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Demchok sector

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Demchok sector is located in Kashmir
Demchok sector
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Demchok relative to Kashmir
Demchok sector is located in Tibet
Demchok sector
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Demchok relative to Tibet
Parigas district
Simplified ChineseBaThêmTưKhu vực
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBālǐjiāsī dìqū

TheDemchok sector[a]is a disputed area named after the villages ofDemchok in LadakhandDemchok in Tibet,situated near the confluence of theCharding NullahandIndus River.It is a part of the greaterSino-Indian border disputebetween China and India. Both China and India claim the disputed region, with aLine of Actual Controlbetween the two nations situated along the Charding Nullah.[b]

The Charding Nullah was mentioned by the name "Lhari stream" in a treaty between theKingdom of Ladakhand theGanden Phodranggovernment ofTibetin 1684 and stated as the boundary between the two regions. British surveys placed the border in 1847 between theprincely state of Jammu and KashmirandQing Tibeton the stream, while British maps from 1868 onwards placed the border downstream and west ofDemchok.After independence in 1947, India claimed the southern watershed of the river (roughly 3 miles southeast of Demchok) as its boundary, which has been contested by the People's Republic of China whose claims coincide with the British maps. The two countries foughta brief war in 1962,after which the Demchok region has remained divided between the two nations across aLine of Actual Control.

Geography

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The Demchok sector with China's claim line in the west and India's claim line in the east. TheLine of Actual Control,shown in bold, starting fromCharding Lain south runs along theCharding Nullahand then west along the Indus River to Lagankhel near confluence with the Chibra stream and till confluence nearFukchewith theKoyul Lungpa riverfromChang La,then heads northwest to the mountain watershed.

At the bottom of the valley, the Charding Nullah branches into a 2 km-wide delta as it joins the Indus River.[3]During theBritish colonial period,there was a village on both the sides of the delta, going by the nameDemchok.The southern village appears to have been the main one, frequently referred to by travellers.[4][5]The Chinese spell the name of the village asDêmqog.Travel writer Romesh Bhattacharji stated in 2012 that they expected to set up a trading village, but India never renewed trade after the war. He stated that the southern Dêmqog village has only commercial buildings whereas the northern village has security-related buildings.[6]Both the Indians and the Chinese have track roads going up the valley on the two sides of the Charding Nullah, reaching up to the Charding–Nilung Nullah Junction (CNNJ). Occasional stand-offs between the two forces at CNNJ are reported in the newspapers.[7]

The watershed east of the Koyul Lungpa river, near the village ofKoyul,is at the western boundary of the disputed sector,[8]with China's claim line running along the crest of the ridge.[citation needed]

Modern Chinese sources refer to the disputed area around Demchok asParigas(Chinese:Barry thêm tư;pinyin:Bālǐjiāsī)[9][10][c]or theParigas region(Chinese:Barry thêm tư khu vực;pinyin:Bālǐjiāsī dìqū).[11][12]It is apparently named after the Tibetan namePalicasi(Tibetan:པ་ལི་ཅ་སི,Wylie:pa li ca si) of an insignificant camping site that is known to Ladakhis asSilungle.[13][14][d]Chinese sources describe the disputed territory as having a total area of 1,900 square kilometres (730 sq mi) with India controlling 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of its southwest corner, west of Dêmqog and the Indus River.[9][10][11]

History

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See also:Demchok (historical village)

Early history

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The Demchok region was mentioned as being part of the modern kingdom of Ladakh, when it was founded in the 10th century under the nameMaryul.KingNyimagon,who founded the West Tibetan kingdom ofNgari Khorsum,divided his kingdom among his three sons upon his death. The eldest sonPalgyigon,who is believed to have been the organiser of the Ladakh part of the kingdom, received Ladakh, and the other two sons receivedGuge–PurangandZanskar.The description of Maryul in theLadakh ChroniclesmentionsDemchok Karpo,the pyramidal white peak behind the LadakhiDemchokvillage as one of the landmarks, possibly on its frontier. Other neighbouring landmarks like the Imis Pass ( "Yimig rock" ) and an unidentified place calledRaba Dmarpowere also mentioned.[15][16][17]

In addition to modern Ladakh,Rudokwas also part of Maryul at the time of its formation. Whether it remained affiliated to Ladakh in later times is unknown, but during the reigns ofTsewang Namgyal(r. 1575–1595) andSengge Namgyal(r. 1616–1642), all the regions of Ngari Khorsum are known to have paid tribute to Ladakh.[18]Sengge Namgyal is credited with building aDrukpamonastery atTashigang,30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Demchok.[19]He also built the present monasteries ofHemisandHanle,and the sacred site of Demchok was apparently placed under the former's jurisdiction.[20]

Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)

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Further information:Ladakh Chronicles § Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
Ladakh's territories prior to the Treaty of Tingmosgang, depicted byAugust Hermann Francke

TheLadakh Chronicles(La-dvags-rgyal-rabs) mention that, at the conclusion of theTibet–Ladakh–Mughal Warin 1684, Tibet and Ladakh agreed on the Treaty of Tingmosgang, by which the extensive territories in West Tibet (Ngari) previously controlled by Ladakh were removed from its control and the frontier was fixed at the "Lha-ri stream at Demchok".[21]The original text of the Treaty of Tingmosgang is not available to us.[22] The traditional border between the two regions prior to these conflicts is not clearly known.

According toAlexander Cunningham,"A large stone was then set up as a permanent boundary between the two countries, the line of demarcation drawn from the village ofDechhog[Demchok] to the hill ofKarbonas[unidentified]. "[23][24]

Roughly 160 years after the Treaty of Tingmosgang, Ladakh came under the rule of theDogras,who launched an invasion into the West Tibet leading to theDogra–Tibetan War.The war ended in a stalemate. The resultingTreaty of Chushulin 1842 bound the parties to the "old, established frontiers".[25]

British boundary commission (1846–1847)

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Map of Ladakh,Edward Weller,1863

After the Dogras joined theBritish suzeraintyas the state ofJammu and Kashmir,the British government dispatched a boundary commission consisting ofP. A. Vans AgnewandAlexander Cunninghamto define the borders of the state with Tibet in 1846–1847.[26][e]The Chinese government was invited to join the effort for a mutually agreed border. However the Chinese declined, stating that the frontier was well-known and it did not need a new definition.[28]The British boundary commission nevertheless surveyed the area. Its report stated:

[Demchok] is a hamlet of half a dozen huts and tents, not permanently inhabited, divided by a rivulet (entering the left bank of the Indus) which constitutes the boundary of this quarter between Gnari... [in Tibet]... and Ladakh.[29]

The "rivulet" is evidently the Charding nullah. The Tibetan frontier guards prohibited the commission from proceeding beyond the rivulet.[29]The commission placed the border on the Indus at Demchok, and followed themountain watershedof the Indus river on its east, passing through the Jara La and Chang La passes.[30]This appears to be the first time that the watershed principle was used in the Indian subcontinent for defining a boundary.[31][f]

Kashmir Atlas (1868)

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Kashmir Atlas boundary of the Demchok sector (Geographic Service of the French Army,1909)

Between 1847 and November 1864, the British Indian government conducted the Kashmir Survey (Survey of Kashmir, Ladak, and Baltistan or Little Tibet), whose results were published in a reduced form in theKashmir Atlasof 1868 by theGreat Trigonometrical Survey of India.[32][33][34]Even though this was not an official boundary delimitation, the atlas made several adjustments to the boundary, including in the Demchok sector. Lamb states:

Where [Cunningham] had put the boundary actually at Demchok, theKashmir Atlas(Sheet 17) put it about sixteen miles downstream on the Indus from Demchok, thus coming nearer to the [present] Chinese than the Indian claim line.[35]

It is unclear who decided the altered boundary and on what grounds, given that the survey team leaderT. G. Montgomeriewas of the view that Demchok was in Ladakh.[g]Indian commentators blame it on the rudimentary knowledge of the British surveyors about Ladakh — they were ignorant of past treaties as well as revenue records, and mistook pasture disputes as boundary disputes.[38][39][h]In contrast, Lamb interprets this as a "compromise" wherein the British gave up territory in Demchok to include other territory near theSpanggur Lake.[40]

Later colonial period (1868–1947)

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Subsequent to theKashmir Atlasof 1868, there was a flood of British publications on Ladakh.[i]Despite this, no revisions were made to the border at Demchok. According to Lamb, the majority of British maps published between 1918 and 1947 reproduced the Kashmir Atlas, slotting Demchok within Tibet.[43]: 39 During the two World Wars, some maps from world powers (including China) showed the same borders.[44]

Independent of the colonial cartography, the traditional boundaries continued to be followed on the ground. The Kashmir government disregarded the British maps and the Tibetan claims to Demchok seem to have persisted.[j]Lamb states, "by the time of the Transfer of Power in 1947 nothing had been settled."[46]

