Daryal radar
![]() Daryal radar inPechora | |
Country of origin | Soviet Union,Russia |
---|---|
Introduced | 1984 |
No.built | 8 planned, 2 operational |
Type | Early-warning radar |
Frequency | 150–200MHz(VHF) |
Range | Around 6,000 kilometres (3,728 mi)[1][2]: 74 |
Diameter | Transmitter 30×40m Receiver 80×80m separated by 0.5–1.5 km |
Azimuth | 90°[1][2]: 74 |
Elevation | 40°[2]: 74 [1] |
Other Names | NATO:Pechora GRAU:5N79, 90N6. |
TheDaryal-type radar(Russian:Дарьял) (NATO:Pechora) is a Sovietbistaticearly-warning radar.It consists of two separate largeactive phased-arrayantennas separated by around 500 metres (1,640 ft) to 1.5 kilometres (4,921 ft). The transmitter array is 30 m × 40 m (98 ft × 131 ft) and the receiver is 80 m × 80 m (260 ft × 260 ft) in size. The system is aVHFsystem operating at awavelengthof 1.5 to 2 meters (150 to 200 MHz). Its initial transmit capacity was 50MWwith a target capacity of 350 MW.[3][failed verification]
The designer of the radars, RTI Mints, says that each Daryal receiver is 100 × 100m and has 4,000 cross dipoles. Each transmitter is 40 × 40m with 1,260 modules, each capable of 300 kW. They say the radar has a range of 6,000 km with targets between 0.1–0.12m2.[4][2]: 74 It can track 20 objects at the same time and can cope with fourjammingsources.[2]: 74 The designer, Viktor Ivantsov, was awarded the title "Hero of Labour"for his work on the Daryal.[5]
The first Daryal type radar was anactive electronically scanned arraybuilt atOlenegorskin 1977. It was the receiver building only and was called a Daugava rather than a Daryal. It used the transmitter of the adjacentDnestr-Mradar. Following this two Daryal radars were constructed inPechora(1983) andQabala(1985). New Daryal-U radars were planned for Balkhash-9 nearSary Shaganin Kazakhstan, Mishelevka nearIrkutskandYeniseysk-15nearKrasnoyarskin Siberia. Two Daryal-UM systems were to be constructed inSkrunda,Latvia,and Mukachevo,Ukraine.[6][7][8]
Originally, at least seven Daryal facilities were planned, however, only the first two facilities completed, namedPechoraandGabala,were ever operational.
The American Clinton administration offered financial assistance in completing the Mishelevka facility in exchange for amending theAnti-Ballistic Missile Treatyto allow US deployment of anational missile defensesystem.[9]Russia rejected this proposal and in 2002 the US unilaterally withdrew from the ABM treaty. The Mukachevo one in Ukraine was never completed after the fall of the Soviet Union and the Skrunda facility was demolished by a newly independent Latvia, arranged by the US Department of Defence.[6][10]The Yeniseysk (Krasnoyarsk) Daryal-U site caused concern in the West over compliance with the ABM Treaty during its construction in the 1980s. Article VI(b) requires radars to be on the periphery of national territory and to face outwards whereas the Yeniseysk radar faced over Siberia. Following negotiations, in September 1989 the Soviets admitted it was a violation of the treaty, construction ceased and the facility was eventually dismantled.[6][8][11][12]
Variants[edit]
The prototype Daryal receiver is called a Daugava (5U83) and works with a Dnestr-M transmitter. It is half the size of the Daryal receivers but has the same equipment and computer systems.[13]
The original Daryal (5N79) was improved by revisions Daryal-U (90N6) and Daryal-UM.[14][15]A Daryal-U had half the transmitters of a Daryal.[13]The Volga radar (70M6) is a Daryal-like radar operating on a decimeter wavelength (UHF) rather than the meter wavelength (VHF) of the Daryal. It was originally planned that there would be a number of these to complement the Daryal. The only Volga built is the one atBaranavichywhich originally started in 1982, stopped in the early 1990s, restarted in 1999 and became operational in 2003.[6]
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A US military artist's concept of a Daryal facility - transmitter on the left, receiver on the right
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Planned and operational Daryal radars
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Ruin of Daryal-UM radar atMukachevo Radar Station,Ukraine (2003)
Locations[edit]
References[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- ^abcРадиолокационная станция "Дарьял"[Radar Daryal] (in Russian). Russian Ministry of Defence. n.d.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-01-24.Retrieved2012-02-08.
