December 1922
Appearance
<< | December 1922 | >> | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Su | Mo | Tu | We | Th | Fr | Sa |
1 | 2 | |||||
3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
31 |
The following events occurred inDecember 1922:
December 1, 1922 (Friday)
[edit]- At theLausanne ConferenceinSwitzerland,İsmet İnönüofTurkeyinformed the European delegates that his government had decreed that the remaining Greek Christians inEastern Thrace,numbering nearly one million, were banished and that the Greek citizens had two weeks to leave peacefully.[1]
- The1922 Land Codethat guided the regulation of private and public property in the Soviet Union, took effect after being enacted by theAll-Russian Central Executive Committee.
- TheBavariantowns ofPassauandIngolstadtwere fined 50,000 gold marks each by the Allied governments for recent attacks on French and British military officers.[2]
- Monica Cobbbecame the first womansolicitorin the United Kingdom to address a court, speaking at theBirminghamAssizesto prosecute a man for bigamy,The New York Timeswrote the next day, "For the first time in the history of England a woman advocate appeared today in court to plead." Cobb had been admitted to the practice of law on November 17.[3]
December 2, 1922 (Saturday)
[edit]- TheUqair Protocolwas signed at the Saudi fort ofUqair,defining the borders between theSultanate of Nejd(now part of Saudi Arabia) andIraq(at the time a British mandate), as well as between Nejd and theSheikhdom of Kuwait.The result was that Kuwait lost two-thirds of its territory to the Saudis and toIraq.The treaty provided for the creation of two "neutral zones" of desert land for the benefit of the then-nomadicBedouin peoplewho wandered regularly between the two nations. TheSaudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zoneof 2,230 square miles (5,800 km2) existed until 1970 and theSaudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zoneof 2,720 square miles (7,000 km2) until 1982, when the affected nations divided the lands.[4]
- The body of Annie "Ruby" Hendry, a white schoolteacher, was found inPerry, Florida.In the course of searching for her killer, white citizenskilled four black men and burned down buildingsin the black section of town over the next two weeks.
- Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmarkwas sentenced to lifelong exile from Greece for disobeying orders during the disastrousGreco-Turkish War,after pressure on the Greek government from the United Kingdom and other Allied nations to prevent the Prince from being sentenced to a long prison term or execution.[5]
- The Republican caucus of the U.S. Senate voted to drop further pursuit of a bill that would have madelynchinga federal crime, after being unable to stop a filibuster by SenatorLee Slater Overman,a Democrat from North Carolina. The proposed law, drafted by U.S. RepresentativeLeonidas C. Dyer,had overwhelmingly passed in the U.S. House of Representatives.[6]
- Queen's Universitybeat theEdmonton Elks,13 to 1, to win theGrey Cupof Canadian football.
- Avalisecontaining all but one ofErnest Hemingway's unpublished manuscripts was stolen while he Hemingway had stopped at theGare de Lyonrailway station inParis,where his wifeHadley Richardsonhad been preparing to catch a train to Switzerland to join Hemingway, who was on assignment to cover theLausanne Conference.The valise and its contents were never recovered.[7]
- Born:Leo Gordon,American character actor, inBrooklyn,New York (d. 2000)
December 3, 1922 (Sunday)
[edit]- Prince Andrew of Greece and wifePrincess Alice of BattenbergboardedHMSCalypso,a British warship, bringing along their 17-month old son,Phillip,and emigrated to France.[8]Phillip, who would be sent a few years later to live with Alice's mother in the United Kingdom, would grow up to marryPrincess Elizabeth,heir to the British throne, in 1947 and, in 1952, would become the Prince Consort on her accession to the throne as Queen.
- The first radio station inPuerto Rico,WKAQ-AM,began broadcasting.
December 4, 1922 (Monday)
[edit]- U.S. PresidentWarren G. Hardingpresented a federal budget of over three billion U.S. dollars to Congress for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1923.[9]Harding said that the federal deficit would be reduced by more than half from nearly $700 million to less than $300 million ($273,038,712).[10]
- Britain's House of Lords voted overwhelmingly to approve theIrish Free State Constitution Act 1922on its third reading, with the only dissent coming fromLord Carson,who had blocked home rule in 1914 as Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons.[11]
- Died:Hermann Baagøe Storck,83, Danish architect and heraldist
December 5, 1922 (Tuesday)
[edit]- Following the lead of the House of Lords, the British House of Commons approved theIrish Free State Constitution Act 1922,sanctioning the newConstitution of the Irish Free State.The Act and the Constitution were given royal assent that evening at 6 o'clock,[12]formally granting independence to Ireland.[13]
- Royal assent was given to theIrish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922,grantingNorthern Ireland(the six predominantly Protestant counties ofIreland) 30 days (a period referred to in the press as the "Ulstermonth "becauseUlsterwas the region containing six Northern counties) to decide whether to exercise its option to not be included in the Irish Free State.
- The Russian government closed all ofPetrograd's Catholic churches.[14]
- José Sánchez-Guerra y Martínezannounced his resignation asPrime Minister of Spainand that of his cabinet of ministers after nine months in office.[15]
- Convicted American murdererClara Phillips,nicknamed "The Tiger Woman", escaped from the women's section of the Los Angeles County Jail by sawing through the bars and climbing out the window of her cell. She would remain at large for more than four months before being arrested in theHondurasand returned to the United States.[16]
- Born:William Davidson,American businessman, inDetroit,Michigan(d. 2009)
December 6, 1922 (Wednesday)
[edit]- TheIrish Free Statewas established by proclamation of KingGeorge Vof the United Kingdom.[17]Tim Healy,who had been an Irish member of the UK House of Commons, represented the King as the nation'sGovernor-General.At a ceremony in Dublin, the Union Jack was lowered in front of Healy's lodge and the new orange, white and green flag was raised in its place.[18]
- Georges Clemenceauspoke in Washington, D.C., during his American lecture tour and visitedWoodrow Wilsonat his home.[19]
- Born:Lloyd Gomez,American serial killer who murdered 9 homeless men over 12 months in 1950 and 1951; inCaliente, Nevada(executed, 1953)
- Died:Hason Raja,67, IndianBengalimystic poet and songwriter
December 7, 1922 (Thursday)
[edit]- The day after the Irish Free State came into existence, both houses of theParliament of Northern Irelandvoted unanimously to exercise the option to not remain part of the new nation.[20]The six predominantly-Protestant northern counties approved a resolution to remain in a union with Britain, and the UK adopted its present name of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.TheAnglo-Irish Treatyhad included a 30-day option for Northern Ireland to decide whether to be part of the Free State.[21]
- Seán Hales,a member of theDáil Éireann,the lower house of the parliament of the Irish Free State, was shot to death by a member of the Irish Republican Army who had been against the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Another member of parliament,Patrick O'Malley,was wounded in the shooting, which took place as both men were leaving their hotel to attend the session of Parliament.[22]
December 8, 1922 (Friday)
[edit]- After an emergency cabinet meeting in the newly independentIrish Free State,the new government carried out the executions of fourIrish Republican Armyleaders who had led thetakeover of the Four Courtsin Dublin in April. Executed by hanging atMountjoy PrisonwereRory O'Connor,39;Joe McKelvey,24;Liam Mellows,30; andRichard Barrett,32. Irish Free State Justice MinisterKevin O'Higginssigned the order authorizing the death penalty, one day after the IRA assassination of Seán Hales.[23]Ironically, O'Connor had been thebest manat the wedding of O'Higgins 14 months earlier.[24]
- FormerPrime Ministerof SpainManuel García Prieto, Marquis of Alhucemas,formed a government[citation needed]following the resignation of the previous cabinet three days earlier.
