Daniel of Moscow

Daniel of Moscow
Miniature from theTsarskiy titulyarnik( "Tsar's Book of Titles", 1672)
Prince of Moscow
Reign	1282– 5 March 1303
Successor	Yuri I
Born	late 1261 Vladimir,Vladimir-Suzdal principality
Died	(1303-03-04)4 March 1303 (aged 41) Moscow,Grand Duchy of Moscow
Burial	Cathedral of the Archangel
Consort	Maria
Issue	Yury of Moscow Aleksandr Boris of Kostroma Afanasy of Novgorod Fedora Ivan I of Moscow
House	Yurievichi Daniilovichi (founder)
Father	Alexander Nevsky
Religion	Russian Orthodox Church

Daniel of Moscow
Fresco in the Cathedral of the Archangel, Moscow
Born	1261 Vladimir
Died	4 March 1303
Venerated in	Russian Orthodox Church
Burial place	Cemetery of Danilov (Russian:Даниловское кладбище)
Patronage	Russian Engineer Troops

Daniil Aleksandrovich(Russian:Даниил Александрович; 1261 – 5 March 1303), also known asDaniil of Moscow,was the youngest son ofAlexander Nevskyand forefather of allPrinces of Moscow.His descendants are known as theDaniilovichi.

Early life

Daniil was born in late 1261, atVladimir on the Klyazma,capital ofVladimir-Suzdal.He was the fourth and youngest son of Alexander Nevsky and his second wife, Princess Vassa. He was named afterDaniel the Stylite.

His father Alexander died on 14 November 1263, when Daniil was only two years old. Of his father's patrimonies, he received the least valuable,Moscow,and reigned under the regency by his paternal uncle, princeYaroslav of Tver.Yaroslav died in 1271, but Daniil does not appear to have become an independent ruler until 1282.

Government

Daniil has been credited with founding the firstMoscowmonasteries, namely theEpiphany Monasteryand theDanilov Monastery(Saint Daniel Monastery): situated on the right bank of theMoskva River,at a distance of 5 miles from theMoscow Kremlin,as the first monastery wooden church no later than 1282. He also built the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin in the 1280s, dedicated to theDemetrius of Thessaloniki.

Struggle for Vladimir

Daniil took part in his brothers'—Dmitri of Pereslavl(Pereslavl-Zalessky) andAndrey of Gorodets—struggle for the right to governVladimir-SuzdalandNizhny Novgorod,respectively.

The Mongol warlordsNogai KhanandTokhtagrew in power in the late 1280s, and in 1291 they jointly conqueredSarai,capital of theGolden Horde.However, in 1293 Nogai and Tokhta got into war with each other, and were appealing to the Rus' princes (who were themselves in conflict over the title ofGrand Prince of Vladimir) to join their side against the other.PrinceAndrey of Gorodetsand Kostroma, princeTheodore the Black(Fedor/Fyodor)of Yaroslavl,and the Rostov princes made the journey to Sarai in order to pay homage to Tokhta, and receive confirmation of theiryarliks(patents).PrinceDmitry of Pereslavl(who in the early 1280s had ousted Andrey from Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod with the support of the army of Nogai, becoming his vassal) and his supporters princeMikhail of Tverand prince Daniil of Moscow refused to travel to Sarai and recognise Tokhta.In response, Tokhta and his Rus' allies Andrey and Theodore conducted apunitive expeditionagainst the Rus' allies of Nogai, attacking the cities of Vladimir, Moscow and Tver, and devastating the countryside.Dmitry fled once again, but it was not until he died in 1294 that the Vladimir throne dispute was resolved in favour of Andrey.

