Demographics of Greece
Demographics of theHellenic Republic | |
---|---|
![]() Greecepopulation pyramidin 2023 | |
Population | ![]() |
Growth rate | -1.01 people/1,000 population (2010 est.) |
Birth rate | 7.9 births/1,000 population (2020 est.) |
Death rate | 12.3 deaths/1,000 population (July 2020 est.) |
Life expectancy | 82.2 years |
• male | 79.8 years |
• female | 84.7 years |
Fertility rate | 1.35 children born/woman (2018)[2] |
Infant mortality rate | 3.75 deaths per 1,000 live births (2019 est) |
Age structure | |
0–14 years | 14.1% |
15–64 years | 63.3% |
65 and over | 22.6% |
Sex ratio | |
At birth | 1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.) |
Under 15 | 1.06 male(s)/female |
15–64 years | 1.00 male(s)/female |
65 and over | 0.78 male(s)/female |
Nationality | |
Nationality | noun:Greek(s)adjective:Greek |
Major ethnic | Greeks |
TheDemographics of Greecerefer to thedemographyof the population that inhabits the Greek peninsula. The population of Greece was estimated by the United Nations to be 10,445,365 in 2021 (including displacedrefugees).
Historical overview[edit]
Greecewas inhabited as early as thePaleolithicperiod. Prior to the2nd millennium BC,the Greek peninsula was inhabited by various pre-Hellenic peoples, the most notable of which were thePelasgians.TheGreek languageultimately dominated the peninsula and Greece's mosaic of small city-states became culturally similar. The population estimates on the Greeks during the 4th century BC, is approximately 3.5 million on the Greek peninsula and 4 to 6.5 million in the rest of the entireMediterranean Basin,[3]including all colonies such as those inMagna Graecia,Asia Minorand the shores of theBlack Sea.
During the history of theByzantine Empire,the Greek peninsula was occasionally invaded by the foreign peoples likeGoths,Avars,Slavs,Normans,Franksand otherRomance-speaking peoples who had betrayed theCrusades.The only group, however, that planned to establish permanent settlements in the region were the Slavs. They settled in isolated valleys of thePeloponneseandThessaly,establishing segregated communities that were referred by the Byzantines asSclaveni.Traces of Slavic culture in Greece are very rare and by the 9th century, the Sclaveni in Greece were largely assimilated. However, some Slavic communities managed to survive in ruralMacedonia.At the same time a largeSephardi Jewishemigrant community from theIberian peninsulaestablished itself inThessaloniki,while there were population movements ofArvanitesand "Vlachs"(AromaniansandMegleno-Romanians), who established communities in several parts of the Greek peninsula. The Byzantine Empire ultimately fell toOttoman Turksin the 15th century and as a result Ottoman colonies were established in theBalkans,notably in Macedonia, the Peloponnese andCrete.Many Greeks either fled to other European nations or to geographically isolated areas (i.e. mountains and heavily forested territories) to escape foreign rule. For those reasons, the population decreased in the plains, while increasing on the mountains. Thepopulation transferswithBulgariaandTurkeythat took place in the early 20th century, added in total some two million Greeks to the demography of theGreek Kingdom.
During the next decades, the population of Greece continued to increase, except during a large part of 1940s due to World War II and subsequent events. After 1940s the population of Greece continued to grow, though on a decreased pace after 1960s, due to a gradual decrease in fertility and emigration to various countries, such asWest Germany,Australia, United Kingdom and many others. The birth rate decreased significantly in 1980s, while in 1987 the Greek population surpassed 10 million. At this time Greece had started to appear a positive migration rate, due to the return of Greek Civil War refugees and international immigration. During the nineties the population increased by close a million, as the collapse of the communist governments in Eastern Europe and the economic downturn resulted in a significant influx of Eastern European immigrants in Greece and especially from the Balkans, including many Greeks living in these countries. In 2000s the population continued to increase reaching 11 million, thanks to an increased birth rate, a stable influx of migrants from other countries and the return of Greeks from United States, Germany, Australia and other countries. In the 2010s, in the wake of theGreek financial crisis,the population started to decrease and birthrates plummeted, while death rates increased due to an aging population. Many Greeks emigrated abroad, while more recently the population decrease has been largely stabilized due to foreign immigration.
