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Death metal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, seeDeath metal (disambiguation).Not to be confused withDeath rock.

Death metal
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsMid-1980s, United States
Subgenres
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
Local scenes
Other topics

Death metalis anextremesubgenre ofheavy metal music.It typically employs heavily distorted and low-tuned guitars, played with techniques such aspalm mutingandtremolo picking;deepgrowlingvocals; aggressive, powerful drumming, featuringdouble kickandblast beattechniques; minor keys oratonality;abrupt tempo, key, andtime signaturechanges; andchromaticchord progressions. The lyrical themes of death metal may includeslasher film-style violence,[3]political conflict,religion,nature,philosophy,true crimeandscience fiction.[4][5]

Building from the musical structure ofthrash metalandearly black metal,death metal emerged during the mid-1980s.[6]Bands such asVenom,Celtic Frost,Slayer,andKreatorwere important influences on the genre's creation.[7][8][9]Possessed,[10]Death,[11]Necrophagia,[12]Obituary,[13]Autopsy,[14]andMorbid Angel[15]are often considered pioneers of the genre. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, death metal gained more media attention as a popular genre. Niche record labels likeCombat,Earache,andRoadrunnerbegan to sign death metal bands at a rapid rate.[16]

Since then, death metal has diversified, spawning several subgenres.Melodic death metalcombines death metal elements with those of thenew wave of British heavy metal.Technical death metalis a complex style, with uncommon time signatures, atypical rhythms, and unusual harmonies and melodies.Death-doomcombines the deep growled vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal with the slow tempos and melancholic atmosphere ofdoom metal.Deathgrind,goregrind,andpornogrindmix the complexity of death metal with the intensity, speed, and brevity ofgrindcore.Deathcorecombines death metal withmetalcoretraits.Death 'n' rollcombines death metal'sgrowled vocalsand highlydistorted,detunedguitar riffs with elements of 1970shard rockandheavy metal.[17]

History

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Emergence and early history

[edit]

English extreme metal bandVenom,fromNewcastle,crystallized the elements of what later became known asthrash metal,death metal andblack metal,with their first two albumsWelcome to Hell[18]andBlack Metal,[19]released in late 1981 and 1982, respectively. Their dark, blistering sound, harsh vocals, andmacabre,proudly Satanic imagery proved a major inspiration for extreme metal bands.[20]Another highly influential band,Slayer,formed in 1981. Although the band was a thrash metal act, Slayer's music was more violent than their thrash contemporariesMetallica,Megadeth,andAnthrax.[21]Their breakneck speed and instrumental prowess combined with lyrics about death, violence, war, and Satanism won Slayer a cult following.[22]According to Mike McPadden,Hell Awaits,Slayer's second album, "largely invent[ed] much of the sound and fury that would evolve into death metal."[23]According toAllMusic,their third albumReign in Bloodinspired the entire death metal genre.[24]It had a big impact on genre leaders such asDeath,Obituary,andMorbid Angel.[21]

Jeff BecerraofPossessed[25]

Possessed,a band that formed in theSan Francisco Bay Areaduring 1983, is described by AllMusic as "connecting the dots" between thrash metal and death metal with their 1985 debut album,Seven Churches.[26]While attributed as having a Slayer influence,[27]current and former members of the band had actually cited Venom andMotörhead,as well as early work byExodus,as the main influences on their sound. Although the group had released only two studio albums and an EP in their formative years, they have been described by music journalists and musicians as either being "monumental" in developing the death metal style,[28]or as being the first death metal band.[29][30][31]Earache Recordsnoted that "the likes of Trey Azagthoth and Morbid Angel based what they were doing in their formative years on the Possessed blueprint laid down on the legendarySeven Churchesrecording. Possessed arguably did more to further the cause of 'Death Metal' than any of the early acts on the scene back in the mid-late 80's. "[32]

Chuck Schuldiner(1967–2001) ofDeath,during a 1992 tour in Scotland in support of the albumHuman.