- A lynch mob inPerry, Florida,numbering more than 3,000 people, stopped the transport of two African-American prisoners suspected of the December 2 murder of a white teacher. Charley Wright was given a mock trial that evening, pronounced guilty, and thenburned to death by the mob.The other prisoner, Albert Young, was turned over to the custody of the sheriff ofTaylor Countybut taken from jail by a different mob on December 12 and shot to death.
- In one of the worst disasters in the history of the U.S. state ofOregon,about 24 city blocks of the business district inAstoriawere destroyed bya fire that burned under the streets.The town had been constructed on afoundation of wooden pilingsand spread quickly, destroying the town's department stores, hotels, banks and many other businesses and homes.[25]
- Appearing in person at a meeting of both houses of Congress, U.S. PresidentWarren G. Hardingdelivered hisState of the Unionmessage to Congress.[26]"It is four years since theWorld Warended ", Harding said," but the inevitable readjustment of the social and economic order is not more than barely begun. "Harding spoke at length about the country's recent labor strife and recommended the creation of a non-partisan tribunal to replace the current Labor Board. On the matter ofProhibitionhe said, "The day is unlikely to come when the Eighteenth Amendment will be repealed. The fact may as well be recognized and our course adapted accordingly."[27]
- Born:Lucian Freud,painter, in Berlin, Germany (d. 2011)
- Died:Mary Marcy,American socialist (b. 1877)
December 9, 1922 (Saturday)
[edit]- The National Assembly of Poland chose the nation's first President, with Foreign MinisterGabriel Narutowiczreceiving 289 votes andMaurycy Zamoyski227 votes.[28]
- The Second London Conference began, with the purpose of once again talking aboutreparations.British Prime MinisterBonar Lawmade a surprising statement when he said that theBalfour Noteno longer existed for the British government and indicated that Britain would consider canceling France's debt if a new reparations settlement made it possible.[29]
- The American radio stationWJZmade the first broadcast that could be heard across the Atlantic Ocean. Shortly after midnight, with the benefit of an increase in the wattage of the broadcast signal, listeners overseas were able to hear the Star-Spangled Banner, followed by a voice saying WJZ repeatedly, then a greeting from the British consul-general in New York to British listeners. Afterward, at 12:30 in the morning,Vaughn De Leathsang her new hit, "Oliver Twist",commissioned to be played on a phonograph in theaters showing the newly releasedsilent film of the same name.Afterward, a jazz orchestra called "Black and White Boys" played "God Save the King"and a person read aloudthe 23rd Psalmfrom the King James Version of the Bible.[30]
- German physicistErwin Schrödingerdelivered his inaugural lecture at theUniversity of Zürich,contributing to thehistory of quantum theory.[31]
- By royal assent, the office ofGovernor of Northern Irelandwas created as the principal officer and British representative for the six northern counties of Ireland, to assume the powers previously held by theLord Lieutenant of Ireland,[32]whose office had been abolished with the creation of the Irish Free State after having governed the entire island for 750 years.
- Born:Redd Foxx(stage name for John Elroy Sanford), African-American comedian and actor known for the TV situation comedySanford and Son;inSt. Louis(d. 1991)
December 10, 1922 (Sunday)
[edit]- Japan gave up its control ofJiaozhou Bay Territory,which had originally been leased by the German Empire from Imperial China, and seized by Japan in 1914.[33][34]Possession of the bay, located on theShandong PeninsulaatJiaozhou Bayand with a capital atQingdao,reverted to China.
- The 1922Nobel Prizeswere awarded inStockholm.The recipients wereNiels Bohrof Denmark forPhysics,Francis William Astonof the United Kingdom (Chemistry),Archibald Hillof the United Kingdom andOtto Fritz Meyerhofof Germany (Physiology or Medicine),Jacinto Benaventeof Spain (Literature) andFridtjof Nansenof Norway (Peace).[13]
- Died:Clement Wragge,70, English-born Australianmeteorologistwho originated (in 1887) the modern practice of giving people's names to storms.[35]
December 11, 1922 (Monday)
[edit]- The Second London Conference of four Prime Ministers broke up with no agreement in place except to meet again in Paris on January 2.[36]
- British coupleEdith Thompson and Frederick Bywaterswere found guilty of the murder of Edith's husband, Percy Thompson, and sentenced to death. They were both hanged 15 days later.[13]
- Gabriel Narutowiczwas inaugurated as the firstPresidentofPolandamid violent rioting by an estimated 20,000 protesters, blamed on a speech made the day before by GeneralJozef Haller,commander-in-chief of the Army of Poland. According to an Associated Press account, the protesters, "mostly students and school boys, sought to prevent the inaugural ceremony" and "pelted the new President with snowballs" as he was being driven to the National Assembly Chamber. In clashes with police, four protesters were killed, and more than 100 injured, ten of them seriously.[37]After the inauguration, Narutowicz went to his new official residence, theBelweder Palace,where Field MarshalJózef Piłsudski(who had used the title "Naczelnik Państwa", literallyLeader of the Nation) transferred his authority to an elected leader.
- TheIrish Free State Seanad,the Senate (upper house) of Ireland's parliament (theOireachtas) met for its first session and electedLord Glenavyas its first chairman (Cathaoirleach).[38][39]
- Born:
- Dilip Kumar(stage name for Mohammed Yusuf Khan), Indian Hindi cinema ( "Bollywood") film producer and actor; inPeshawar,British India(present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) (d. 2021)
- Maila Nurmi,Finnish actress and television personality; inPetsamo(d. 2008)
- Grace Paley,American short story author; inthe Bronx,New York City(d. 2007)
- Noah Hutchings,American evangelist and radio personality known for the syndicated programYour Watchman On The Wall;inMesser, Oklahoma(d. 2015)
- Died:William G. Henderson,40, American motorcycle manufacturer and inductee into theMotorcycle Hall of Fame,was killed in an accident while testing the latest model from hisAce Motor Corporation,when he collided with an automobile at an intersection inPhiladelphia.[40][41]
December 12, 1922 (Tuesday)
[edit]- TheDuke of Abercorn,an English native and peer in the British House of Lords, became the firstGovernor of Northern Ireland.