Struggle for Pereslavl-Zalessky

After Dmitry's death in 1294, Daniil made an alliance withMikhail of Tverand Ivan of Pereslavl-Zalessky (Dmitry's son) againstAndrey of Gorodetsof Novgorod, who was allied with the new khan Tokhta.The main conflict in the following years would be over the question whether Andrey had the right to reign overPereslavl-Zalesskyas Grand Prince of Vladimir, or whether it was anappanagewhich was inherited from father (Dmitry) to son (Ivan Dmitrevich).In the assembly of 1296 (or congress of 1297), the Rus' princes as well as Tokhta's representative Nevrui (or Ivrui) and the bishop of Sarai deliberated on the issue. Ivan Dmitrevich won the argument with the support of Mikhail of Tver and Daniil of Moscow, against Andrey, supported by Theodore (Feodor) of Yaroslavl and Konstantin of Ryazan.Later in 1296, and again in 1298, Andrey unsuccessfully tried to seize Pereslavl-Zalessky by force anyway, but was repelled both times with the support of the Tverians and Muscovites.It was the last time Moscow and Tver found themselves on the same side in a conflict.The 14th century would be dominated by a fierce struggle for control of Vladimir-Suzdalia between the Muscovite Daniilovichi and the Tverian Yaroslavichi.

Konstantin, the prince ofRyazan,tried to capture the Moscow lands with the help of a Mongol force. Prince Daniil defeated it nearPereslavl.

Final years

In 1301,he went toRyazanwith an army and imprisoned the ruler of theRyazan Principality"by some ruse", as the chronicle says, and destroyed a multitude ofTatars.To secure his release, the prisoner ceded to Daniil his fortress ofKolomna.It was an important acquisition, as now Daniil controlled all the length of theMoskva River.

In 1302 his childless nephew and ally, Ivan of Pereslavl, bequeathed to Daniil all his lands, includingPereslavl-Zalessky.

Death

At the age of 42 on the 5 March 1303 Daniil died. He never became grand prince of Vladimir,which meant that according to traditional Rus' succession practices, his son and successorYury of Moscowhad no legitimate claim to the throne of Vladimir.This is why Khan Tokhta grantedMikhail of Tverthe Vladimirian grand princely title whenAndrey of Gorodetsdied the next year (27 July 1304).

Canonisation

Before his death he became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery. This was a common cemetery and by being buried there he was demonstrating humility. He wascanonizedby theRussian Orthodox Churchin 1791 but only for local veneration.

In the year 1330, the monastery was moved to Kremlin and the monastery was turned into a common parish. The cemetery became open to the public and his grave was lost. On August 30, 1652, many relics from Daniil of Moscow were found and were placed in a tomb in the Danilov Monastery in his honor.

Marriage and children

His wife was named Maria. They had at least six children:

• Yury of Moscow(1281 – 21 September 1325).
• Aleksandr Daniilovich (died Autumn 1308).
• Boris Daniilovich, Prince ofKostroma(died 1320).
• Afanasy Daniilovich, Prince ofNovgorod(died 1322).
• Fedora Daniilovna. Married Yaroslav Romanovich, Prince ofRyazan(died 1299).
• Ivan I of Moscow(1288 – 31 March 1340).

Yurievichiconnection ofMoscow,Novgorod-Suzdal,andTver

Yaroslav II of Vladimir G. P. of Vladimir(1238–1246) Grandson ofYurievichiprogenitorYuri Dolgorukiy Alexander Nevsky Prince of Novgorod(~1246~1259) G. P. of Vladimir(1252–1263) Andrey II of Vladimir Prince of Suzdal(1256–1264) G. P. of Vladimir(1249–1252) Yaroslav of Tver Prince of Tver(1247–1271) G. P. of Vladimir(1263–1271) Daniel of Moscow Prince of Moscow(1283–1303) Daniilovichiprogenitor Konstantin of Suzdal Prince of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal(1341–1355) Mikhail of Tver Prince of Tver(1285–1318) G. P. of Vladimir(1304–1318)

See also

• Family tree of Russian monarchs

Bibliography

• Halperin, Charles J. (1987).Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History.p. 222.ISBN9781850430575.(e-book).
• Martin, Janet(2007).Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-511-36800-4.