Deborah Doniach

Deborah Doniach

Deborah DoniachMDFRCP(née Abileah;6 April 1912 – 1 January 2004) was a Britishclinical immunologistand pioneer in the field ofautoimmune diseases.

Early and personal life

Deborah Abileah was born inGeneva,Switzerland, on 6 April 1912 to Russian parents. Her father, Arieh Abileah (born Leon Niswitzki), of Jewish descent, was a concert pianist and music teacher; her mother, Fée Héllès, of Russian-German descent (born Fea Geller), ran a novel dance school in Paris.The family moved frequently during Deborah's childhood, living at various times in Paris, Vienna and Italy.

Due to the frequent moves and her parents' bohemian lifestyle, she did not start any formal education until the age of nine, when she and her sisters were staying at an Italian convent while her mother was recovering fromtuberculosisat a sanitorium and her father was accompanying the violinistJosef Szigetion a tour of the United States. The family later settled inTel Aviv,Palestine, where her father taught piano at the Tel Aviv Conservatory.They left Palestine for Paris, where Deborah was educated at theLycée Molière.She began studying medicine at theSorbonnebut interrupted her studies in 1933 to relocate to London after marryingIsrael "Sonny" Doniach,a Britishpathologistwhom she had first met in Palestine in 1925.

Following the births of her two children, she learned English and resumed her medical studies at theRoyal Free Medical School,graduating in 1945.

Deborah and "Sonny" Doniach were together for 75 years(until his death in 2001) and had two children,Sebastian Doniach(born 1934), who went on to become acondensed matterphysicist atStanford University,and Vera Doniach (1936–1958).

Career

Doniach was employed as a research assistant at the Royal Free Hospital then as an endocrinologist atMiddlesex Hospital,London where she worked with the eminent thyroid surgeon,Rupert Vaughan-Hudson.Her observation of patients withHashimoto's diseaseand knowledge of the field led her to realise that excess antibodies were an autoimmune reaction against the thyroid gland itself rather than external microbes.

She collaborated withIvan Roittand Peter Campbell to further understand the autoimmune basis of Hashimoto's disease (citations). Doniach continued her studies atMiddlesex Hospitalwith various collaborators, including Roitt,Sheila Sherlock,Keith Taylor, andGian Franco Bottazzo,and uncovered an autoimmune basis for numerous diseases, including pernicious anemia, primary biliary cirrhosis, and type I diabetesThis led to the concept of organ-specific auto-immunity.

In the 1960s, she joined the then-new Department of Immunology at Middlesex where she was appointed as one of the first ConsultantImmunopathologists.In 1974 she became Professor of Clinical Immunology.

Awards and honours

• Van Meter prize of the American Goitre Association (jointly withIvan Roitt), 1957
• Gairdner AwardToronto (jointly withIvan Roitt), 1964
• Prize of the British Postgraduate Federation, 1967
• Woman Scientist of the Year prize of the Association of American Women Scientists, 1984

Selected works

• Berg, PA; Doniach, D; Roitt, IM (1967)."Mitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. I. Localization of the antigen to mitochondrial membranes".The Journal of Experimental Medicine.126(2): 277–90.doi:10.1084/jem.126.2.277.PMC2138313.PMID4165742.
• Roitt, I. M.; Campbell, P. N.; Doniach, Deborah (June 1958)."The nature of the thyroid auto-antibodies present in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (lymphadenoid goitre)".Biochemical Journal.69(2): 248–256.doi:10.1042/bj0690248.PMC1196545.PMID13546173.
• Bottazzo, G F; Doniach, D (1986)."Autoimmune Thyroid Disease"(PDF).Annual Review of Medicine.37:353–9.doi:10.1146/annurev.me.37.020186.002033.PMID2871804.