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Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants

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(Redirected fromDark l)
For consonants followed by superscriptˡ,seeLateral release (phonetics).
Voiced alveolar lateral approximant
l
IPA Number155
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)l
Unicode(hex)U+006C
X-SAMPAl
Braille⠇ (braille pattern dots-123)
Voiced postalveolar lateral approximant
l̠
Audio sample
Voiced dental lateral approximant
l̪
Audio sample

Thevoiced alveolar lateral approximantis a type ofconsonantalsound used in manyspokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat representsdental,alveolar,andpostalveolarlateralapproximantsis ⟨l⟩, and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isl.

As asonorant,lateral approximants are nearly always voiced.Voiceless lateral approximants,/l̥/are common inSino-Tibetan languages,but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with avoiceless alveolar lateral fricative[ɬ].

In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme/l/becomesvelarized( "darkl") in certain contexts.By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clearl"(also known as:" lightl"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards.[1]Some languages have only clearl.[2]Others may not have a clearlat all, or have them only beforefront vowels(especially[i]).

Features

[edit]

Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant:

  • Itsmanner of articulationisapproximant,which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream.
  • There are four specific variants of[l]:
    • Dental,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upperteeth,termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
    • Denti-alveolar,which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge,and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
    • Postalveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
  • Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is alateral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
  • Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars, laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. Laminal denti-alveolars tend to occur incontinental European languages.[3]However, a true dental generally occursallophonicallybefore/θ/in languages that have it, as in Englishhealth.

Dental or denti-alveolar

[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Gulf[4] لـين/leen [l̪eːn] 'when' Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeArabic phonology
Chinese Cantonese Lan/laan4 [l̪an˨˩] 'orchid'
Mandarin Lan/lán [l̪an˨˥]
Hungarian[5] elem [ˈɛl̪ɛm] 'battery' Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeHungarian phonology
Italian[6][7][8] molto [ˈmol̪ːt̪o] 'much, a lot' Laminal denti-alveolar.Allophoneof/l/before/t,d,s,z,t͡s,d͡z/.[6][7][8]SeeItalian phonology
Macedonian[9] лево/levo [l̪e̞vo̞] 'left' Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeMacedonian phonology
Malayalam ലാവണം [läːʋɐɳɐm] 'Salty' SeeMalayalam phonology
Mapudungun[10] ḻafkeṉ [l̪ɐ̝fkën̪] 'sea, lake' Interdental.[10]
Norwegian Urban East[11] anlegg [²ɑnːl̪ɛg] 'plant (industrial)' Allophone of/l/after/n,t,d/.[11]SeeNorwegian phonology
Spanish[12] altar [äl̪ˈt̪äɾ] 'altar' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of/l/before/t/,/d/.SeeSpanish phonology
Swedish Central Standard[13] allt [äl̪t̪] 'everything' Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSwedish phonology
Tamil[14] புலி/puli [pul̪i] 'tiger' SeeTamil phonology
Uzbek[15] kelajak [kel̪ædʒæk] 'future' Laminal denti-alveolar. Velarized between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant orjuncturephoneme.[15]
Vietnamese Hanoi[16] lửa [l̪ɨə˧˩˧] 'fire' SeeVietnamese phonology

