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David Foster Wallace

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David Foster Wallace
Wallace in 2006
Wallace in 2006
Born(1962-02-21)February 21, 1962
Ithaca, New York,U.S.
DiedSeptember 12, 2008(2008-09-12)(aged 46)
Claremont, California,U.S.
Occupation
  • Writer
  • professor
EducationAmherst College(BA)
University of Arizona(MFA)
Harvard University
Period1987–2008
Genre
Literary movement
Notable worksInfinite Jest(1996)
Signature

David Foster Wallace(February 21, 1962 – September 12, 2008) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and university professor of English andcreative writing.Wallace's 1996 novelInfinite Jestwas cited byTimemagazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.[1]His posthumous novel,The Pale King(2011), was a finalist for thePulitzer Prize for Fictionin 2012. TheLos Angeles Times's David Ulin called Wallace "one of the most influential and innovative writers of the last twenty years".[2]

Wallace grew up in Illinois and attendedAmherst College.He taught English atEmerson College,Illinois State University,andPomona College.After struggling withdepressionfor many years,[3]he died bysuicidein 2008, at age 46.

Early life and education[edit]

David Foster Wallace was born inIthaca, New York,to Sally Jean Wallace (néeFoster) andJames Donald Wallace.[4]The family moved toChampaign-Urbana, Illinois,where he was raised along with his younger sister, Amy Wallace-Havens.[5]His father was a philosophy professor atUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.[6]His mother was an English professor atParkland College,a community college in Champaign, which recognized her work with a "Professor of the Year" award in 1996.[7]From fourth grade, Wallace lived with his family inUrbana,where he attended Yankee Ridge Elementary School, Brookens Junior High School andUrbana High School.[8]

As an adolescent, Wallace was a regionally ranked juniortennisplayer. He wrote about this period in the essay "Derivative Sport in Tornado Alley", originally published inHarper's Magazineas "Tennis, Trigonometry, Tornadoes". Although his parents wereatheists,Wallace twice attempted to join theCatholic Church,but "flunk[ed] the period of inquiry". He later attended aMennonitechurch.[9][10][11]

Wallace attendedAmherst College,his father's alma mater, where he majored in English and philosophy and graduatedsumma cum laudein 1985. Among other extracurricular activities, he participated inglee club;his sister recalls that he "had a lovely singing voice".[5]In studying philosophy, Wallace pursuedmodal logicand mathematics, and presented in 1985 a senior thesis in philosophy and modal logic that was awarded the Gail Kennedy Memorial Prize and posthumously published asFate, Time, and Language: An Essay on Free Will(2010).[12][13]

Wallace adapted his honors thesis in English as the manuscript of his first novel,The Broom of the System(1987),[14]and committed to being a writer. He toldDavid Lipsky:"WritingThe Broom of the System,I felt like I was using 97 percent of me, whereas philosophy was using 50 percent. "[15]Wallace completed aMaster of Fine Artsdegree in creative writing at theUniversity of Arizonain 1987. He moved to Massachusetts to attend graduate school in philosophy atHarvard University,but soon left the program.

Later life[edit]

In 2002, Wallace met the painterKaren L. Green,whom he married on December 27, 2004.[16][17][18]

Wallace withAntonio Mondain 2006

Wallace struggled with depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, and suicidal tendencies, and was repeatedly hospitalized for psychiatric care. In 1989, he spent four weeks atMcLean Hospital—a psychiatric institute inBelmont, Massachusetts,affiliated with Harvard Medical School—where he completed a drug and alcohol detoxification program. He later said his time there changed his life.[19]

Dogs were important to Wallace,[18][20]and he spoke of opening a shelter for stray canines.[20]According to his friendJonathan Franzen,he "had a predilection for dogs who'd been abused, and [were] unlikely to find other owners who were going to be patient enough for them".[18]

Abuse allegations[edit]