- A box of chocolates arrived at theHome Secretary's Office forW.C. Bridgeman.The police found it containedarsenicand suspected the same person who poisoned police commissionerWilliam Horwoodthe previous month.[42]
- A disarmament conference in Moscow among Russia, theBaltic statesand Poland broke up without an agreement.[43]
- TheLabour Partystarted afilibusterthat kept the House of Commons sitting continuously from 3 p.m. until 7 a.m. the next morning. The filibuster was a form of protest against the government for its decision to adjourn Parliament on Friday until the middle of January without addressing Britain's unemployment problem.[44]
- Born:
- Raja Chelliah,Indian economist who co-founded theMadras School of Economicsand reformed nationwide tax policy (d. 2009)
- Christian Dotremont,Belgian painter and poet; inTervuren(d. 1979)
- Edythe Perlick,American baseball player with 851 games in eight seasons in the AAGPBL for theRacine Belles;inChicago(d. 2003)
- Died:John Wanamaker,84, American merchant and philanthropist known primarily for creating the business model for the modern "department store"and founding theWanamaker'schain of outlets. Wanamaker had also served asUnited States Postmaster Generalfrom 1889 to 1893 during the administration of U.S. PresidentBenjamin Harrison.[45][46]
December 13, 1922 (Wednesday)
[edit]- Uruguay's PresidentBaltasar Brumengaged in aduelwith deadly weapons against his political rival,Luis Alberto de Herrera,in front of several hundred witnesses. The combat took place at an airfield about nine miles (15 kilometers) fromMontevideolate in the afternoon. According to an Associated Press report, the two men stood 25 paces apart and fired at each other twice, after their seconds had tried to talk them out of the duel. Whether by intention or accidentally, neither man's bullets struck the other. President Brum challenged Herrera to the duel after Herrera told a newspaper that President Brum had manipulated election results. Under Uruguayan law, dueling was permitted at the time so long as a "tribunal of honor" investigated the truth of the grievances of the challenger.[47]
- TheTranscaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republicwas created as a unified state by the members of a loose federation consisting of the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijani SSR and the Georgian SSR (which included Abkhazia).[48]The new entity would last for only 17 days before becoming a member of the Soviet Union on December 30.
- At least 15 people were fatallyscalded,and 40 injured, in an accident on theHouston East and West Texas Railwayat the depot atHumble, Texas.Houston East passenger train number 28 sideswiped a freight train's locomotive, tearing loose a two-inch diameter steam pipe. The pipe crashed into the window of the car on the train reserved for smokers and sprayed the compartment with its boiling contents.[49]
- The first trial in theHerrin Massacrebegan inMarion, Illinois.[50]
- Irish irregulars tookCarrick-on-Suir.[21]
- Died:Hannes Hafstein,61, Icelandic politician and poet
December 14, 1922 (Thursday)
[edit]- British Prime MinisterBonar Lawwarned the House of Commons that Germany was very near to complete economic collapse.[51]Law said in a speech in the Commons also that the UK could not repay war loans from the United States until Britain was repaid for its loans to the Allies or when Germany made its reparation payments earmarked for Britain.[52]
- The Ministry of Education of Soviet Russia ordered that schoolchildren were to be taught thatSanta Clausandangelswere myths.[53]The protocol was part of a protocol pushed by the Russian Communist Party described by them as "a battle against all religious holiday-making" and was premised on the idea that "holidays leave a psychologically bad impression on children due to decorations and legends of 'decadent religions.'"[54]
- Born:
- Nikolay Basov,Soviet Russian physicist and 1964 Nobel laureate for his work inquantum electronics;inUsman,Soviet Russia(d. 2001)
- Gasret Aliev,Soviet soldier awarded the titleHero of the Soviet Unionfor gallantry in the Battle of the Dnieper in World War II; inKhnov,Gorskaya ASSR,Soviet Russia (d. 1981)
- Isadore S. Jachman,German-born Jewish U.S. Army staff sergeant awarded theMedal of Honorfor gallantry in theBattle of the Bulgein World War II in defending the Belgian village ofFlamiergefrom German Army attack; inBerlin(killed in action, 1945)
December 15, 1922 (Friday)
[edit]- Vladimir Leninhad a secondstroke.[55]
December 16, 1922 (Saturday)
[edit]- Gabriel Narutowicz,the first President of Poland, wasshot and killedafter just five days in office.[56]President Nartuowicz was attending an exhibition at theZachęta,Poland's national art gallery, when he was approached by an artist,Eligiusz Niewiadomski,who fired three shots into the President's back at close range. Narutowicz died almost instantly after being shot. "Narutowicz, Gabriel (1865-1922)", inFamous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia,by Michael Newton (ABC-CLIO, 2014) pp.355-357
- Electionswere held for the 75-seat Australian House of Representatives. The incumbentNationalist Party,led by Prime MinisterBilly Hughesand holding 37 seats before the vote, lost 11 seats, whileMatthew Charlton'sAustralian Labor Partygained three for a 29 to 26 edge over the Nationalists. Nevertheless, the Nationalists were able to maintain their coalition withEarle Page'sCountry Partywith 40 seats overall, and Hughes continued as Prime Minister until a break with Page a few months later.
- TheLadies Ontario Hockey Association,the first majorice hockeyleague for women, was founded inLondon, Ontario,with 20 teams.[57]
- Born:Earl F. Ziemke,American military historian, inMilwaukee,Wisconsin(d. 2007)
December 17, 1922 (Sunday)
[edit]- The last British troops leftDublinand the last British military installation, theMarlborough Barracks,was formally handed over to theIrish National Army,which would later rename it the McKee Barracks.[58]
- Józef Piłsudskiwas made Chief of thePolish General Staffto replaceWładysław Sikorski(who became Prime Minister of Poland) as well as acting president after the assassination of Narutowicz.[59]
- Jenks Harris, an actor with Universal Studios, led a gang of five other people and robbed the local bank ofPiru, Californiaof $11,000. Harris told the police that he had gotten the idea while he was playing a minor part in a Universal production that had been filmed near Piru.[60]
- Born:Alan Voorhees,transportation engineer and urban planner, inHighland Park, New Jersey(d. 2005)
December 18, 1922 (Monday)
[edit]- Five men hijacked an armored caroutside of theUnited States MintinDenver,Colorado,taking more than $200,000 worth of newly printed five-dollar bills (equivalent to $337,700,000 a century later[61]that were being loaded for shipment within the Denver federal reserve district.[62]During the gunbattle during the robbery, one of the armed guards on the armored car, Charles Linton[63]was killed, while a gang member, Nicholas Trainor, was mortally wounded.[64]The gang escaped only 90 seconds after the raid had begun. Trainor's body was left inside the getaway car used in the robbery and abandoned in a local garage. Roughly $80,000 of the original $200,000 stolen would be located in February in Minnesota.