Alveolar

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Standard[17] لا/lā [laʔ] 'no' SeeArabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[18] լուսին/lusin [lusin]ⓘ 'moon'
Assyrian ܠܚܡܐ/läḳma [lεxma] 'bread'
Catalan[19][20] laca [ˈlɑkɐ] 'hair spray' Apical 'front alveolar'.[19][20]May also be velarized.[21]SeeCatalan phonology
Chuvash хула [хu'la] 'city'
Dutch Standard[22] laten [ˈl̻aːt̻ə] 'to let' Laminal. Some StandardBelgianspeakers use the clear/l/in all positions.[22]SeeDutch phonology
Some Eastern accents[23] mal [mɑl̻] 'mold' Laminal; realization of/l/in all positions.[23]SeeDutch phonology
Dhivehi ލަވަ/lava [laʋa] 'song'
English Most accents[24] let [lɛt] 'let' Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[24]
Irish,Geordie[25] tell [tʰɛl] 'tell'
Esperanto luno [ˈluno] 'moon' SeeEsperanto phonology
Filipino luto [ˈluto] 'cook' SeeFilipino phonology
Greek λέξη/léksi [ˈleksi] 'word' SeeModern Greek phonology
Italian[6][26][27] letto [ˈlɛt̪ːo] 'bed' Apical.[7]SeeItalian phonology
Japanese Sáu/roku [lo̞kɯ̟ᵝ] 'six' Apical.[28]More commonly[ɾ].SeeJapanese phonology
Kashubian[29] [example needed]
Khmer ភ្លេង/phléng [pʰleːŋ] 'music' SeeKhmer phonology
Korean 일/il [il] 'one' or 'work' Realized as alveolar tap ɾ in the beginning of a syllable. SeeKorean phonology.
Kyrgyz[30] көпөлөк/köpölök [køpøˈløk] 'butterfly' Velarized in back vowel contexts. SeeKyrgyz phonology
Laghu laghu [lagu] 'Laghu language'
Laghuu Nậm Sài,Sa PaTown [la˧˨ɣɯ˥] 'Laghuu language'
Mapudungun[10] elun [ëˈlʊn] 'to give'
Nepali लामो [lämo] 'long' SeeNepali phonology
Odia[31] ଭଲ [bʰɔlɔ] 'good'
Persian لاما/lāmā [lɒmɒ] 'llama' SeePersian phonology
Polish[32] pole [ˈpɔlɛ]ⓘ 'field' Contrasts with[ɫ̪](/w/) for a small number of speakers. When it does, it might be palatalized to[lʲ].SeePolish phonology
Romanian[33] alună [äˈlun̪ə] 'hazelnut' Apical.SeeRomanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[34] maoil [mɯːl] 'headland' Contrasts with/ɫ̪/and/ʎ/.SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Slovak[35] mĺkvy [ˈml̩ːkʋi]ⓘ 'silent' Syllabicform can be long or short. SeeSlovak phonology
Slovene[36] letalo [lɛˈt̪àːlɔ] 'airplane' SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish[37] hablar [äˈβ̞läɾ] 'to speak' SeeSpanish phonology
Welsh diafol [djavɔl] 'devil' SeeWelsh phonology
Ukrainian[38] обличчя/oblychchya [oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ] 'face' Contrasts with palatalized form. SeeUkrainian phonology

Postalveolar

[edit]
See also:Retroflex lateral approximant
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Igbo Standard[39] lì [l̠ì] 'bury'
Italian[7] ilcervo [il̠ʲˈt͡ʃɛrvo] 'the deer' Palatalized laminal; allophone of/l/before/ʃ,t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ/.[7]SeeItalian phonology
Turkish[40][41] lale [ʎ̟ɑːˈʎ̟ɛ]ⓘ 'tulip' Palatalized; contrasts with a velarized dental lateral[ɫ̟].[40][41]May be devoiced elsewhere. SeeTurkish phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[42] lan [l̠an] 'soot'

Variable

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Faroese[43] linur [ˈliːnʊɹ] 'soft' Varies between dental and alveolar in initial position, whereas the postvocalic/l/may be postalveolar, especially after back vowels.[43]SeeFaroese phonology
French[44] il [il] 'he' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar, with the latter being predominant.[44]SeeFrench phonology
German Standard[45] Liebe [ˈliːbə] 'love' Varies between denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[45]
Norwegian Urban East[46] liv [liːʋ] 'life' In process of changing from laminal denti-alveolar to apical alveolar, but the laminal denti-alveolar is still possible in some environments, and is obligatory after/n,t,d/.[46]SeeNorwegian phonology
Portuguese MostBraziliandialects,[47][48][49]someEPspeakers[50] lero-lero [ˈlɛɾʊˈlɛɾʊ] 'runaround'[51] Clear, dental to sometimes alveolar.[52]Only occurs in syllable onset, withl-vocalizationwidely occurring incoda.Sometimes found before front vowels only in theEuropean variety.SeePortuguese phonology.
Lituânia [l̪it̪uˈɐ̃ɲ̟ɐ]ⓘ 'Lithuania'