In the early 1990s, Wallace was in a relationship with writerMary Karr.She later described Wallace as obsessive about her and said the relationship was volatile, with Wallace once throwing a coffee table at her as well as physically forcing her out of a car, leaving her to walk home.[16][21]Years later, she claimed that Wallace's biographer D. T. Max underreported Wallace's abuse. Of Max's account of their relationship, she tweeted: "That's about 2% of what happened." She said that Wallace kicked her, climbed up the side of her house at night, and followed her five-year-old son home from school.[22]

Work[edit]

Career[edit]

The Broom of the System(1987) garnered national attention and critical praise. InThe New York Times,Caryn Jamescalled it a "manic, human, flawed extravaganza... emerging straight from the excessive tradition ofStanley Elkin'sThe Franchiser,Thomas Pynchon'sV.,[and]John Irving'sWorld According to Garp".[23]

Autographed opening page ofInfinite Jest

In 1991, Wallace began teaching literature as an adjunct professor atEmerson Collegein Boston. The next year, at the suggestion of colleague and supporterSteven Moore,Wallace obtained a position in theEnglishdepartment atIllinois State University.He had begun work on his second novel,Infinite Jest,in 1991, and submitted a draft to his editor in December 1993. After the publication of excerpts throughout 1995, the book was published in 1996.

In 1997, Wallace received aMacArthur Fellowship.He also received theAga Khan Prize for Fiction,awarded by editors ofThe Paris Reviewfor one of the stories inBrief Interviews with Hideous Men,which had been published in the magazine.[24]

In 2002, Wallace moved toClaremont, California,to become the firstRoy E. Disneyendowed Professor of Creative Writing and Professor of English atPomona College.[25]He taught one or two undergraduate courses per semester and focused on writing.

Wallace delivered the commencement address to the 2005 graduating class atKenyon College.The speech was published as a book,This Is Water,in 2009.[26]In May 2013, parts of the speech were used in a popular online video, also titled "This Is Water".[27]

Bonnie Nadell was Wallace's literary agent during his entire career.[28]Michael Pietsch was his editor onInfinite Jest.[29]

Wallace died in 2008. In March 2009,Little, Brown and Companyannounced that it would publish the manuscript of an unfinished novel,The Pale King,that Wallace had been working on before his death. Pietsch pieced the novel together from pages and notes Wallace left behind.[30][31]Several excerptswere published inThe New Yorkerand other magazines.The Pale Kingwas published on April 15, 2011, and received generally positive reviews.[32]Michiko Kakutani ofThe New York Timeswrote thatThe Pale King"showcases [Wallace's] embrace of discontinuity; his fascination with both the meta and the microscopic, postmodern pyrotechnics and old-fashioned storytelling; and his ongoing interest in contemporary America's obsession with self-gratification and entertainment."[33]The book was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize.[34]

Throughout his career, Wallace published short fiction in periodicals such asThe New Yorker,GQ,Harper's Magazine,Playboy,The Paris Review,Mid-American Review,Conjunctions,Esquire,Open City,Puerto del Sol,andTimothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern.

Themes and styles[edit]

Wallace wanted to progress beyond theironyandmetafictionassociated withpostmodernismand explore apost-postmodernormetamodernstyle. In the essay "E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction" (written 1990, published 1993),[35][36]he proposed that television has an ironic influence on fiction, and urged literary authors to eschew TV's shallow rebelliousness:

I want to convince you that irony, poker-faced silence, and fear of ridicule are distinctive of those features of contemporary U.S. culture (of which cutting-edge fiction is a part) that enjoy any significant relation to the television whose weird, pretty hand has my generation by the throat. I'm going to argue that irony and ridicule are entertaining and effective, and that, at the same time, they are agents of a great despair and stasis in U.S. culture, and that, for aspiring fictionists, they pose terrifically ve xing problems.