- At least 10 trade union members were killed by Fascistsin the Italian city ofTurinthe day after the murder of two Fascist Party members. One of the men killed,Pietro Ferrero,was tied up and then dragged behind a truck.[65][66]
- Thede Bothezat helicopter,nicknamed "The Flying Octopus" because of its four massive rotors, made its first flight, with trials taking place at McCook Field inDayton, Ohio.[67]Designed by Ivan Jerome andGeorge de Bothezatunder contract with the United States Army, the helicopter set records for duration of airtime (2 minutes and 45 seconds) and altitude (30 feet (9.1 m)) but was difficult to control and incapable of proceeding into the wind.[68]
- For the first time in more than 123 years, an Irish parliament passed legislation, as theSeanadfollowed the lead of theDail Eirannin approving the "Adaptation of Enactments Bill".[69]
- Born:
- Carlos Altamirano,Chilean socialist politician, General Secretary of the Socialist Party, in Santiago (d. 2019)[70]
- Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian,Iranian artist, inQazvin;the Monir Museum in Tehran is named in her honor (d. 2019)
- Jack Brooks,U.S. Congressman for Texas for 42 consecutive years from 1953 to 1995; inCrowley, Louisiana(d. 2012)
- Larry D. Mann,Canadian character actor on television and film; inToronto(d. 2014)
December 19, 1922 (Tuesday)
[edit]- InDublin,seven men were executed, after being arrested by Free Irish State troops less than a week earlier, on December 13, after being convicted of sabotaging trains inCounty Kildare.[71]
- Morehouse Parish, Louisianawas put undermartial lawbyGovernorJohn M. Parkerdue to threats from theKu Klux Klan.[72][73]
- Died:
- Friedrich Delitzsch,72, German historian and expert on the ancient empire ofAssyriaand other nations inMesopotamia.[74]
- Lot Flannery,86, Irish-born American sculptor known for designing the first and oldestAbraham Lincoln statue(in 1868) of U.S. PresidentAbraham Lincoln.
- Clementina Black,69, British feminist and novelist
December 20, 1922 (Wednesday)
[edit]- SirPercy Cox,the British Administrator for the Mandate of Iraq, agreed to a joint Anglo-Iraqi declaration to create a government for theKurdish peopleas long as the rival Kurdish leaders could create a constitution and agree on boundaries for a Kurdish state.[75]SheikhMahmud Barzanji,who had been named by Cox as governor of southern Kurdistan, rejected the proposal to work with the British and declared himself the reigning monarch of a Kingdom of Kurdistan, allied with Turkey against the British, bringing an end to any prospect of an independent Kurdish nation.
- Poland's National Assembly voted for a new presidentto replaceGabriel Narutowicz,who had been assassinated six days earlier.Stanisław Wojciechowski,the former Minister of the Interior, received 298 votes to 221 forKazimierz Morawski.[76]
- Will H. Hays,director of theMotion Picture Producers and Distributors of America,lifted the ban against employment of actorRoscoe "Fatty" Arbuckleand allowed him to make films again.[77]
- At the age of seven,Jagaddipendra Narayanbecame the new Maharaja of the Indian princely state ofCooch Beharupon the death of his fatherJitendra Narayan.[78]While the princely states of India would be abolished in 1949, with Cooch Behar becoming part of the state ofWest Bengal,Jagaddipendra would continue to have the maharaja title and receive a pension up until his death in 1970.
- The playAntigonebyJean Cocteauwith incidental music byArthur Honeggerpremiered in Paris.[79][80]
- Born:
- Agnes Nixon,American television writer and producer who created numerous successfulsoap operas,includingOne Life to LiveandAll My Children;as Agnes Eckhardt inChicago(d. 2016)
- Geoff Mack(stage name for Albert Geoffrey McElhinney), Australian songwriter and singer who authored the song "I've Been Everywhere"in 1959 as a poetically arranged list of towns in Australia; inSurrey Hills, Victoria(d. 2017). Mack later rewrote the song for Western Hemisphere locations (in 1962) and the form has been repeated in other adaptations.
- Charita Bauer,American soap opera actress known for the soap operaGuiding Light;inNewark, New Jersey(d. 1985)
- J. R. Salamanca,American novelist; inSt. Petersburg, Florida(d. 2013)
- Died:Séamus Dwyer,36, former member of the Irish Parliament who had voted in favor of the Anglo-Irish Treaty but then lost his bid for re-election, was assassinated at his Dublin liquor store by a gunman who fired two shots at him. The killing came the day after the execution by the Irish Free State forces of seven IRA members.[81]Bobby Bonfield, who committed the murder, was later killed by Free State forces in reprisal.[82]
December 21, 1922 (Thursday)
[edit]- Aleksandras Stulginskiswas formally elected asPresident of Lithuaniaby the Baltic nation's Constituent Assembly, after having served as the Assembly's speaker and acting president of Lithuania since 1920.
- Pierce Butlerwas confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the newest associate justice of theU.S. Supreme Court,approved 61 to 8 after a 16-day period of hearings.[83]Voting against Butler were five Democrats and three Republicans. With 61 of 69 voting Senators approving, the two-thirds majority was easily met, while another 29 U.S. Senators abstained from voting.
- TheInstitution of Chemical Engineers(IChemE) was incorporated in the United Kingdom as a non-profit organization.[84]Almost 100 years later, it would have a membership of 33,000 engineers worldwide.[85]
- Aleen Custbecame the first woman to be licensed as a veterinary surgeon in the United Kingdom. She had already been in practice for 20 years at the time of her acceptance.[86]
- Born:
- Charles Joseph Fletcher,American aviation inventor who patented the "Glidemobile", one of the firsthovercraftvehicles capable of riding a cushion of air above water. (d. 2011)
- Paul Winchell(stage name for Paul Wilchinsky), American ventriloquist (known for his dummy, "Jerry Mahoney" ) and comedian; in New York City (d. 2005)
- Itubwa Amram,Nauruan pastor who served as the firstSpeaker of the Parliament of Nauru;inNauru(d. 1989)
- Died:Sarah Elizabeth Doyle,92, American educator who led the successful campaign (in 1891) for women to be admitted as students atBrown University,and who co-founded theRhode Island School of Design.