Velarized alveolar lateral approximant

[edit]
Velarized L
lˠ
lˤ
ɫ
IPA Number209
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)l​ˠ
Unicode(hex)U+006C U+02E0
X-SAMPA5orl_Gorl_?\

Thevoicedvelarized alveolar approximant(a.k.a.darkl) is a type ofconsonantalsound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with asecondary articulationofvelarizationorpharyngealization.The regular symbols in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represent this sound are ⟨lˠ⟩ (for a velarized lateral) and ⟨lˤ⟩ (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter ⟨ɫ⟩, which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The latter should not be confused with belted ⟨ɬ⟩, which represents thevoiceless alveolar lateral fricative.However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway[53]– though such usage is considered non-standard.

If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use adentaldiacritic to indicate so: ⟨l̪ˠ⟩, ⟨l̪ˤ⟩, ⟨ɫ̪⟩.

Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations ofcoronal consonants,so darkltends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized)ltends to beretractedto an alveolar position.[54]

The termdarklis often synonymous withhardl,especially inSlavic languages.(Cf.Hard consonants)

Features

[edit]

Features of the dark l:

Occurrence

[edit]

Dental ordenti-alveolar

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bashkir ҡала/qala [qɑˈɫɑ]ⓘ 'city' Velarized dental lateral; occurs in back vowel contexts.
Belarusian[55] Беларусь/Biełaruś [bʲɛɫ̪äˈrusʲ] 'Belarus' Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts withpalatalizedform. SeeBelarusian phonology
Bulgarian[56][better source needed] стол/stol [stoɫ̪] 'chair' Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan[21][57] alt [ˈäɫ̪(t̪)] 'tall' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of/l/before/t,d/.[57]SeeCatalan phonology
Classical Armenian[21][57] խաղեր/xałer [χɑɫɛɹ] 'games' /ʁ/ġin modern Armenian.
Icelandic[58] sigldi [s̺ɪɫ̪t̪ɪ] 'sailed' Laminal denti-alveolar; rare. SeeIcelandic phonology
Kashubian Older southeastern speakers[29] [example needed] Laminal denti-alveolar; realized as[w]by other speakers.[29]
Lithuanian[59] labas [ˈɫ̪äːbɐs̪] 'hi' Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with palatalized form. SeeLithuanian phonology
Macedonian[60] лук/luk [ɫ̪uk] 'garlic' Laminal denti-alveolar. Present only before back vowels (/u,o,a/) and syllable-finally. SeeMacedonian phonology
Norwegian Urban East[59][11] tale [ˈt̻ʰɑːɫ̪ə] 'speech' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of/l/after/ɔ,oː,ɑ,ɑː/,and sometimes also after/u,uː/.[11]However, according toEndresen (1990),this allophone is not velarized.[61]SeeNorwegian phonology
Polish Eastern dialects[32] łapa [ˈɫ̪äpä] 'paw' Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to[w]in other varieties. SeePolish phonology
Russian[62] малый/malyj [ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j] 'small' Pharyngealized laminal denti-alveolar. SeeRussian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[63] Mallaig [ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ] 'Mallaig' Contrasts with/l/and/ʎ/.SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Swedish Northern Västerbotten[64] kall [ˈkɒɫː] 'cold' Allophone of /lː/
Turkish[40][41] lala [ɫ̟ɑˈɫ̟ɑ] 'servant' Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with a palatalized postalveolar lateral[ʎ̟].[40][41]May be devoiced elsewhere.SeeTurkish phonology

