In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme/l/becomesvelarized( "darkl") in certain contexts.By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clearl"(also known as:" lightl"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards.[1]Some languages have only clearl.[2]Others may not have a clearlat all, or have them only beforefront vowels(especially[i]).
Dental,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upperteeth,termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
Denti-alveolar,which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge,and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
Alveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
Postalveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is alateral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars, laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. Laminal denti-alveolars tend to occur incontinental European languages.[3]However, a true dental generally occursallophonicallybefore/θ/in languages that have it, as in Englishhealth.
Varies between dental and alveolar in initial position, whereas the postvocalic/l/may be postalveolar, especially after back vowels.[43]SeeFaroese phonology
In process of changing from laminal denti-alveolar to apical alveolar, but the laminal denti-alveolar is still possible in some environments, and is obligatory after/n,t,d/.[46]SeeNorwegian phonology
Thevoicedvelarized alveolar approximant(a.k.a.darkl) is a type ofconsonantalsound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with asecondary articulationofvelarizationorpharyngealization.The regular symbols in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represent this sound are ⟨lˠ⟩ (for a velarized lateral) and ⟨lˤ⟩ (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter ⟨ɫ⟩, which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The latter should not be confused with belted ⟨ɬ⟩, which represents thevoiceless alveolar lateral fricative.However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway[53]– though such usage is considered non-standard.
If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use adentaldiacritic to indicate so: ⟨l̪ˠ⟩, ⟨l̪ˤ⟩, ⟨ɫ̪⟩.
Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations ofcoronal consonants,so darkltends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized)ltends to beretractedto an alveolar position.[54]
Dental,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upperteeth.
Denti-alveolar,which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge,and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
Alveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely,[54]the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
Postalveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of/l/after/ɔ,oː,ɑ,ɑː/,and sometimes also after/u,uː/.[11]However, according toEndresen (1990),this allophone is not velarized.[61]SeeNorwegian phonology
Laminal; pharyngealized in northern accents, velarized or post-palatalised in southern accents. It is an allophone of/l/before consonants and pauses, and also prevocalically when after the open back vowels/ɔ,ɑ/.Many northern speakers realize the final/l/as a strongly pharyngealised vocoid[ɤˤ],whereas some StandardBelgianspeakers use the clear/l/in all positions.[68]SeeDutch phonology
^Adjaye, Sophia (2005).Ghanaian English Pronunciation.Edwin Mellen Press. p. 198.ISBN978-0-7734-6208-3.realization of/l/is similar to that ofRP:a 'clear' or non-velarized/l/=[l]pre-vocalically and intervocalically; and a 'dark' or velarized/l/=[ɫ]pre-consonantally and pre-pausally
^Celce-Murcia, Marianne; et al. (2010).Teaching Pronunciation.Cambridge U. Press. p. 84.ISBN978-0-521-72975-8.the light/l/used in all environments in [standard] German (e.g.,Licht"light,"viel"much, many" ) or in French (e.g.,lit"bed",île"island" )
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