During the same period as the dawn of Possessed, a second influential metal band was formed in Orlando, Florida. Originally called Mantas, Death was formed in 1983 byChuck Schuldiner,Kam Lee,andRick Rozz.Inspired by theBrandon, FloridaactNasty Savage,they took the sound of Nasty Savage and deepened it.[33]In 1984, they released their first demo entitledDeath by Metal,followed by several more. The tapes circulated through the tape trader world, quickly establishing the band's name. With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact in the emergingFlorida death metalscene. The fast minor-key riffs and solos were complemented with fast drumming, creating a style that would catch on in tape trading circles.[28]Schuldiner has been credited by AllMusic's Eduardo Rivadavia for being widely recognized as the "Father of Death Metal".[34]Death's 1987 debut release,Scream Bloody Gore,has been described by About 's Chad Bowar as being the "evolution from thrash metal to death metal",[35]and "the first true death metal record" by theSan Francisco Chronicle.[36]In an Interview Jeff Becerra talked about the discussions of being the creator of the genre, saying that Schuldiner cited Possessed as a massive influence, and Death were even called "Possessed clones" early on.[37]Along with Possessed and Death, other pioneers of death metal in the United States includeMacabre,Master,Massacre,Immolation,Cannibal Corpse,Obituary,andPost Mortem.[38][39]

Growing popularity

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By 1989, many bands had been signed by eager record labels wanting to cash in on the subgenre, including Florida's Obituary, Morbid Angel andDeicide.[40]This collective of death metal bands hailing from Florida are often labeled as "Florida death metal".Morbid Angel pushed the genre's limits both musically and lyrically, with the release of their debut albumAltars of Madnessin 1989.[41][42]The album "redefined what it meant to be heavy while influencing an upcoming class of brutal death metal."[43]

Death metal spread toSwedenin the late 1980s, flourishing with pioneers such asCarnage,God Macabre,Entombed,Dismember,GraveandUnleashed.In the early 1990s, the rise ofmelodic death metalwas recognized, with Swedish bands such asDark Tranquillity,At the Gates,andIn Flames.

Following the original death metal innovators, new subgenres began by the end of the decade. British bandNapalm Deathbecame increasingly associated with death metal, in particular, on their 1990 albumHarmony Corruption.This album displays aggressive and fairly technical guitar riffing, complex rhythmics, a sophisticated growling vocal delivery byMark "Barney" Greenway,and socially aware lyrical subjects merging death metal with thegrindcoresubgenre. Other bands contributing significantly to this early movement include Britain'sBolt ThrowerandCarcassand New York'sSuffocation.

To close the circle, Death released their fourth albumHumanin 1991. Death's founder Schuldiner helped push the boundaries of uncompromising speed and technical virtuosity, mi xing technical and intricate rhythm guitar work with complex arrangements and emotive guitar solos.[44]

Earache Records,Relativity Recordsand Roadrunner Records became the genre's most important labels,[45]with Earache releasing albums by Carcass, Napalm Death, Morbid Angel, and Entombed, and Roadrunner releasing albums by Obituary, andPestilence.Although these labels had not been death metal labels, they initially became the genre's flagship labels at the beginning of the 1990s. In addition to these, other labels formed as well, such asNuclear Blast,Century Media,andPeaceville.Many of these labels would go on to achieve successes in other genres of metal throughout the 1990s.

In September 1990, Death's managerEric Greifheld one of the first North American death metal festivals,Day of Death,inMilwaukeesuburbWaukesha, Wisconsin,and featured 26 bands including Autopsy,Broken Hope,Hellwitch, Obliveon, Revenant, Viogression, Immolation,Atheist,andCynic.[46]

Death metal bandJungle Rot

Later history

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Death metal's popularity achieved its initial peak during 1992–1993, with some bands such as Morbid Angel and Cannibal Corpse enjoying mild commercial success. However, the genre as a whole never broke into the mainstream. The genre's mounting popularity may have been partly responsible for a strong rivalry betweenNorwegian black metalandSwedish death metalscenes.FenrizofDarkthronehas noted that Norwegian black metal musicians were "fed up with the whole death metal scene" at the time. Death metal diversified in the 1990s, spawning a rich variety of subgenres that still have a large "underground" following at the present.[47]

Characteristics

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Instrumentation

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Death metal drummerSteve Asheim

The setup most frequently used within the death metal genre is two guitarists, a bass player, a vocalist, and a drummer often using "hyperdouble-bassblast beats".[48][49]Although this is the standard setup, bands have been known to occasionally incorporate other instruments such aselectronic keyboards.[50]The genre is often identified by fast, heavilydistortedand low tuned guitars, played with techniques such aspalm mutingandtremolo picking.The percussion is usually aggressive and powerful.

Death metal is known for its abrupt tempo, key, and time signature changes. It may includechromaticchord progressions and a varied song structure. In some circumstances, the style will incorporate melodic riffs and harmonies for effect. This incorporation of melody and harmonious playing was even further used in the creation ofmelodic death metal.These compositions tend to emphasize an ongoing development of themes and motifs.