Modern claims

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Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
8km
5miles
Chisumle
Chisumle
Nullah
Umling La
Umling La
Jara La
Jara La
(Zhaxigang)
Charding La
Charding La
Koyul Lungpa river
Koyul
Nilung Nullah
Nilung
Charding Nullah
Charding
Indus River
Indus River
Dêmqog
Dêmqog–China
Demchok
Demchok–India
Modern-dayDemchok, LadakhandDêmqog, Ngari Prefecture

Since the 1950s, Indian maps do not agree entirely with either the 1846–1847 survey or the 1868Kashmir Atlas:the Indian claims lie 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Demchok, whereas the 1846–1847 British boundary commission placed the border through the middle of Demchok, and British maps from the 1860s onwards showed the border to be 10 miles (16 km) west of Demchok.[43]: 48 The Chinese claims coincide with British maps that placed the border 10 miles (16 km) west of Demchok.[43]: 39, 48 The Chinese claims also coincided with the borders used by the 1945National Geographicand 1955United States Army Map Servicemaps.[47]: 152 

Prior to theSino-Indian Warof 1962, India had established a border post to the south of the delta (the "New Demchok post" ). As the war progressed, the post was evacuated and the Chinese forces occupied it.[48][49]It has also been referred to as "Lari Karpo" ( "white lhari" ) and "Demchok Lari Karpo" in Tibetan documents.[50][k]

After the1962 Sino-Indian War,the village of Demchok was divided in two parts, withDemchok, Ladakhadministered by India andDêmqog,Tibet Autonomous Regionadministered by China.[52][53]The split did not divide any of the resident families.[52]