Wallace used many forms of irony, but tended to focus on individual persons' continued longing for earnest, unself-conscious experience and communication in a media-saturated society.[37]

Wallace's fiction combines narrative modes and authorial voices that incorporate jargon and invented vocabulary, such as self-generated abbreviations and acronyms, long, multi-clausesentences, and an extensive use of explanatoryendnotesand footnotes, as inInfinite Jestand the story "Octet" (collected inBrief Interviews with Hideous Men), and most of his non-fiction after 1996. In a 1997 interview onCharlie Rose,Wallace said that the notes were to disrupt the linear narrative, to reflect his perception of reality without jumbling the narrative structure, and that he could have jumbled the sentences "but then no one would read it".[38]

D. T. Max has described Wallace's work as an "unusual mixture of the cerebral and the hot-blooded",[39]often featuring multiple protagonists and spanning different locations in a single work. His writing comments on the fragmentation of thought,[40]the relationship between happiness and boredom, and the psychological tension between the beauty and hideousness of the human body.[41]According to Wallace, "fiction's about what it is to be a fucking human being", and he said he wanted to write "morally passionate, passionately moral fiction" that could help the reader "become less alone inside".[42]In his Kenyon College commencement address, Wallace described the human condition as daily crises and chronic disillusionment and warned against succumbing tosolipsism,[43]invoking the existential values of compassion and mindfulness:

The really important kind of freedom involves attention, and awareness, and discipline, and effort, and being able truly to care about other people and to sacrifice for them, over and over, in myriad petty little unsexy ways, every day.... The only thing that's capital-T True is that you get to decide how you're going to try to see it. You get to consciously decide what has meaning and what doesn't.... The trick is keeping the truth up-front in daily consciousness.[44]

Nonfiction[edit]

Wallace covered SenatorJohn McCain's2000 presidential campaign[45][46]and theSeptember 11 attacksforRolling Stone;[47]cruise ships[48](in what became the title essay of his first nonfiction book),state fairs,andtornadoesforHarper's Magazine;theUS Opentournament forTennismagazine;Roger FedererforThe New York Times;[49]the directorDavid Lynchand thepornography industryforPremièremagazine; thetennisplayerMichael JoyceforEsquire;the movie-special-effects industry forWaterstone'smagazine; conservative talk radio hostJohn ZieglerforThe Atlantic;[50]and aMainelobster festival forGourmetmagazine.[51]He also reviewed books in several genres for theLos Angeles Times,The Washington Post,The New York Times,andThe Philadelphia Inquirer.In the November 2007 issue ofThe Atlantic,which commemorated the magazine's 150th anniversary, Wallace was among the authors, artists, politicians and others who wrote short pieces on "the future of the American idea".[52]

These and other essays appear in three collections,A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again,Consider the Lobsterand the posthumousBoth Flesh and Not,the last of which contains some of Wallace's earliest work, including his first published essay, "Fictional Futures and the Conspicuously Young".[53]Wallace's tennis writing was compiled into a volume titledString Theory: David Foster Wallace on Tennis,published in 2016.[54]

Some writers have found parts of Wallace's nonfiction implausible.Jonathan Franzenhas said that he believes Wallace made up dialogue and incidents: "those things didn't actually happen".[55]Of the essays "Shipping Out" and "Ticket to the Fair", John Cook has remarked that in Wallace's nonfiction:

Wallace encounters pitch-perfect characters who speak comedically crystalline lines and place him in hilariously absurd situations...I used both stories [when teaching journalism] as examples of the inescapable temptation to shave, embellish, and invent narratives.[56]

Death[edit]

Wallace's father said that David had suffered frommajor depressive disorderfor more than 20 years and thatantidepressantmedication had allowed him to be productive.[17]Wallace suffered what was believed to be a severe interaction of the medication with the food he had eaten one day at a restaurant,[18][57]and in June 2007, on his doctor's advice, he stopped takingphenelzine,his primary antidepressant drug.[17]His depression recurred, and he tried other treatments, includingelectroconvulsive therapy.Eventually he went back on phenelzine but found it ineffective.[18]On September 12, 2008, at age 46, Wallace wrote a private two-page suicide note to his wife, arranged part of the manuscript forThe Pale King,and hanged himself on the back porch of his house in Claremont, California.[3][58]