Vocals and lyrics

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Death metal bandCannibal Corpseperforming in 2009.

Death metal vocals are referred to asdeath growls;which are coarse roars/snarls. Death growling is mistakenly thought to be a form of screaming using the lowest vocal register known asvocal fry,however vocal fry is actually a form of overtone screaming, and while growling can be performed this way by experienced vocalists who use the fry screaming technique, "true" death growling is in fact created by an altogether different technique.[51]The three major methods of harsh vocalization used in the genre are often mistaken for each other, encompassing vocal fry screaming,false chordscreaming, and "true" death growls.[citation needed]Growling is sometimes also referred to asCookie Monstervocals, tongue-in-cheek, due to the vocal similarity to the voice of the popularSesame Streetcharacter of the same name.[52]Although often criticized, death growls serve the aesthetic purpose of matching death metal's aggressive lyrical content.[53]High-pitched screaming is occasionally utilized in death metal, being heard in songs byDeath,Aborted,Exhumed,Dying Fetus,Cannibal Corpse,andDeicide.

Death metal bandSix Feet Under

The lyrical themes of death metal may invoke slasher film-stylised violence,[3]but may also extend to topics like religion (sometimes includingSatanism),occultism,Lovecraftian horror,nature,mysticism,mythology,theology,philosophy, science fiction, and politics.[4][5]Although violence may be explored in various other genres as well, death metal may elaborate on the details of extreme acts, includingblood and gore,psychopathy,delirium,mutilation,mutation,dissection,exorcism,torture,rape,cannibalism,andnecrophilia.SociologistKeith Kahn-Harriscommented this apparent glamorisation of violence may be attributed to a "fascination" with the human body that all people share to some degree, a fascination that mixes desire and disgust.[19]Heavy metal authorGavin Baddeleyalso stated there does seem to be a connection between "how acquainted one is with their own mortality" and "how much they crave images of death and violence" via the media.[54]Additionally, contributing artists to the genre often defend death metal as little more than an extreme form of art and entertainment, similar to horror films in the motion picture industry.[6]This explanation has brought such musicians under fire from activists internationally, who claim that this is often lost on a large number of adolescents, who are left with the glamorisation of such violence without social context or awareness of why such imagery is stimulating.[6]

According toAlex Webster,bassist of Cannibal Corpse, "The gory lyrics are probably not, as much as people say, [what's keeping us] from being mainstream. Like, 'death metal would never go into the mainstream because the lyrics are too gory?' I think it's really the music, because violent entertainment is totally mainstream."[55]

Etymology

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The most popular theory of the subgenre's christening isPossessed's 1984 demo,Death Metal;the song from the eponymous demo would also be featured on the band's 1985 debut album,Seven Churches.[56]Possessed vocalist/bassist Jeff Becerra said he coined the term in early 1983 for a high school English class assignment.[57]Another possible origin was a magazine calledDeath Metal,started byThomas FischerandMartin AinofHellhammerandCeltic Frost.The name was later given to the 1984 compilationDeath Metalreleased byNoise Records.[56]The term might also have originated from other recordings, such as the demo released byDeathin 1984, calledDeath by Metal.[58]

Subgenres and fusion genres

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Cited examples are not necessarily exclusive to one particular style. Many bands can easily be placed in two or more of the following categories, and a band's specific categorization is often a source of contention due to personal opinion and interpretation.

This is adynamic listand may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byadding missing itemswithreliable sources.

Blackened death-doom

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Blackened death-doom is a microgenre that combines the slow tempos and monolithic drumming ofdoom metal,the complex and loud riffage of death metal and theshrieking vocalsofblack metal.[59]Examples of blackened death-doom bands include Morast,[59]Faustcoven,[59]The Ruins of Beverast,[59]Bölzer,[59]Necros Christos,[59]Harvest Gulgaltha,[60]Dragged into Sunlight,[61]Hands of Thieves,[62]andSoulburn.[63][64]

Blackened death metal

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Main article:Blackened death metal
Blackened death metal bandGoatwhore.