Sources vary on whether the larger sector is administered by China or India.[54]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Also calledParigas.[1]
  2. ^On 21 September 1965, the Indian Government wrote to the Chinese Government, complaining of Chinese troops who were said to have "moved forward in strength right up to the Charding Nullah and have assumed a threatening posture at the Indian civilian post on the western [northwestern] side of the Nullah on the Indian side of the 'line of actual control'." The Chinese Government responded on 24 September stating, "In fact, it was Indian troops who on September 18, intruded into the vicinity of the Demchok village on the Chinese side of the 'line of actual control' after crossing the Demchok River from Parigas (in Tibet, China)..."[2]
  3. ^During discussions in the 1960s, the Chinese government called the Indian village "Parigas" and the Chinese village "Demchok":
    • Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 1 (1962).Chinese officials state: "Parigas was part of the Demchok area. West ofDemchok,after crossing the Chopu river, one arrived atParigas."
    • India. Ministry of External Affairs, ed. (1966),Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: January 1965 - February 1966, White Paper No. XII(PDF),Ministry of External Affairs – via claudearpi.net:"In fact, it was Indian troops who on September 18, intruded into the vicinity of theDemchokvillage on the Chinese side of the 'line of actual control' after crossing the Demchok River fromParigas... "
  4. ^Silungle is located at32°46′05″N79°21′32″E/ 32.768°N 79.359°E/32.768; 79.359on the bank of the Silung stream that joins the Indus river from the left. It is conventional in the Ladakhi language to name camp sites on the streams they are situated on.
  5. ^Agnew and Cunningham were assisted byHenry Strachey,who later became a notable explorer in his own right. Agnew and Cunningham were told to "bear in mind that, it is not a strip more or less of barren or even productive territory that we want, but a clear and well defined boundary in a quarter likely to come little under observation".[27]
  6. ^Cunningham remarked: "In laying down a boundary through mountainous country it appeared to the Commissioners desirable to select such a plan as would completely preclude any possibility of further dispute. This the Commissioners believe they have found in their adoption as a boundary of such mountain ranges as form water-shed lines between the drainages of different rivers."[31]
  7. ^While describing the travels ofpundit explorersunder his employ, Montgomerie writes, "Here they waited for the 3rd Pundit, who joined them on the 29th of September,after having traced the Indus down to Demchok, in Ladak."(emphasis added.)[36]He also notes that the coordinates of Demchok were fixed during the regular survey operations in Ladakh.[37]
  8. ^Also, the British feltGulab Singhto be an "expansionist" and distrusted his pleadings.[38]
  9. ^In 1875,Frederic Drewpublished his now-seminalJammoo and Kashmir Territoriesin 1875 while the text of the Ladakh Chronicles, first discovered by Cunningham in 1847, was published by missionaryKarl Marxbetween 1891 and 1902.[41][42]
  10. ^Claude Arpinarrates the description of a murder inquiry in 1939, conducted by the British Trade Agent in Gartok and the governor of Ladakh (wazir-e-wazarat) jointly with the Tibetan officials (garpons). The Indian officials travelled from Leh to Demchok for this purpose, where they camped at the Lhari stream, described as "a natural boundary between Tibet and Kashmir at Demchok".[45]
  11. ^Scholars translate the Tibetan termlha-rias "soul mountain". Many peaks in Tibet are namedlhariincluding a "Demchok lhari" in the northern suburbs of Lhasa.[51]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Parigas, India
  2. ^India. Ministry of External Affairs, ed. (1966),Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: January 1965 - February 1966, White Paper No. XII(PDF),Ministry of External Affairs – via claudearpi.net
  3. ^Claude Arpi,Demchok and the New Silk Road: China's double standard,Indian Defence Review, 4 April 2015. "View of the nalla" image.
  4. ^Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps of the Border Area (2017),p. 353: 'At present officially located in India, the village of Demchok marked the border between Tibet and Ladakh for a long time. Abdul Wahid Radhu, a former representative of the Lopchak caravan, described Demchok in his travel account as "the first location on the Tibetan side of the border".'
  5. ^Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 3 (1962),pp. 3–4: According to a report by the governor of Ladakh in 1904–05, "I visited Demchok on the boundary with Lhasa.... A nullah falls into the Indus river from the south-west and it (Demchok) is situated at the junction of the river. Across is the boundary of Lhasa, where there are 8 to 9 huts of the Lhasa zamindars. On this side there are only two zamindars."
  6. ^Bhattacharji, Ladakh (2012),Chapter 9: "Changthang: The High Plateau".
  7. ^India, China admit to intrusion by Chinese herdsmen,Gulf News, 28 July 2014.
  8. ^Mehra, Parshotam (1989),Negotiating with the Chinese, 1846-1987: Problems and Perspectives, with an Epilogue,Reliance Publishing House, p. 225,ISBN978-81-85047-46-1:"[The claim line] crosses theShangatsangpu(Indus River) at 33 degrees north Latitude, runs along the watershed east of the Koyul Lungpa River and South of the Hanle River up to Mount Shinowu... "