December 22, 1922 (Friday)
[edit]- TheBelgium–Luxembourg Economic Union(Belgisch-Luxemburgse Economische Unie or BLEU) was established when Luxembourg's Chamber of Deputies voted, 27 to 13, to ratify the 1921 treaty between the neighboring European nations ofBelgiumandLuxembourg,setting their currencies (theBelgian francand theLuxembourg franc) at a fixed ratio and dropping tariffs on trade between them.[87]The economic union would be the first step toward an economic union of the nations of Europe, with Belgium and Luxembourg forming a cooperative union with the Netherlands (Benelux) in 1944, followed by the Benelux nations agreeing with France, Italy and West Germany to create theEuropean Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) in 1951, theEuropean Economic Community(EEC) in 1957, and theEuropean Unionin 1993, and as one author would note later, "No region in the world has been so successful in creating voluntary economic unions of sovereign states as western Europe.[88]
- The 275-year-oldCathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de QuébecinQuebec Cityin Canada was gutted by an early morning fire.[89]The building had been constructed in1647and contained irreplaceable manuscripts and a 17th-century painting byAnthony van Dyckof theCrucifixion of Jesus.[90]
- The bodies of two men who had been kidnapped and murdered by theKu Klux KlaninMer Rouge, Louisianaon August 24 were found La Fourche Lake.[72][91]Fillmore W. Daniels and Thomas F. Richards were among five men who had been taken by Klansmen on August 24 in front of hundreds of people who were attending a barbecue dinner. W. C. Andrews, J. L. Daniels and C. D. Davenport were beaten severely and then released near the town ofCollinston.[92]
- Jean Cocteaucreated an adaptation of Sophocles' Antigone at Théâtre de l'Atelier in Paris.[citation needed]
- Died:Abdullah Muhammad Shah II,80,Sultan of Perak(part of theFederated Malay Statessince 1874.
December 23, 1922 (Saturday)
[edit]- Pope Pius XIpromulgated his first encyclical,Ubi arcano Dei consilio.[93]
- The 10thAll-Russian Congress of Sovietsopened at the Grand Opera House in Moscow with more than 3,000 legislators, 90 percent of whom were Communist Party members, in order to give approval of the latest planning programs of the Russian government.[94]On the agenda was a proposal from the Ukraine Communist Party for a treaty of union of the Communist nations.[95]
- Vladimir Lenin began dictating his notes expressing his views on the party leadership and the matter of who should succeed him. He expressed reservations about all the party leaders, but was particularly critical ofJoseph Stalin.[55]
- Born:Micheline Ostermeyer,athlete and concert pianist, inRang-du-Fliers,France (d. 2001)
- Died:Bernard Kirk,22, American college football player and star end for the University of Michigan, died six days after a December 17 auto accident.[96]
December 24, 1922 (Sunday)
[edit]- TheWorkers Party of Americaopened its secondparty congressat the Labor Temple on East 84th Street in New York, with a little more than 70 delegates in attendance.[97][98]
- Born:
- Ava Gardner,American film actress; inSmithfield, North Carolina(d. 1990)
- Jonas Mekas,Lithuanian-born American avant-garde cinema producer; inSemeniškiai(d. 2019)
December 25, 1922 (Monday)
[edit]- Delegates of theWorkers Party of America,a predecessor to the Communist Party USA, declared for the "dictatorship of the proletariatand the supplanting of the existing capitalist government with a soviet government ", but abandoned agitating for armed insurrection in order to avoid being prosecuted by the American government.[99][100]
- Born:Hiroshi Ohshita,Japanese baseball outfielder with 301 career home runs at 1,226 RBIs, later elected to theJapanese Baseball Hall of Fame;inKobe(d. 1979)
- Died:Joseph MacDonagh,39, Irish independence activist who had recently been re-elected to the Irish Free State parliament while in prison, died ofperitonitistwo days after emergency surgery for a ruptured appendix.[101]
December 26, 1922 (Tuesday)
[edit]- By a vote of 3 to 1 theAllied Reparations Committeedeclared Germany to be in voluntary default on itsWorld War I reparationsdue to a delayed timber delivery to France. Great Britain cast the only dissenting vote.[4][102][103]
- Italy's PremierBenito Mussoliniordered a new design for Italian coinage that would bear thefasces.[104]
December 27, 1922 (Wednesday)
[edit]- The Japanese aircraft carrierHoshowas commissioned, the first ship designed from the beginning to be a carrier.[79]
- The science fiction filmThe Man from M.A.R.S.,notable for using "Teleview",an early 3-D process, was released in theaters under the titleM.A.R.S..A preview showing of the film had been given to the press on October 13.
- "For the first time in 3,277 years,"[105]objects were taken out of theTomb of Tutankhamunas employees of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art and the government of Egypt brought out a stretcher holding an intricately-carved 14 "x 12" x 12 "box containing objects that had been buried with the boy pharaoh. Pictures of the contents were taken by EgyptologistHarry Burtonbegan a 10-year project in photographing the Tomb of Tutankhamun and the individual items excavated from within.[106]
- At a press conference inChicago,structural engineerJoseph Straussunveiled his plans for what would be the world's longest bridge, a span over the "Golden Gate",thestraitbetweenSan Francisco Bayand thePacific Ocean."If and when erected,"The New York Timesnoted, "the structure will be the greatest in point of magnitude and span in the world."[107]Construction would begin ten years later and the bridge would open in 1937.
December 28, 1922 (Thursday)
[edit]- Delegates from the Communist Party-led governments of theRussian SFSR,Transcaucasian SFSR,Ukrainian SSRand theByelorussian SSRmet inMoscowto approve a political union of the four independent republics as a larger nation.[108]
- A letter from President Harding to SenatorHenry Cabot Lodgewas read in the Senate. In the message Harding stated that the United States would not call a world economic conference unless European nations accepted that cancellation of war debts owed to America would not be considered.[109]
- The 745 feet (227 m)-longOregon City Bridgeopened for traffic over theWillamette RiverbetweenOregon CityandWest Linn.
- Born:
- Stan Lee,comic book creator and president ofMarvel Comics;as Stanley Martin Lieber, in New York City (d. 2018)
- Ramapada Chowdhury,IndianBengali languagenovelist and screenwriter; inKharagpur(d. 2018)
December 29, 1922 (Friday)
[edit]- TheCouncil of People's Commissarsre-elected almost all members of the ruling All-Russian Executive Committee ", but filled four positions with new members, includingJoseph Stalinas Minister of Nationalities,Lev Kamenevas Third Vice President andGrigory Sokolnikovas Minister of Finance.[110]Upon the formation of the Soviet Union the next day, the Council co-ordinated the activities of the member republics.