Population[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Population_of_Greece_since_1961.svg/220px-Population_of_Greece_since_1961.svg.png)
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1928 | 6,204,684 | — |
1940 | 7,344,860 | +1.42% |
1951 | 7,632,801 | +0.35% |
1961 | 8,398,050 | +0.96% |
1971 | 8,831,036 | +0.50% |
1981 | 9,729,350 | +0.97% |
1991 | 10,258,364 | +0.53% |
2001 | 10,934,097 | +0.64% |
2011 | 10,816,286 | −0.11% |
2021 | 10,482,487 | −0.31% |
Source:Hellenic Statistical Authority |
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info onPhabricatorand onMediaWiki.org. |
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info onPhabricatorand onMediaWiki.org. |
![]() | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info onPhabricatorand onMediaWiki.org. |
According to the 2001 census the population of Greece was 10,964,020.Eurostatestimations as of January 2008 gave the number of 11,214,992 inhabitants in the Greek peninsula. According to the official 2011 census, which used sophisticated methodology, the population of Greece was 10,816,286.
Census | Population | Change |
1971 | 8,768,372 | – |
1981 | 9,739,589 | 11.1% |
1991 | 10,259,900 | 5.3% |
2001 | 10,964,020 | 6.9% |
2011 | 10,816,286 | -0.88% |
2021 | 10,482,487 | -3.1% |
By region[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Population_density_of_Greece_regions.png/220px-Population_density_of_Greece_regions.png)
Greece is divided into nine geographicregions.The population of each region according to the 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001,2011and2021censuses is represented in the table below, comparing the change in population over a 50 year period. The latest population estimates by theHellenic Statistical Authorityare also included.
Region | Population (1971) | Population (1981) | Population (1991) | Population (2001) | Population (2011) | Population (2021) | Population (2023)[8] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aegean Islands | 417,813![]() |
428,030![]() |
456,555![]() |
508,807![]() |
508,246![]() |
522,763![]() |
522,454![]() |
Central Greece | 3,532,248![]() |
4,125,463![]() |
4,366,900![]() |
4,591,568![]() |
4,586,626![]() |
4,514,663![]() |
4,484,296![]() |
Crete | 456,642![]() |
501.909![]() |
536,433![]() |
601,131![]() |
623,065![]() |
624,408![]() |
622,909![]() |
Epirus | 310,334![]() |
323.871![]() |
327,176![]() |
353,822![]() |
336,856![]() |
319,991![]() |
318,890![]() |
Ionian Islands | 184,443![]() |
182.327![]() |
189,338![]() |
212,984![]() |
207,855![]() |
204,532![]() |
202,185![]() |
Macedonia | 1,890,684![]() |
2,116,361![]() |
2,225,690![]() |
2,424,765![]() |
2,402,771![]() |
2,266,206![]() |
2,246,712![]() |
Peloponnese | 986,912![]() |
1,014,485![]() |
1,045,020![]() |
1,155,019![]() |
1,046,897![]() |
995,410![]() |
988,246![]() |
Thessaly | 659,913![]() |
695,724![]() |
729,268![]() |
753,888![]() |
732,762![]() |
688,255![]() |
682,189![]() |
Thrace | 329,582![]() |
341,180![]() |
340,755![]() |
362,038![]() |
371,208![]() |
346,259![]() |
346,101![]() |
Total | 8,768,372![]() |
9,729,350![]() |
10,223,392![]() |
10,964,020![]() |
10,816,286![]() |
10,482,487![]() |
10,413,982![]() |
/
= change since previous census
Fertility rate[edit]
Thetotal fertility rateis the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources:Our World In DataandGapminder Foundation.[9]
Years | 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 | 1860[9] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total fertility rate in Greece | 6.03 | 5.81 | 5.59 | 5.36 | 5.14 | 4.92 | 4.7 | 4.47 | 4.25 | 4.03 | 3.81 |
Years | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 | 1870[9] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total fertility rate in Greece | 3.95 | 3.87 | 3.78 | 3.94 | 3.73 | 4.03 | 3.83 | 3.85 | 3.86 | 3.77 |
Years | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880[9] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total fertility rate in Greece | 3.81 | 3.83 | 3.7 | 3.91 | 3.78 | 3.97 | 3.82 | 3.64 | 3.32 | 3.27 |