  9. ^ab"Trung Quốc đối ấn chiến lược: Bọc giáp tập đoàn duyên tam tuyến đột kích hai ngày nhưng để New Delhi"(in Chinese).Sina News.25 August 2017.Retrieved19 July2020.Tây tuyến Barry thêm tư Ấn Độ khống chế 450 km vuông ( ta quân từng đối bộ phận khu vực trước đi tuần la bố trí phòng vệ ), chủ yếu ở vào sư tuyền hà, điển giác thôn lấy tây cùng ban công hồ tây đoạn. [West of the Line, India controls 450 square kilometers of Parigas (our army used to patrol and defend some areas), mainly located in Shiquan River, west of Dêmqog Village and west of Pangong Lake.]
  10. ^ab"Ấn Độ phòng trường: Muốn cho ba trả giá đại giới đã pháo kích 2 vạn phát đạn pháo"(in Chinese). Hunan Daily. 10 October 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 24 July 2020.Retrieved8 August2020.Barry thêm tư (Parigas), là Trung Quốc cùng Ấn Độ tây bộ biên cảnh trung một khối tranh luận lãnh thổ, diện tích ước 1900 km vuông, bao gồm cơ cổ nạp lỗ hà, gỗ mun long, đĩa mộc xước khắc (Demchok), quả Lạc chờ khu vực. [...] Barry thêm tư Trung Quốc cố hữu lãnh thổ, ở vào Tây Tạng Ali cát ngươi huyện Tây Bắc [Bālǐ jiā sī(Parigas) is a disputed territory on the western border between China and India. It covers an area of approximately 1,900 square kilometers, including areas such as the Kigunaru River, Umlung,diǎn jiǎo(Demchok), Guoluo, and other areas. [...] Parigas, China's inherent territory, is located in the northwest of Gar County in Tibet.]
  11. ^ab"Điển giác thôn, cố hữu lãnh thổ chứng kiến, hiện giờ, 600 mễ ngoại đóng quân ấn quân"(in Chinese).Headline Daily.11 June 2020.Retrieved19 July2020.1955 năm, tiến thêm một bước tằm ăn lên Barry thêm tư khu vực, hiện giờ, Ấn Độ khống chế Barry thêm tư phía Tây Nam tức sư tuyền hà ( sâm cách tàng bố ) cùng trác phổ hà ( điển giác khúc ) lấy tây ước chừng 450 km vuông [In 1955, the Indian army further encroached on the Parigas district. Today, India controls about 450 square kilometers west of the Shiquan River (Sengge Zangbo) and the Zhuopu River (Dêmqog Village) in the southwest corner of Parigas]
  12. ^Fang, Jianchang (17 June 2020)."Phòng Kiến Xương: Cận đại trung ấn tây đoạn biên giới sử lược".Sohu(in Chinese).Retrieved8 August2020.Trong đó trừ bỏ một khối rất nhỏ Barry thêm tư ( Parigas ) khu vực ở thế kỷ này 50 niên đại trung kỳ bị Ấn Độ xâm chiếm bên ngoài, còn lại khu vực trước sau ở ta khống chế dưới, từ Tây Tạng ngày thổ huyện ( 1960 năm trước vì tông ) quản hạt. [Except for the small Barry thêm tư (Parigas) area which was invaded by India in the mid-1950s, the rest of the area was always under China's control and under the jurisdiction of Tibet's (pre-1960) Rutog County.]
  13. ^Tibetmap 3279,July 2009, retrieved 18 May 2022.
  14. ^Ngari Prefecture,KNAB Place Name Database, retrieved 18 May 2022.
  15. ^Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963),p. 19.
  16. ^Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014),p. 83.
  17. ^Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II (1926),p. 94.
  18. ^Jinpa, Why did Tibet and Ladakh Clash? (2015),pp. 115–116.
  19. ^Jinpa, Why did Tibet and Ladakh Clash? (2015),pp. 134–135.
  20. ^Sinha, Nirmal C.(1967),"Demchok (Notes and topics)"(PDF),Bulletin of Tibetology,4:23–24
  21. ^*Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II (1926,pp. 115–116): "Regarding Mnah-ris-skor-gsum Mi-pham-dban-po's stipulations were to this effect:— [...] With this exception the boundary shall be fixed at the Lha-ri stream at Bde-mchog."
  22. ^ Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector 1965,pp. 37, 38, 40:
    • "No text of this agreement between Tibet and Ladakh survives, but there are references to it in chronicles"
    • "There can be no doubt that the 1684 (or 1683) agreement between Ladakh and the authorities then controlling Tibet did in fact take place. Unfortunately, no original text of it has survived and its terms can only be deduced. In its surviving form there seems to be a reference to a boundary point at 'the Lhari stream at Demchok', a stream which would appear to flow into the Indus at Demchok and divide that village into two halves."
    • "The treaty that could have given this information, that of 1684, has not survived in the form of its full text, and we have no means of determining exactly what line of frontier was contemplated in 1684. The chronicles which refer to this treaty are singularly deficient in precise geographical details."
  23. ^Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1969),pp. 42–43.
  24. ^Cunningham, Ladak (1854),p. 328.
  25. ^Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963),p. 55–56.
  26. ^Lamb, The China-India border (1964),p. 64.
  27. ^Lamb, The China-India border (1964),p. 66.
  28. ^Lamb, The China-India border (1964),pp. 64–66.
  29. ^abLamb, The China-India border (1964),p. 68.
  30. ^Maxwell, India's China War 1970,map opposite p. 40.
  31. ^abLamb, The China-India border (1964),p. 67.
  32. ^Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector (1965),p. 47The first good set of maps of Kashmir, though still very defective in the Aksai region, werePhotozincographed Sections of part of, the Survey of Kashmir, Ladak, and Baltistan or Little Tibet,20 sheets, 8 miles to the inch, published by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, Dehra Dun, October 1868.