Memorial gatherings were held at Pomona College,[25]Amherst College, the University of Arizona, Illinois State University, and on October 23, 2008, at New York University (NYU). Theeulogistsat NYU included his sister, Amy Wallace-Havens; his literary agent, Bonnie Nadell;Gerry Howard,editor of his first two books;Colin Harrison,an editor atHarper's Magazine;Michael Pietsch, editor ofInfinite Jestand later works; Deborah Treisman, fiction editor atThe New Yorkermagazine; and the writersDon DeLillo,Zadie Smith,George Saunders,Mark Costello,Donald Antrim,andJonathan Franzen.[59][60][61]

Legacy[edit]

In March 2010, it was announced that Wallace's personal papers and archives—drafts of books, stories, essays, poems, letters, and research, including the handwritten notes forInfinite Jest—had been purchased by theUniversity of Texas at Austin.They are held at that university'sHarry Ransom Center.[62]

Since 2011,Loyola University New Orleanshas offered English seminar courses on Wallace. Similar courses have also been taught atHarvard University.[63]The first David Foster Wallace Conference was hosted by theIllinois State UniversityDepartment of English in May 2014; the second was held in May 2015.[64]

In January 2017, the International David Foster Wallace Society and theJournal of David Foster Wallace Studieswere launched.[65]

Among the writers who have cited Wallace as an influence areDave Eggers,[66]Jonathan Franzen,[67]Rivka Galchen,Matthew Gallaway,David Gordon,John Green,[68]Porochista Khakpour,[69]George Saunders,[70]Michael Schur,[71]Zadie Smith,[72]Darin Strauss,[73]Deb Olin Unferth,Elizabeth Wurtzel,[74]andCharles Yu.[75]

Adaptations[edit]

Film and television[edit]

A feature-length film adaptation ofBrief Interviews with Hideous Men,directed byJohn Krasinskiwith an ensemble cast, was released in 2009 and premiered at theSundance Film Festival.[76]

The 19th episode of the 23rd season ofThe Simpsons,"A Totally Fun Thing That Bart Will Never Do Again"(2012), is loosely based on Wallace's essay" Shipping Out "from his 1997 collection,A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again.The Simpson family takes a cruise, and Wallace appears in the background of a scene, wearing a tuxedo T-shirt while eating in the ship's dining room.

The 2015 filmThe End of the Touris based on conversationsDavid Lipskyhad with Wallace, transcribed inAlthough of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself(2010).Jason Segelplayed Wallace, andJesse EisenbergLipsky. The film won an Audience Award for Best Narrative Feature at theSarasota Film Festival,[77]and Segel was nominated for theIndependent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead.

"Partridge", a Season 5 episode ofNBC'sParks and Recreation,repeatedly referencesInfinite Jest,of which the show's co-creator,Michael Schur,is a noted fan. Schur also directed the music video forThe Decemberists' "Calamity Song", which depicts the Eschaton game fromInfinite Jest.[78]

Stage and music adaptations[edit]

Twelve of the interviews fromBrief Interviews with Hideous Menwere adapted as a stage play in 2000 by Dylan McCullough. This was the first theatrical adaptation of Wallace's work. The play,Hideous Men,was also directed by McCullough, and premiered at theNew York International Fringe Festivalin August 2000.[79]

Brief Interviewswas also adapted by director Marc Caellas as a play,Brief Interviews with Hideous Writers,which premiered at Fundación Tomás Eloy Martinez inBuenos Aireson November 4, 2011.[80]In 2012 it was adapted as a play by artistAndy Holdenfor a two-night run at theICAin London.[81]

The short story "Tri-Stan: I Sold Sissee Nar to Ecko", fromBrief Interviews with Hideous Men,was adapted by composerEric Moe[82]into a 50-minute operatic piece, to be performed with accompanying video projections.[83]The piece was described as having "subversively inscribed classical music into pop culture".[84]

Infinite Jestwas performed once as a stage play by Germany's experimental theaterHebbel am Ufer.The play was staged in various locations throughoutBerlin,and the action took place over a 24-hour period.[85]