- The recently published novelUlysses,written byJames Joyce,was banned from sale within the United Kingdom by order of theDirector of Public Prosecutions,Archibald Bodkin.
- Zhang Shaozeng(Chang Shao-ts'eng) was confirmed by the Senate of theRepublic of Chinato become the new Prime Minister, after having been nominated on December 19 by PresidentLi Yuanhong.[111]
- France's National Board of Scientific and Industrial Research and Inventions (ORNI,Office national des recherches scientifiques et industrielles et des inventions), a predecessor to theCentre national de la recherche scientifique,was founded byJules-Louis Breton.
- Germany's floating debt passed one trillionmarks.[112]Rudolph Havenstein, the President of the Reichsbank, announced that the national bank had granted credit in the amount one trillion in the last three months of the year "to meet the necessities of German industry."[113]The announcement came after Germany's hyperinflation had been worsened by the printing by the mint of over 100 billion marks in a single week earlier in the month.[114]
- Born:
- William Gaddis,American novelist known forThe RecognitionsandJ R;in New York City (d. 1998)
- Heinz Marquardt,German Luftwaffe fighter ace credited with 121 shootdowns of enemy aircraft during World War II; inBraunsberg(d. 2003)
December 30, 1922 (Saturday)
[edit]- TheUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics(referred to alternatively as the USSR or the Soviet Union) was created as a new nation with the ratification by the 2,215 delegates of theFirst All-Union Congress of Sovietsof theTreaty of Creationand theDeclaration of Creation.[115]The Congress, based on proportional representation, was composed of 1,727 persons from theRussian SFSR,364 from theUkrainian SSR,91 from theTranscaucasian SSR(consisting of the SSRs of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia), and 33 from theByelorussian SSR.[116]The delegates, who gathered at the Bolshoi Theater inMoscow,[117]elected afour-member Central Executive Committeeto act on behalf of the nation between sessions of the Congress of Soviets, consisting ofMikhail Kalinin(Russia), who was elected chairman;Grigory Petrovsky(Ukraine);Nariman Narimanov(of Azerbaijan, for the Transcaucasian SSR);andAlexander Chervyakov(Byelorussia, later Belarus).[118]The USSR would exist for almost 69 years until being formally dissolved on December 26, 1991.[119]
- Born:
- Boes Boestami,Indonesian comedian and journalist; inBatavia, Dutch East Indies(nowJakarta) (d. 1970)
- Rosalind Cartwright,American psychologist who wrote numerous books on the science of REM sleep and dreaming; inNew York City(d. 2021)
- Magín Díaz,Colombian composer and musician; inMahates(d. 2017)
December 31, 1922 (Sunday)
[edit]- France's Prime MinisterRaymond Poincarérejected a proposal byGermany's ChancellorWilhelm Cunofor a mutualnon-aggression pactthat would have replaced French troops in theoccupied Rhineland(along Germany's border with France) with troops from a world power that had no active interests in the Rhineland. In addition, under Cuno's proposal, neither nation would go to war "for a generation" without a popular referendum to endorse fighting. "To my regret, France has seen fit to reject our proposal," Cuno said in a speech at theHamburg Stock Exchange.[120][121]
- TheAll India Kshatriya Society,chaired byRaja Nahar Singh,approved a policy for a "ritual purification"forMuslim Rajputsto convert fromIslamtoHinduism.The policy applied to persons whose ancestors had been Hindus forcibly converted to Islam.[122]
- TheNine-Power Treaty,signed in Washington, D.C., on February 6 by nine nations (Japan, Great Britain, the United States, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and theRepublic of China) with written affirmations of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China, went into effect pending ratification by all the signatories.[123]
- All remainingforeign post offices in China,which had been allowed to issue their own postage stamps for mail to be sent between China and the issuing nation, were closed in accordance with the Nine-Power Treaty.[124]
- U.S. Supreme Court JusticeMahlon Pitney,having suffered a stroke, retired from the bench 10 days after his colleague, Justice William R. Day, had been replaced by Pierce Butler. U.S. President Harding filled the second vacancy on the Court by nominatingEdward Terry Sanford,who would be confirmed by the U.S. Senate shortly afterward.
References
[edit]- ^"Turks Proclaim Banishment Edict to 1,000,000 Greeks— Ismet, in Lausanne Conference, Gives Those Remaining in Turkey Two Weeks Grace",The New York Times,December 2, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Allies Penalize Bavarian Towns $125,000 Apiece".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 2, 1922. p. 3.
- ^"Woman Lawyer Pleads Case For First Time in England",The New York Times,December 2, 1922, p. 1
- ^ab"Chronology 1922".indiana.edu.2002. Archived fromthe originalon April 2, 2020.RetrievedJune 15,2015.
- ^"Greek Rebels Exile Prince".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 3, 1922. p. 1.
- ^"Filibuster Kills Anti-Lynching Bill",The New York Times,December 3, 1922, p. 1
- ^James Mellow,Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences(Houghton Mifflin, 1992) p. 208
- ^"Princess is Glad as Greeks Order Andrew's Exile".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 4, 1922. p. 3.
- ^"Second Harding Budget Calls For $3,078,940,331".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 5, 1922. p. 3.
- ^"President Offers a Reduced Budget; Sees 1924 Surplus",The New York Times,December 5, 1922, p. 1
- ^"British Turn Over Ireland to Irish, Ending Old Fight",The New York Times,December 5, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Irish Free State Gets King's Assent",The New York Times,December 6, 1922, p. 1
- ^abcMercer, Derrik (1989).Chronicle of the 20th Century.London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 301.ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^Lindsey, David Michael (2000).The Woman and the Dragon: Apparitions of Mary.Pelican Publishing Company. p. 138.ISBN978-1-4556-1437-0.
- ^"Spanish Cabinet Out in Morocco Flurry— Deputies in Uproar Over Attempt to Place Blame for Reverses Last Year",The New York Times,December 6, 1922, p. 12
- ^"Clara Phillips Escapes From Jail; Husband Is Held",The New York Times,December 6, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Irish Free State Gets King's Assent; To Install Healy",The New York Times,December 6, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Free State Begins in Business Fashion— Healy and Dail Members Take Oath, Elect Speaker and Hear Senate Nominations; TriColor Flies Officially",The New York Times,December 7, 1922, p. 6
- ^"Tiger Cheered as He Chides U. S. at Capital".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 7, 1922. pp. 1–2.
- ^"Ulster Contracts out of Irish Free State— Craig Bears Address to the King After Unanimous Vote in Northern Parliament",The New York Times,December 8, 1922, p. 1
- ^ab"December 1922".Dublin City University.Archived fromthe originalon June 12, 2011.RetrievedJune 12,2011.