  33. ^Lamb, The China-India border (1964),p. 43: "The Kashmir Survey which officially completed its task in November 1864.2[...] The results of the Kashmir Survey were published as an Atlas in 1868, and they give a good indication of the Ladakh-Tibet boundary over some of its length.3
    [Footnotes:]
    2Strachey's map, in two sheets at 8 miles to the inch, can be seen in the Map Rooms of the Royal Geographical Society and the India Office Library. It has been reproduced, much reduced, in Atlas, maps 11 & 12.
    3Photozincographed Sections of part of the Survey of Kashmir, Ladak and Baltistan or Little Tibet,Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, Dehra Dun, Oct. 1868; 20 sheets at a scale of 16 miles to the inch (1.0. Map Room, cat. no. F/IV/r6) "
  34. ^Karackattu, Joe Thomas (2018)."India–China Border Dispute: Boundary-Making and Shaping of Material Realities from the Mid-Nineteenth to Mid-Twentieth Century".Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.28(1): 135–159.doi:10.1017/S1356186317000281.ISSN1356-1863.S2CID159705672.One of the earliest official delimitations of the northern frontiers of India appears in photozincographed sections of part of the survey of Kashmir, Ladak and Baltistan or Little Tibet showing the "Boundary of His Highness the Maharajah of Kashmir" (8 miles to 1 inch, Dehradoon, October 1868).
  35. ^Lamb, The China-India border (1964),pp. 72–73.
  36. ^Montgomerie, Report of the Trans-Himalayan Explorations (1869),p. 157.
  37. ^Montgomerie, Report of the Trans-Himalayan Explorations (1869),pp. 157–158.
  38. ^abRao, The India-China Border (1968):
    • p.24: "But such an evaluation was seldom done and although most officials traced the boundary correctly along the watershed range running parallel to the river Indus, gross blunders were committed regarding the alignment in the Pangong and Demchok areas. This was apparently due to the unfamiliarity of some of the British officials with the traditional and treaty basis of the boundary and to their mistaking local disputes such as pasture disputes with boundary disputes."
    • p.29: "The Kashmir Atlas boundary conflicts also with the first-hand evidence provided by the 1847 Commission. In regard to Demchok, it conflicts with well-established facts of history and with revenue records for the very period that the survey was conducted."
  39. ^Bray, The Lapchak Mission (1990),p. 75: "Many of these relationships had their origin in the distant past, and the British at first understood their full significance imperfectly, or not at all."
  40. ^Lamb, The China-India border (1964),p. 173.
  41. ^Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977),p. 1.
  42. ^Bray, The Lapchak Mission (1990),p. 77.
  43. ^abcLamb, Alastair (1965)."Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute"(PDF).The Australian Year Book of International Law.1(1): 37–52.doi:10.1163/26660229-001-01-900000005.S2CID229946392.
  44. ^ SeeAtlas of the Northern Frontier of India,Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi, Maps 3 and, 6.
  45. ^Claude Arpi,The curious case of Demchok,The Pioneer, 16 August 2018.
  46. ^Lamb, Tibet, China & India (1989),p. 360.
  47. ^van Eekelen, Willem Frederik(1964).Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China.Springer-Verlag.doi:10.1007/978-94-015-0715-8.ISBN978-94-015-0715-8.
  48. ^Cheema, Crimson Chinar (2015),p. 190.
  49. ^ Claude Arpi,The Case of Demchok,Indian Defence Review, 19 May 2017.
  50. ^Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963),pp. 106–107.
  51. ^ McKay, Alex (2015),Kailas Histories: Renunciate Traditions and the Construction of Himalayan Sacred Geography,BRILL, p. 520,ISBN978-90-04-30618-9
  52. ^abPuri, Luv (2 August 2005)."Ladakhis await re-opening of historic Tibet route".The Hindu.Archived fromthe originalon 24 December 2013.Retrieved19 July2020.Administrative record books show that it has a population of 150 people living in 24 houses, all having solar-powered lights. The village itself was divided into two parts one held by India and the other by China after the 1962 Sino-Indian war, though there is not a single divided family. On the Chinese side one can spot two houses and the road seems to be in a poor condition.
  53. ^Arpi, Claude(19 May 2017)."The Case of Demchok".Indian Defence Review.Retrieved19 July2020.The talks were held in Beijing between Zhang Hanfu, China's Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, N. Raghavan, the Indian Ambassador to China and T.N. Kaul, his Chargé d'Affaires and Chen Chai-Kang, a Director. They lasted from December 1953 till end of April 1954. [...] Kaul objected, Demchok was in India, he told Chen who answered that India's border was further on the West of the Indus. On Kaul's insistence Chen said "There can be no doubt about actual physical possession which can be verified on spot but to avoid any dispute we may omit mention of Demchok". [...] In October 1962, the Demchok sub-sector was held by the 7 J&K Militia. The PLA launched an attack on October 22. [...] The PLA eventually withdrew, but occupied the southern part of Demchok.
  54. ^A selection of sources that state that the Demchok sector is administered by China:

    A selection of sources that state that the Demchok sector is administered by India:

Bibliography

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