Blackened death metal is commonly death metal that incorporates musical, lyrical or ideological elements ofblack metal,such as an increased use oftremolo picking,anti-ChristianorSataniclyrical themes and chord progressions similar to those used in black metal.[65][66][67]Blackened death metal bands are also more likely to wearcorpse paintand suits of armour, than bands from other styles of death metal.[68]Lower range guitar tunings,death growlsand abrupttempochanges are common in the genre.[69][full citation needed]Examples of blackened death metal bands areBelphegor,[70]Behemoth,[71]Akercocke,[72]andSacramentum.[73]

Melodic black-death

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Melodic black-death[74](also known as blackened melodic death metal or melodic blackened death metal)[75]is a genre ofextreme metalthat describes the style created whenmelodic death metalbands began being inspired by black metal and Europeanromanticism.However, unlike most other black metal, this take on the genre would incorporate an increased sense of melody and narrative.[75]Some bands who have played this style includeDissection,[75][74][76]Sacramentum,[75][74]Naglfar,[75]God Dethroned,[77]Dawn,[75]Unanimated,[75]Thulcandra,[74][75]Skeletonwitch[78]andCardinal Sin.[74]

War metal

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War metal[79][80][81](also known as war black metal[80]or bestial black metal)[81]is an aggressive,[80]cacophonous[79]and chaotic[79][80]subgenre of blackened death metal,[82]described byRock Hardjournalist Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann as "rabid"[80]and "hammering".[80]Important influences include first wave black metal bandSodom,[79][80]first wave black metal/death metal bandPossessed[80]as well as oldgrindcore,black and death metal bands likeRepulsion,[79][80]Autopsy,[80]Sarcófago[79][80][81][83]and the first twoSepulturareleases.[80][83]War metal bands includeBlasphemy,[79][80][83]Archgoat,[80]Impiety,[80]In Battle,[84]Beherit,Crimson Thorn,[85]Bestial Warlust,[86]andZyklon-B.[87]

Brutal death metal

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Brutal death metal is a subgenre of death metal that privileges heaviness, speed, and complex rhythms over other aspects, such as melody and timbres.[88]Brutal death metal bands employ high-speed, palm-muted power chording and single-note riffage.[88]Notable bands includeCannibal Corpse,[89][90]Dying Fetus,[88]Suffocation,[91]Cryptopsy,[92]andSkinless.[93][94]

Death-doom

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Main article:Death-doom
My Dying Brideat Frozen Rock Fest. 2007.

Death-doom is a style that combines the slow tempos and pessimistic atmosphere ofdoom metalwith the deepgrowling vocalsand double-kick drumming of death metal.[95]Influenced mostly by the early work ofHellhammerandCeltic Frost,the style emerged during the late 1980s and gained a certain amount of popularity during the 1990s.[95]Death-doom was also pioneered by bands such asWinter,[96]Disembowelment,[96]Paradise Lost,[96]Autopsy,Anathema,andMy Dying Bride.[96]

Funeral doom

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Funeral doom is a genre that crossesdeath-doomwithfuneral dirge music.[97]It is played at a very slow tempo, and places an emphasis on evoking a sense of emptiness and despair.[98]Typically, electric guitars are heavily distorted anddark ambientaspects such askeyboardsorsynthesizersare often used to create a dreamlike atmosphere.[99]Vocals consist of mournful chants or growls and are often in the background.[99]Funeral doom was pioneered byMournful Congregation(Australia),Esoteric(United Kingdom),Evoken(United States),Funeral(Norway),Thergothon(Finland), andSkepticism(Finland).[100]

Death 'n' roll

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Main article:Death 'n' roll

Death 'n' roll is a style that combines death metal'sgrowled vocalsand highlydistorteddetunedguitar riffs along with elements of 1970shard rockandheavy metal.[17][101]Notable examples includeEntombed,[17]Gorefest,[101]andSix Feet Under.

Deathcore

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Main article:Deathcore

With the rise in popularity ofmetalcore,some of its traits have been combined with death metal. Bands such asSuicide Silence,CarnifexandSalt the Woundcombine death metal with a variance of metalcore elements.[102]Characteristics of death metal, such as fast drumming (includingblast beats), down-tuned guitars,tremolo picking,growled vocals,andhigh-pitched shrieksare combined with thebreakdownsof metalcore.Decibelmagazine stated that "one ofSuffocation's trademarks, breakdowns, has spawned an entire metal subgenre: deathcore. "[103]

Deathgrind, goregrind and pornogrind

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Main articles:GoregrindandPornogrind
Abortedare "key contributors to thedeath-grindgenres, "according toAllMusic.[104]