- ^"Dail Deputy Killed by Rebels in Dublin; Another Is Wounded— Sean Hales is Shot Dead and Deputy Speaker O'Mallie is Hit on Way to Session",The New York Times,December 8, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Four Rebel Leaders Executed in Dublin for Death of Hales— Free State Hangs O'Connor, Mellowes, McKelvey and Barrett as Reprisal",The New York Times,December 9, 1922, p. 1
- ^Michael Hopkinson,Green Against Green: The Irish Civil War(Gill Books, 2004) p. 191
- ^"Infernos leave historic marks on Astoria's waterfront",by John Terry,The Oregonian(Portland, Oregon), December 25, 2010
- ^"Harding Message Hints at Peace Move; Congress Hears Address",The New York Times,December 9, 1922, p. 1
- ^Peters, Gerbhard; Woolley, John T."Second Annual Message – December 8, 1922".The American Presidency Project.RetrievedJune 15,2015.
- ^"Polish Assembly Elects Narutowicz; The President-electe is a Radical and Minister of Foreign Affairs",The New York Times,December 10, 1922, p. 3
- ^"Offer to Annul French Debt".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 10, 1922. p. 1.
- ^"Vaughn De Leath ('The Original Radio Girl')", by T. J. Dunham, inThe Wireless Agemagazine (February 1923) p. 27
- ^J. E. Baggott; Jim Baggott (24 February 2011).The Quantum Story: A History in 40 Moments.OUP Oxford. p. 61.ISBN978-0-19-956684-6.
- ^"House of Lords, Northern Ireland Bill, Memorandum by the Northern Ireland Office".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-06-05.
- ^"Japanese Restore Shantung to China; Transfer of Territory Taken From Germans Is Carried Out With Little Ceremony",The New York Times,December 11, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Shantung Again in China's Hands".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 11, 1922. p. 1.
- ^"What's in a Name?",by Ray Smith,Weather and Climatemagazine (October 1990), pp. 24-26
- ^Steele, John (December 12, 1922). "Premiers Pave Way for French to Seize Ruhr".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 3.
- ^"Riot at Polish President's Inauguration; Four Persons Killed, More Than 100 Injured",The New York Times,December 12, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Prelude".Seanad Éireann debates.11 December 1922. pp. Vol.1 No.1 p.1 c.1.Retrieved23 December2013.
- ^"Free State Senate Meets to Organize— Members Are Sworn In and Governor Healy Will AddressParliament Today",The New York Times,December 12, 1922, p. 2
- ^"Inventor Is Killed in Auto Crash",Philadelphia Inquirer,December 12, 1922, p. 4
- ^Erwin Tragatsch,The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Motorcycles(Quantum Publishing, 2000) p. 560
- ^"British Home Secretary Gets Box of Candy; Postmark Same as on Box Sent to Horwood",The New York Times,December 15, 1922, p. 1 ( "LONDON, Dec. 14.—Under mysterious circumstances a package of candy was sent on Tuesday to the Home Secretary, W.C. Bridgeman..." )
- ^Seldes, George (December 13, 1922). "Russia Rejects Ultimatum by Baltic States".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 12.
- ^Steele, John (December 14, 1922). "Laborites Rob Parliament of Night's Sleep".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 2.
- ^"John Wanamaker Dies at Age of 84 From Heart Attack",The New York Times,December 13, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Wanamaker Put New Ideas in Trade— One of the 'Merchant Princes' Who Recast Retail Merchandising Methods",The New York Times,December 13, 1922, p. 12
- ^"Uruguay President in Duel Hundreds See— Cabinet Officers, Diplomats and Others Witness Bloodless Exchange With Dr. Herrera",The New York Times,December 14, 1922, p. 3
- ^"Legal History, Armenia", by L. Schultz, inEncyclopedia of Soviet Law,ed. by F.J.M. Feldbrugge (Springer, 1985) p.456
- ^"15 Are Killed, 40 Hurt in Texas Rail Wreck— Many Will Die From Injuries on East & West Texas Line Near Humble",The New York Times,December 14, 1922, p. 3
- ^Kinsley, Philip (December 14, 1922). ""Justification" and Alibis as Herrin Defense ".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 1.
- ^"Germany Very near Complete Collapse – Law".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.December 14, 1922. p. 1.
- ^"Bonar Law Says Britain Cannot Pay Us until the Allies or Germany Pay Her",The New York Times,December 15, 1922, p. 1
- ^Seldes, George(December 15, 1922). "Soviet Bans Santa Claus and Angels".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 1.
- ^"Russian Communists Abolish Santa Claus— Launch a Systematic Program Directed Against Observance of All Religious Holidays",The New York Times,December 15, 1922, p. 4
- ^abRamirez-Faria, Carlos (2007).Concise Encyclopeida Of World History.Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 622.ISBN978-81-269-0775-5.
- ^"Poland's President Assassinated After Two Days in Office— Insane Artist Shoots Narutowicz Three Times at Reception in Opening Gallery Exhibition",The New York Times,December 17, 1922, p. 1
- ^M. Ann Hall,Immodest and Sensational: 150 Years of Canadian Women in Sport(James Lorimer & Company, 2008) p. 40
- ^"British Troops Go; Dublin Celebrates— Thousands Line Streets and Crowd Quays as Last Battalions Leave for England",The New York Times,December 18, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Pilsudski Back in Saddle; Peril to Poland Fades".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 18, 1922. p. 5.
- ^""Six Taken In Bandit Raid; Piru Robbery Confessed by Captives ",Los Angeles Times,December 20, 1922, p. II-1
- ^The Inflation Calculator
- ^"Bandits Rob Truck Before Denver Mint; Flee With $200,000",The New York Times,December 19, 1922, p. 1
- ^ODMP memorial for Special Officer Charles Linton
- ^"Masked Bandit Holds Up U. S. Mint, Escapes with $200,000 in Cash; Boro Thugs Get Bank's $22,000".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.December 18, 1922. p. 1.
- ^"10 Killed in Fascisti Reprisals in Turin; Buildings Set Afire".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.December 19, 1922. p. 1.
- ^"Ten Slain in Turin in Fascisti Riots",The New York Times,December 20, 1922, p. 2
- ^"The de Bothezat Helicopter",Flightmagazine, March 1, 1923, p. 125
- ^Paul Marcel Lambermont,Helicopters and Autogyros of the World(Cassell, 1958)
- ^"First Act Is Passed by Irish Parliament",The New York Times,December 19, 1922, p. 13
- ^"Muere a los 96 años Carlos Altamirano, figura histórica del socialismo chileno - La Tercera".latercera.Retrieved2024-08-20.