"Good Old Neon", fromOblivion: Stories,was adapted and performed by Ian Forester at the 2011Hollywood Fringe Festival,produced by the Los Angeles independent theater company Needtheater.[86]

The song "Surrounded by Heads and Bodies", from the albumA Brief Inquiry into Online RelationshipsbyThe 1975,borrows its title from the opening line ofInfinite Jest.[87]Matty Healy,The 1975's lead singer, said in an interview withPitchforkthat he was inspired by the novel after reading it during a stint in rehabilitation:[87]

I was reading [Infinite Jest] when I was in rehab. There was no one there. It was me and my nurses, who'd come in and check on me, and then Angela [the protagonist of the song], miles away. I was surrounded by no one, and the book was just open on the front page, as most copies ofInfinite Jestare... nobody reads [Infinite Jest] all the way! Everyone our age has got a battered, quarter-read copy ofInfinite Jest.

Bibliography[edit]

Main article:David Foster Wallace bibliography

Novels[edit]

  • The Broom of the System(1987).ISBN9781101153536
  • Infinite Jest(1996).ISBN9780316920049
  • The Pale King(2011, posthumous).ISBN9780316175296

Short story collections[edit]

Nonfiction collections[edit]

Other books[edit]

Awards and honors[edit]

  • Pulitzer Prizenomination forThe Pale King,2012. No prize was awarded for the fiction category that year
  • Inclusion of "Good Old Neon" inThe O. Henry PrizeStories 2002
  • John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, 1997–2002
  • Lannan Foundation Residency Fellow, July–August 2000
  • Named to Usage Panel,The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language4th Ed.et seq.,1999
  • Inclusion of "The Depressed Person" inPrize Stories 1999: The O. Henry Awards
  • Illinois State University, Outstanding University Researcher, 1998 and 1999[88]
  • Aga Khan Prize for Fictionfor the story "Brief Interviews with Hideous Men #6", 1997
  • Timemagazine's Best Books of the Year (Fiction), 1996
  • Salon Book Award(Fiction), 1996
  • Lannan Literary Award(Fiction), 1996
  • Inclusion of "Here and There" inPrize Stories 1989: The O. Henry Awards
  • Whiting Award,1987

