Tropical Storms: In the Southwest Pacific in 1985-1986].Météorologie Maritime(in French). No. 137. pp. 38–39.ISSN0222-5123.Archivedfrom the original on August 6, 2024.RetrievedApril 30,2022.
  14. ^abcdefgBritton, Neil R (1987). "Disaster in the South Pacific: Impact of tropical cyclone" Namu "on the Solomon Islands, May 1986".Disasters.11(2): 120–137.doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1987.tb00627.x.
  15. ^abBlong, Russell J; Radford, Deirdre A (July 1991).Natural Disasters in the Solomon Islands Final Report: Natural hazards and risk assessment in the Solomon Islands(PDF)(Report). Macquarie University. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 4, 2016.RetrievedMay 2,2022.
  16. ^abcdefOFDA Annual Report FY 1986(PDF)(Report). Vol. 11. Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance. 1987. pp. 97–103.Archived(PDF)from the original on May 2, 2022.RetrievedMay 2,2022.
  17. ^"Typhoon Exposes Huge World War II Ordnance Dump On Guadalcanal".Associated Press.June 10, 1986. Archived fromthe originalon May 5, 2022.
  18. ^"Namu brings wartime echo to the Solomons".The Advertiser.Nationwide News. June 11, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  19. ^abcdTrustrum, N.A.; Whitehouse, I.E.; Blaschke, P.M.; Stephens, P.R."Flood and landslide hazard mapping, Solomon Islands"(PDF).International Association of Hydrological Sciences.Archived(PDF)from the original on August 6, 2024.RetrievedMarch 27,2013.
  20. ^"European Development Fund".Europa Press Release(Press Release). January 21, 1987.RetrievedJune 11,2013.
  21. ^abcdeCyclone Namu — Solomon Islands: UNDRO information report 1.Reliefweb(UNDRO 86/1199). United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. May 21, 1986.Archivedfrom the original on October 1, 2015.RetrievedSeptember 27,2015.
  22. ^Custom and Confrontation.TheUniversity of ChicagoPress. 1992. p.167.Cyclone Namu.
  23. ^"Relief effort underway for cyclone victims". United Press International. May 21, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  24. ^"Solomons cyclone toll rises / 71 reported killed".The Guardian.May 23, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  25. ^"Slide ravages Guadalcanal village".The Daily Courier.United Press International. May 22, 1986. p. 3A.RetrievedMarch 27,2013.
  26. ^abcdeCase Study: Tropical cyclone Namu(Report). Tropical Cyclones Tripod. Archived fromthe originalon July 17, 2011.RetrievedMarch 29,2013.
  27. ^"Village of 38 buried under mudslide". United Press International. May 22, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  28. ^"Flood and Landslide Hazard mapping"(PDF)(182). June 1990: 138.Archived(PDF)from the original on August 6, 2024.RetrievedMarch 29,2013.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  29. ^Bell, Johann; Hobday, Alistar (2011).Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change.Pacific Community. p. 396.ISBN9789820004719.Archivedfrom the original on August 6, 2024.RetrievedJune 1,2013.
  30. ^Graham Baines (October 1–7, 1987)."Cyclone" Namu "and the North Guadalcanal Coast, Solomon Islands: Implications for Economic Development".Paper Presented at Workshop on Coastal Processes in the South Pacific Island Nations.Archivedfrom the original on April 8, 2022.RetrievedMarch 29,2013.
  31. ^"More than 50 missing, Thousands Homeless From Cyclone". Associated Press. May 19, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  32. ^ab"Up to 50 missing, 10,000 homeless in cyclone in Solomon Islands". United Press International. May 19, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  33. ^50 Missing in Solomons(Telegraph). QNP, TEL. May 20, 1986.
  34. ^"cyclone ravages Solomon Islands". The Xinhua General Overseas News Service. May 20, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  35. ^6 dead in Cyclone Horror(Telegraph). QNP, TEN. May 22, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  36. ^Berdach, James T.; Llegu, Michelle (December 2007)."Solomon Islands Country Environmental Analysis"(PDF).Asian Development Bank.p. 40.Archived(PDF)from the original on June 16, 2012.RetrievedMarch 27,2013.
  37. ^"Post cyclone aid to Solomon Islands".Royal Australian Air Force. May 21, 1986.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2015.RetrievedSeptember 26,2015.
  38. ^"Rescuers find two more cyclone victims". United Press International. May 26, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  39. ^"Southeast Asia; Solomon Island s Prime Minister appeals for help for cyclone victims".BBC News.May 29, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  40. ^International Monetary Fund (September 5, 1999).IMF Emergency Assistance Related to Natural Disasters and Postconflict Situations(Report). ReliefWeb.RetrievedMarch 27,2013.
  41. ^"International". United Press International. May 22, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  42. ^"Emergency Aid For Salamon Islands".Europa.May 23, 1986.Archivedfrom the original on February 6, 2015.RetrievedJune 11,2013.
  43. ^"solomons receives foreign aid for rehabilitation after cyclone". The Xinhua General Overseas News Service. July 21, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  44. ^"Australia steps up islands aid / Aftermath of Cyclone Namu in the Solomon Islands (145) /SCT".The Times.May 24, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  45. ^"Cyclone victims receive supplies".The Advertiser.May 22, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  46. ^"Solomons cyclone toll 96".The Advertiser.May 24, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  47. ^"Namu's mud yields 71 dead as Solomons crisis grows".The Advertiser.May 23, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  48. ^Living Traditions: A Changing of Life in the Solomon Islands.University of Hawaii.1997. p. 157.
  49. ^"Disease spreading in cyclone-stricken islands". United Press International. May 24, 1986.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  50. ^abcCokley J (July 21, 1986). "Solomons promised $13.5m aid for Cyclone Namu damage".Courier-Mail.QNP – via Lexis Nexis.
  51. ^Kabutaulaka, Tarcisius Tara (April 8, 2014)."Solomon Islands flash flood disaster – the politics of relief".Scoop.Archivedfrom the original on April 12, 2014.
  52. ^"A cyclone of activity".The Rotarian.March 1988. p. 50.
  53. ^"That Rotary pioneer spirit lives on Down Under".The Rotarian.March 1993. p. 50.
  54. ^Bennett, Judith (2000).Pacific Forest: A History of Resource Control and Contest in the Solomon Islands c, 1800-1997.White Horse Press. p. 311.
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