Alveolar

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[65][66] tafel [ˈtɑːfəɫ] 'table' Velarized in all positions, especially non-prevocalically.[65][66]SeeAfrikaans phonology
Albanian Standard llullë [ˈɫuɫə] 'smoking pipe'
Arabic Standard[67] الله/ʼAllah [ʔaɫˈɫaːh] 'God' Also transcribed as ⟨lˤ⟩. Many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce[l].SeeArabic phonology
Catalan[21] Eastern dialects cel·la [ˈsɛɫːə] 'cell' Apical. Can be always dark in many dialects. SeeCatalan phonology
Western dialects al [ɑɫ] 'to the'
Dutch Standard[68] mallen [ˈmɑɫ̻ə] 'molds' Laminal; pharyngealized in northern accents, velarized or post-palatalised in southern accents. It is an allophone of/l/before consonants and pauses, and also prevocalically when after the open back vowels/ɔ,ɑ/.Many northern speakers realize the final/l/as a strongly pharyngealised vocoid[ɤˤ],whereas some StandardBelgianspeakers use the clear/l/in all positions.[68]SeeDutch phonology
Some Netherlandic accents[23] laten [ˈɫ̻aːt̻ə] 'to let' Pharyngealized laminal; realization of/l/in all positions.[23]SeeDutch phonology
English[69] Australian feel [fiːɫ]ⓘ 'feel' Most often apical; can be always dark in Australia and New Zealand. SeeAustralian English phonology,New Zealand English phonology,andEnglish phonology
Canadian
Dublin
General American
New Zealand
Received Pronunciation
South African
Scottish loch [ɫɔx] 'loch' Can be always dark except in some borrowings fromScottish Gaelic
Greek Northern dialects[70] μπάλα/bálla [ˈbaɫa] 'ball' Allophone of/l/before/aou/.SeeModern Greek phonology
Georgian ჟოლო/zholo [ˈʒo̞ɫo̞] 'raspberry' An allophone of /l/ before /o u/ and /a/. SeeGeorgian phonology
Kurdish Sorani gâlta [gɑːɫˈtʲaː] 'joke' SeeKurdish phonology
Romanian Bessarabian dialect[71] cal [kaɫ] 'horse' Corresponds to non-velarizedl[in which environments?]in standard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[72] лак/lak [ɫâ̠k] 'easy' Apical; may be syllabic; contrasts with/ʎ/.SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Uzbek[15] [example needed] Apical; between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant orjuncturephoneme. Non-velarized denti-alveolar elsewhere.[15]

Variable

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Portuguese European[73] mil [miɫ̪] 'thousand' Dental and strongly velarized in all environments for most speakers, though less so before front vowels.[74][50]
Older and conservativeBrazilian[75][76][77][78] álcool [ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪] 'alcohol,ethanol' When[lˠ~lʶ~lˤ~lˀ],[79]most often dental.Codais nowvocalizedto[u̯~ʊ̯]in most of Brazil (as in EP in rural parts ofAlto MinhoandMadeira).[80]Stigmatized realizations such as[ɾ~ɽ~ɻ],the/ʁ/range,[j]and even[∅](zero) are some other coda allophones typical of Brazil.[81]SeePortuguese phonology