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Grossman, Lev;Lacayo, Richard (October 16, 2005)."TIME's Critics Pick the 100 Best Novels, 1923 to Present".TIME.Archived fromthe originalon December 30, 2007.
  2. ^Noland, Claire; Rubin, Joel (September 14, 2008)."Writer David Foster Wallace Found Dead".Los Angeles Times.Archived fromthe originalon November 8, 2008.RetrievedAugust 5,2015.
  3. ^abMax, D. T. (2012).Every Love Story Is a Ghost Story: A Life of David Foster Wallace.Granta Books. p. 301.ISBN978-1-84708-494-1.
  4. ^Boswell and Burn, eds., p. 94.
  5. ^abWallace-Havens, Amy (August 23, 2009)."Amy Wallace-Havens on Her Brother".To the Best of Our Knowledge(Interview). Interviewed by Anne Strainchamps. Woods Hole, Massachusetts:WCAI.RetrievedApril 19,2018.
  6. ^"Curriculum Vitae (James D. Wallace)".Archived fromthe originalon October 6, 2008.RetrievedSeptember 12,2019.
  7. ^"U.S Professor of the Year Awards – 1996 Professors of the Year National Winners".February 17, 2018. Archived fromthe originalon February 17, 2018.RetrievedMarch 29,2023.
  8. ^Max, D. T. (2012).Every Love Story is a Ghost Story: A Life of David Foster Wallce.London: Granta. pp. 7–9.
  9. ^Knox, Malcolm(November 2008)."Everything & More: The Work of David Foster Wallace".The Monthly.
  10. ^Arden, Patrick."David Foster Wallace warms up".Book.
  11. ^Zahl, David (August 20, 2012)."David Foster Wallace Went to Church Constantly?".Mockingbird.
  12. ^Ryerson, James (December 12, 2008)."Consider the Philosopher".The New York Times.RetrievedApril 2,2010.
  13. ^"Our Alumni, Amherst College".Amherst College.November 17, 2007.RetrievedFebruary 26,2011.
  14. ^"In Memoriam: David Foster Wallace '85, Amherst College".Amherst College.September 14, 2008. Archived fromthe originalon October 29, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 26,2011.
  15. ^Ryerson, James (December 21, 2010)."Philosophical Sweep".Slate.RetrievedJune 19,2022.
  16. ^abWilliams, John (September 12, 2012)."God, Mary Karr and Ronald Reagan: D.T. Max on David Foster Wallace".The New York Times(Arts Beat blog).
  17. ^abcWeber, Bruce (September 14, 2008)."David Foster Wallace, Influential Writer, Dies at 46".The New York Times.RetrievedApril 2,2010.
  18. ^abcdeLipsky, David (October 30, 2008)."The Lost Years & Last Days of David Foster Wallace".Rolling Stone.Archived fromthe originalon May 3, 2009.RetrievedApril 2,2012.
  19. ^Max, D. T. (2012).Every Love Story is a Ghost Story.Granta. pp. 134–135.ISBN9781847084958.
  20. ^abMax, D. T. (March 9, 2009)."The Unfinished".The New Yorker.
  21. ^Hughes, Evan (October 9, 2011)."Just Kids Jeffrey Eugenides insists his new novel is not a roman à clef".New York.
  22. ^Wilson, Kristian (May 7, 2018)."Mary Karr Speaks Out About David Foster Wallace Amid Literature's #MeToo Movement".Bustle.RetrievedMarch 11,2019.
  23. ^James, Caryn(March 1, 1987)."Wittgenstein Is Dead and Living in Ohio – The Broom of the System".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 23,2017.
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  25. ^abReynolds, Susan Salter (October 6, 2008)."David Foster Wallace mourned at Pomona College".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJuly 28,2023.
  26. ^Bissell, Tom(April 26, 2009)."Great and Terrible Truths".The New York Times.RetrievedDecember 8,2010.
  27. ^McGuinness, William (May 8, 2013)."David Foster Wallace's Brilliant 'This Is Water' Commencement Address Is Now a Great Short Film".The Huffington Post.RetrievedMay 9,2013.
  28. ^Neyfakh, Leon(September 17, 2008)."Remembering David Foster Wallace: 'David Would Never Stop Caring' Says Lifelong Agent".Bay Ledger News Zone.
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  40. ^Stern, Travis W.; McLaughlin, Robert L. (Spring 2000).""I Am in Here": Fragmentation and the Individual in David Foster Wallace's Infinite Jest ".The Howling Fantods.RetrievedSeptember 21,2014.
  41. ^Feeney, Matt (April 12, 2011)."Infinite Attention – David Foster Wallace and being bored out of your mind".Slate.RetrievedSeptember 21,2014.
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  43. ^Krajeski, Jenna (September 22, 2008)."This is Water".The New Yorker.
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  45. ^Wallace, David Foster (April 13, 2000)."The Weasel, Twelve Monkeys and The Shrub".Rolling Stone.Archived fromthe originalon May 19, 2009.RetrievedApril 2,2012.
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  47. ^Wallace, David Foster (October 25, 2001)."9/11: The View From the Midwest".Rolling Stone.No. 880.
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  52. ^Hoffmann, Lukas (2016).Postirony: The Nonfictional Literature of David Foster Wallace and Dave Eggers.Bielefeld, Germany: transcript.ISBN978-3-8376-3661-1.
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Sources[edit]

See also:David Foster Wallace bibliography § Works about David Foster Wallace
  • Boswell, Marshall; Burn, Stephen, eds. (2013).A Companion to David Foster Wallace Studies.American Literature Readings in the Twenty-First Century. New York, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN9781137078346.OCLC832399604.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toDavid Foster Wallace.
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Biographical[edit]

Portals[edit]

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