- ^abcdeNikolai Spassky, ed. (2002).Encyclopedia "Russia's Arms and Technologies. The XXI Century Encyclopedia": Volume 5 — "Space weapons"(in English and Russian). Moscow: Publishing House "Arms and Technologies".ISBN978-5-93799-010-5.
- ^"Pechora LPAR - Daryal".GlobalSecurity.org. n.d.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-12-04.Retrieved2011-12-22.
- ^Мощные РЛС дальнего обнаружения РЛС СПРН и СККП[Powerful radar early warning system and space surveillance] (in Russian). RTI Mints. n.d. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-12-30.Retrieved2012-01-30.
- ^История РТИ[History of RTI] (in Russian). RTI Mints. n.d. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-01-08.Retrieved2012-01-07.
- ^abcdefPodvig, Pavel (2002)."History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System"(PDF).Science and Global Security.10(1): 21–60.Bibcode:2002S&GS...10...21P.CiteSeerX10.1.1.692.6127.doi:10.1080/08929880212328.ISSN0892-9882.S2CID122901563.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2012-03-15.
- ^Bukharin, Oleg; Kadyshev, Timur; Miasnikov, Eugene; Podvig, Pavel; Sutyagin, Igor; Tarashenko, Maxim; Zhelezov, Boris (2001). Podvig, Pavel (ed.).Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces.Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.ISBN978-0-262-16202-9.
- ^abKarpenko, A (1999)."ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE".Nevsky Bastion.4:2–47.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-01-28.
- ^"Mishelevka".GlobalSecurity.org. n.d.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-07-06.Retrieved2011-12-22.
- ^ab"LPAR facility".Controlled Demolition, Inc.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-10-14.Retrieved2011-12-23.
- ^"Yeniseysk (Krasnoyarsk)".GlobalSecurity.org. n.d.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-05-23.Retrieved2011-12-22.
- ^"TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON THE LIMITATION OF ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE SYSTEMS".1972.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-10-21.Retrieved2012-01-21.
- ^abIlyin, A (June 2012)."Воронеж" в сердце Азии[Voronezh at the heart of Asia] (in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. Archived fromthe originalon 2016-03-03.Retrieved2012-10-13.
- ^O'Connor, Sean (2009)."Russian/Soviet Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems".Air Power Australia. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-12-02.Retrieved2012-01-07.
- ^Holm, Michael (2011)."1st Missile Attack Early Warning Division".Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-03-01.Retrieved2012-01-07.
- ^Shko (2008)."Panoramio is no longer available"СПРН[SPRN (early warning)] (photograph) (in Russian).Archivedfrom the original on 2013-10-06.Retrieved2012-01-08.
- ^SityShooter (2011)."РЛС" Днестр "-" Днепр-М "(actually is Daugava left)"[Radar Dnestr-Dnepr-M] (photograph) (in Russian). Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-24.Retrieved2012-01-29.
- ^Podvig, Pavel (December 10, 2012)."Russia suspended operations of the early-warning radar in Gabala".Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-03-15.Retrieved2015-01-14.
- ^Стоит в Печоре монолит[It is a monolith in Pechora](Video)(in Russian). Волна-плюс [Volna-Plus]. 2005.
- ^Podvig, Pavel (2011-06-21)."Daryal-U radar in Mishelevka demolished".Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-04-20.Retrieved2012-01-30.
- ^Safiullin, Rakhim (2005-09-08).Пожар на сооружении №2, 17 сентября 2004 года[Fire in building number 2, September 17, 2004] (in Russian).Archivedfrom the original on 2012-04-26.Retrieved2011-12-22.
- ^Presenter: Игорь Воеводин [Igor Voevodin] (2011-03-21)."Разрушение Красноярской РЛС [The destruction of the Krasnoyarsk radar]".Ностальгия [Nostalgia](in Russian). Pravda.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-11-12.Retrieved2011-12-23.
- ^josef s (2007)."jenisseisk 15"(photograph).Archivedfrom the original on 2016-03-04.Retrieved2012-05-01.