Goregrind, deathgrind and pornogrind[105][106]are styles that mixgrindcorewith death metal, with goregrind focused on themes likegoreandforensic pathology,[107]and pornogrind dealing with sexual andpornographicthemes.[108][109]Some notable examples of these genres areBrujeria,Cattle Decapitation,[110]Cephalic Carnage,Pig Destroyer,[111]Circle of Dead Children,Rotten Sound,Gut,[112]andCock and Ball Torture.[113][114]

Deathrash

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Deathrash, also known as death-thrash, is a shorthand term to describe bands who play a fusion of death metal andthrash metal.[115][116]The genre gained notoriety inBali,Indonesia, where it attracted criticism of being related to the accelerated tourism development on the island and the superseding of its local culture, particularly byJakartanone.[117]Notable bands includeGrave,[118]Mortification,[119]The Crown,[116]Incapacity,[116]Darkane,[116]Deathchain,[115]andSepultura.[120]

Industrial death metal

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Industrial death metal is a genre of death metal that adds elements ofindustrial music.[121]Some notable bands includeFear Factory,[122]Anaal Nathrakh,[123][124]Autokrator,[125]andMeathook Seed.[121][126]

Melodic death metal

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Main article:Melodic death metal
Melodic death metal bandAt the Gatesperforming in 2008.

Swedish death metalcould be considered the forerunner of "melodic death metal." Melodic death metal, occasionally shortened to "melodeath", is a fusion ofheavy metalwith elements of death metal. The subgenre is heavily influenced by thenew wave of British heavy metal.[127]Unlike most other death metal, melodeath usually features screams instead of growls, slower tempos, and much stronger emphasis on melody. Clean vocals may be used on occasion.Carcassis sometimes credited with releasing the first melodic death metal album with 1993'sHeartwork,although Swedish bandsIn Flames,Dark Tranquillity,andAt the Gatesare usually mentioned as the main pioneers of the genre and of theGothenburg metalsound.

Old school death metal

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Old school death metal is a style of death metal characterized by its slower and simpler song structures, less focused on the technical aspects of its composition and employing less usage of blast beats.[96]It gained notoriety in the late 1990s, with bands likeRepugnant,[128][116]Thanatos,[129]Necrophagia,[96]Abscess,[96]Bloodbath[96]andMortem.[96]

Slam death metal

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Slam death metal is amicrogenrethat evolved from the 1990sNew Yorkdeath metal scene, incorporating elements ofhardcore punk.[130]In contrast to other death metal styles, it is not generally focused on guitar solos and blast beats; instead, it employs mid-tempo rhythms, breakdowns, and palm-muted riffing, as well aship hop-inspired vocal and drum beat rhythms.[130]Thebreakdownriff ofSuffocation's "Liege of Inveracity"has been credited byRolling Stoneas the first slam riff in death metal.[131]The first wave of bands in the genre were New York bands likeInternal Bleedingand Pyrexia,[132][133]with notable subsequent acts includingDevourment[134]andCephalotripsy.[135]

Symphonic death metal

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Symphonic death metal is a genre of death metal that adds elements ofclassical music.Bands described as symphonic death metal includeFleshgod Apocalypse,[136]Septicflesh,[137]Necronomicon,[138]andChildren of Bodom.[139]Haggard's 2000 album,Awaking the Centuries,has been described as death metal-styled symphonic metal.[140]

Technical death metal

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Main article:Technical death metal
Technical death metal bandNileperforming in 2010.

Technical death metal (also known as tech-death, progressive death metal, or prog-death)[141]is a subgenre of death metal that employs dynamic song structures, uncommon time signatures, atypical rhythms and unusual harmonies and melodies. Bands described as technical death metal or progressive death metal usually fuse common death metal aesthetics with elements ofprogressive rock,jazzorclassical music.While the term technical death metal is sometimes used to describe bands that focus on speed and extremity as well as complexity, the line between progressive and technical death metal is thin.Tech deathandprog death,for short, are terms commonly applied to such bands asNile,Edge of Sanity,andOpeth.NecrophagistandSpawn of Possessionare known for a classical music-influenced death metal style. Death metal pioneersDeathalso refined their style in a more progressive direction in their final years. Some albums for this subgenre areHallucinations(1990) by the German bandAtrocityand Death'sHuman(1991). This style has significantly influenced many bands, creating a stream that in Europe was carried out at first by bands such asGory Blisterand Electrocution.[142]The Polish bandDecapitatedgained recognition as one of Europe's primary modern technical death metal acts.[143][144]

See also

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References

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Bibliography

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