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Adjaye, Sophia (2005).Ghanaian English Pronunciation.Edwin Mellen Press. p. 198.ISBN978-0-7734-6208-3.realization of/l/is similar to that ofRP:a 'clear' or non-velarized/l/=[l]pre-vocalically and intervocalically; and a 'dark' or velarized/l/=[ɫ]pre-consonantally and pre-pausally
  2. ^Celce-Murcia, Marianne; et al. (2010).Teaching Pronunciation.Cambridge U. Press. p. 84.ISBN978-0-521-72975-8.the light/l/used in all environments in [standard] German (e.g.,Licht"light,"viel"much, many" ) or in French (e.g.,lit"bed",île"island" )
  3. ^Schirmer's pocket music dictionary
  4. ^Qafisheh (1977),pp. 2, 14.
  5. ^Siptár & Törkenczy (2000),pp. 75–76.
  6. ^abcRogers & d'Arcangeli (2004),p. 117.
  7. ^abcdeCanepari (1992),p. 89.
  8. ^abBertinetto & Loporcaro (2005),p. 133.
  9. ^Lunt (1952),p. 1.
  10. ^abcSadowsky et al. (2013),pp. 88–89.
  11. ^abcdKristoffersen (2000),p. 25.
  12. ^Martínez-Celdrán (2003),p. 255-259.
  13. ^Engstrand (2004),p. 167.
  14. ^Keane (2004),p. 111.
  15. ^abcdSjoberg (1963),p. 13.
  16. ^Thompson (1959),pp. 458–461.
  17. ^Thelwall (1990),p. 38.
  18. ^Dum-Tragut (2009),p. 20.
  19. ^abWheeler (2005),pp. 10–11.
  20. ^ab"Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central".Els Sons del Català.
    "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental".Els Sons del Català.
  21. ^abcdRecasens & Espinosa (2005),pp. 1, 20.
  22. ^abCollins & Mees (2003),pp. 197, 222.
  23. ^abcdCollins & Mees (2003),p. 197.
  24. ^abWells (1982),p. 515.
  25. ^Jones, Mark."Sounds & Words Week 4 Michaelmas 2010 Lecture Notes"(PDF).Retrieved7 March2015.
  26. ^Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005),p. 132.
  27. ^Canepari (1992),pp. 88–89.
  28. ^Labrune (2012),p. 92.
  29. ^abcJerzy Treder."Fonetyka i fonologia".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-03-04.
  30. ^Kara (2003),p. 11.
  31. ^Masica (1991),p. 107.
  32. ^abRocławski (1976),p. 130.
  33. ^Chițoran (2001),p. 10.
  34. ^"The guide to reading Scottish Gaelic"(PDF).
  35. ^Hanulíková & Hamann (2010),p. 374.
  36. ^Pretnar & Tokarz (1980),p. 21.
  37. ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003),p. 255.
  38. ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995),p. 10.
  39. ^Ikekeonwu (1999),p. 108.
  40. ^abcdZimmer & Orgun (1999),pp. 154–155.
  41. ^abcdGöksel & Kerslake (2005),p. 8.
  42. ^Merrill (2008),p. 108.
  43. ^abÁrnason (2011),p. 115.
  44. ^abLadefoged & Maddieson (1996),p. 192.
  45. ^abMangold (2005),p. 49.
  46. ^abKristoffersen (2000),pp. 24–25.
  47. ^Depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of FortalezaArchived2011-11-01 at theWayback Machine.Page 2.(in Portuguese)
  48. ^Barbosa & Albano (2004),p. 229.
  49. ^(in Italian)Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisitionArchived2012-03-30 at theWayback Machine
  50. ^abFinley, Sara; Rodrigues, Susana; Martins, Fernando; Silva, Susana; Jesus, Luis M. T. (2019)."/l/ velarisation as a continuum".PLOS ONE.14(3): e0213392.Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413392R.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213392.ISSN1932-6203.PMC6411127.PMID30856195.
  51. ^Runaround generator
  52. ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995),p. 92.
  53. ^For exampleBeal (2004).
  54. ^abRecasens & Espinosa (2005),p. 4.
  55. ^Padluzhny (1989),pp. 50–51.
  56. ^Bulgarian phonology
  57. ^abcRafel (1999),p. 14.
  58. ^Scholten (2000),p. 22.
  59. ^abMathiassen (1996),p. 23.
  60. ^Lunt (1952),pp. 11–12.
  61. ^Endresen (1990:177), cited inKristoffersen (2000:25)
  62. ^Jones & Ward (1969),p. 168.
  63. ^Ó Dochartaigh (1997).
  64. ^Dahlstedt & Ågren (1954).
  65. ^abDonaldson (1993),p. 17.
  66. ^abLass (1987),p. 117.
  67. ^Watson (2002),p. 16.
  68. ^abCollins & Mees (2003),pp. 58, 197, 222.
  69. ^Roca & Johnson (1999),p. 73.
  70. ^Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language
  71. ^Pop (1938),p. 30.
  72. ^Gick et al. (2006),p.?.
  73. ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995),p. 93.
  74. ^On /l/ velarization in European PortugueseAmália Andrade, 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, San Francisco (1999)
  75. ^(in Portuguese)The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007Archived2016-02-06 at theWayback MachinePage 36.
  76. ^TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.
  77. ^Bisol (2005),p. 211.
  78. ^"Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina(in Portuguese).Page 49.
  79. ^"Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina(in Portuguese).Page 52.
  80. ^MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981
  81. ^Português do sul do Brasil – variação fonológicaArchived2019-12-16 at theWayback MachineLeda Bisol and Gisela Collischonn. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. Pages 153–156.

References

[edit]
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