- ^"7 Train Wreckers Executed in Dublin",The New York Times,December 20, 1922, p. 1
- ^abAlexander, Charles C. (1965).The Ku Klux Klan in the Southwest.University of Kentucky Press. pp.71–72.
- ^"Louisiana Troopas Are Sent to Guard Hearings On Kidnapping of 5 Citizens by Hooded Men",The New York Times,December 20, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Prof. Delitzsch Dead, Famous Assyriologist; Author of" Babel and Bible, "Which Once Created a Sensation, Dies at 72 Years",The New York Times,December 24, 1922, p. 17
- ^Kevin McKierman,The Kurds(St. Martin's Press, 2006) p. 32
- ^"Moderate Is Chosen Poland's President",The New York Times,December 21, 1922, p. 11
- ^Doherty, Edward (December 21, 1922). "Santa Hays Puts Movie Pardon on Fatty's Stocking".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 1.
- ^"Cooch Behar, Indian Ruler, Dies at 36",The New York Times,December 21, 1922, p. 14
- ^ab"1922".Music And History.Archived fromthe originalon August 28, 2012.RetrievedJune 15,2015.
- ^"Tageseinträge für 20. Dezember 1922".chroniknet.RetrievedJune 15,2015.
- ^"Murdered in His Shop; Shocking Crime at Rathmines",The Irish Times(Dublin), December 21, 1922
- ^"Who was Seamus Dwyer?", by Michael McKenna,The Irish Story
- ^"Butler Confirmed by Senate, 61 to 8",The New York Times,December 22, 1922, p. 11
- ^"The Institution of Chemical Engineers: Its Origin, Progress and Aims",Chemical Age(August 25, 1923) p. 200
- ^"Annual Review 2020", icheme.org, April 2021
- ^"Cust, Aleen Isabel (1868–1937)", by Sherwin A. Hall,Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(Oxford University Press, 2015)
- ^"Belgium and Luxembourg - Convention for the establishment of an Economic Union between the two countries, signed at Brussels, July 25, 1921 [1922] LNTSer 58; 9 LNTS 223".worldlii.org.
- ^Western Europe 2019-2020,ed. by Wayne C. Thompson (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers) pp.5-6
- ^"Flames Destroy Quebec Church of Notre Dame".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 22, 1922. p. 1.
- ^"Quebec Cathedral Destroyed by Fire— Building Dating From 1647 Was Valued at $1,000,000—Priceless Archives Gone",The New York Times,December 23, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Explosion Reveals Wire-bound Bodies of Supposed Ku Klux Victims in Lake; Louisiana Governor Sends More Troops",The New York Times,December 23, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Hundreds Saw Two Men Kidnapped; Road Blocked by Hooded Men Who Seized Richards and Daniels Last August",The New York Times,December 23, 1922, p. 2
- ^"Pope to Announce Program In an Encyclical Today",The New York Times,December 23, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Soviet Congress Sits in Moscow— All-Russian Gathering, 90 Per Cent Communist, Reviews 1922 Developments",The New York Times,December 24, 1922, p. 12
- ^"Plan to Unify Soviet Republics",The New York Times,December 24, 1922, p. 12
- ^"Kirk Dies from Injury— Michigan University Star Football Player Victim of Auto Crash",The New York Times,December 24, 1922, p. 14
- ^Draper, Theodore (2003).The Roots of American Communism.New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p.389.ISBN978-1-4128-3880-1.
- ^"Lenin Order Starts Labor Party Here— Reds' Convention Resolves on Workers' Body Affiliated With Moscow",The New York Times,December 25, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Down with U. S., Up With Soviet! New Party Cries".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 26, 1922. p. 12.
- ^"Workers Party Out for a Proletariat Dictatorship Here— Declares For Soviet Government in Program of Principles Adopted by Delegates",The New York Times,December 26, 1922, p. 1
- ^"MacDonagh, Joseph".Dictionary of Irish Biography.Retrieved8 January2022.
- ^"Germany Held in Default on Reparations".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 27, 1922. p. 3.
- ^"Germany Declared in Willful Default; Britain Overruled in Reparation Vote on Question of Wood Deliveries in 1922",The New York Times,December 27, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Mussolini Orders New Coinage for Italy".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.December 26, 1922. p. 3.
- ^"Treasure Removed from Luxor Tomb",The New York Times,December 28, 1922, p. 4
- ^H. V. F. Winstone,Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun(Barzan Press, 2006) p. 173
- ^"Plan Golden Gate Bridge, To Be World's Biggest Span",The New York Times,December 28, 1922, p. 17
- ^Richard Sakwa,The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991(Routledge, 1999) pp. 140–143
- ^"Harding Gives U.S. Conditions on World Meet".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 29, 1922. p. 1.
- ^"Soviet Cabinet Complete; Changes Since Last January Make Sokonikoff Finance Minister",The New York Times,January 1, 1923, p. 2
- ^"Approves China's Premier— Peking Senate Supports Appointment of Militarist Nominee",The New York Times,December 30, 1922, p. 6
- ^"Germany's Debt Hits Trillion in Paper Marks".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 30, 1922. p. 2.
- ^"Marks Exceed a Trillion— Paper Circulation is Equaled by Reichsbank Credits",The New York Times,December 30, 1922, p. 3
- ^"Trillion Paper Marks in Germany by Year End; Presses Printed 110,300,000,000 Last Week",The New York Times,December 7, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Union of Soviet States Formed— Russia and Allied States Consolidate, With Moscow as Capital", Associated Press report inMinneapolis Star Tribune,December 31, 1922, p. 1
- ^"Union of Soviets Becomes Reality— Congress Acts to Centralize Government Affairs in Moscow",Washington (DC) Evening Star,December 31, 1922, p. 4
- ^Stephen Kotkin,Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928(Penguin Books, 2014) p. 485
- ^David R. Marples,Russia in the Twentieth Century: The Quest for Stability(Taylor & Francis, 2010) p. 60
- ^Bert van Selm,The Economics of Soviet Breakup(Taylor & Francis, 2012)
- ^"France Rejects Germans' Offer of Nonwar Pact".Chicago Daily Tribune.January 1, 1923. p. 5.
- ^"German Offer of a Non-War Compact Rejected by France, Cuno Announces— Suggested Rhine Trustee; Germany Proposed Neutral Guardian of New Compact",The New York Times,January 1, 1923, p. 1
- ^Swami Sraddhananda,Hindu Sangathan: Saviour of the Dying Race(Shraddhananda, 1926) pp. 119–121
- ^Edmund Jan Osmańczyk and Anthony Mango, eds.,Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements,3rd edition (Taylor & Francis, 2003), p. 2677
- ^Catalogue de Timbres-Poste,Tome 1 (Éditions Yvert & Tellier, 2007)