Years | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890[9] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total fertility rate in Greece | 3.28 | 3.38 | 3.35 | 3.83 | 3.82 | 4.01 | 4.19 | 4.38 | 4.57 | 4.73 |
Years | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899 | 1900[9] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total fertility rate in Greece | 4.8 | 4.88 | 4.95 | 5.03 | 5.1 | 5.18 | 5.25 | 5.32 | 5.4 | 5.47 |
Years | 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 | 1910[9] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total fertility rate in Greece | 5.35 | 5.22 | 5.1 | 4.97 | 4.85 | 4.72 | 4.6 | 4.47 | 4.35 | 4.22 |
Years | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920[9] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total fertility rate in Greece | 4.09 | 3.97 | 3.84 | 3.72 | 3.59 | 3.47 | 3.34 | 3.22 | 3.09 | 2.97 |
Life expectancy[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Life_expectancy_in_Greece.svg/300px-Life_expectancy_in_Greece.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Greece_-diff.png/300px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Greece_-diff.png)
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
---|---|---|---|
1950–1955 | 65.8 | 1985–1990 | 75.6 |
1955–1960 | 67.2 | 1990–1995 | 77.4 |
1960–1965 | 69.3 | 1995–2000 | 78.1 |
1965–1970 | 70.1 | 2000–2005 | 79.1 |
1970–1975 | 71.8 | 2005–2010 | 80.0 |
1975–1980 | 72.8 | 2010–2015 | 80.6 |
1980–1985 | 74.5 | 2015–2020 | 81.2 |
Source:UN World Population Prospects[10]
Age structure[edit]
Being part of the phenomenon of theaging of Europe,the Greek population shows a rapid increase of the percentage of the elderly people. Greece's population census of 1961 found that 10.9% of the total population was above the age of 65, while the percentage of this group age increased to 19.0% in 2011. In contrast, the percentage of the population of the ages 0–14 had a total decrease of 10.2% between 1961 and 2011.
Age group | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | |
0–14 | 2,223,904 | 25.4 | 2,307,297 | 23.7 | 1,974,867 | 19.2 | 1,664,085 | 15.2 | 1,576,500 | 14.4 |
15–64 | 5,587,352 | 63.7 | 6,192,751 | 63.6 | 6,880,681 | 67.1 | 7,468,395 | 68.1 | 7,122,830 | 66.6 |
65+ | 957,116 | 10.9 | 1,239,541 | 12.7 | 1,404,352 | 13.7 | 1,831,540 | 16.7 | 2,108,807 | 19.0 |
Total | 8,768,372 | 9,739,589 | 10,259,900 | 10,964,020 | 10,816,286 |
Vital statistics from 1921[edit]
Source: Hellenic Statistical Authority[17]and World Bank.[18]
Notable events in Greek demography:
- 1923 –Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
- 1946-1949 -Refugees of the Greek Civil War
- 1967-1974 –Greek junta
Year | Average population (January 1 2001 onwards) | Live births[19] | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | crude migration change(per 1000) | Total Fertility Rates[fn 1][9][20][21] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1921 | 5,050,000 | 107,000 | 69,000 | 38,000 | 21.2 | 13.7 | 7.5 | 1.8 | 2.84 |
1922 | 5,097,000 | 110,000 | 82,000 | 18,000 | 21.6 | 16.1 | 5.5 | 173.6 | 2.88 |
1923 | 6,010,000 | 113,926 | 102,042 | 11,884 | 19.0 | 17.0 | 2.0 | -3.7 | 2.55 |
1924 | 6,000,000 | 117,014 | 93,320 | 23,694 | 19.5 | 15.6 | 3.9 | -10.9 | 2.61 |
1925 | 5,958,000 | 156,367 | 88,633 | 67,734 | 26.2 | 14.9 | 11.4 | 2.7 | 3.52 |
1926 | 6,042,000 | 181,278 | 84,136 | 97,142 | 30.0 | 13.9 | 16.1 | -2.0 | 4.02 |
1927 | 6,127,000 | 176,527 | 100,020 | 76,507 | 28.8 | 16.3 | 12.5 | 1.0 | 3.86 |
1928 | 6,210,000 | 189,250 | 105,665 | 83,585 | 30.5 | 17.0 | 13.5 | -1.3 | 4.09 |
1929 | 6,286,000 | 181,870 | 115,561 | 66,309 | 28.9 | 18.4 | 10.5 | 2.4 | 3.87 |
1930 | 6,367,000 | 199,565 | 103,811 | 95,754 | 31.3 | 16.3 | 15.0 | 0.1 | 4.19 |
1931 | 6,463,000 | 199,243 | 114,369 | 84,874 | 30.8 | 17.7 | 13.1 | -0.6 | 3.83 |
1932 | 6,544,000 | 185,523 | 117,593 | 67,930 | 28.4 | 18.0 | 10.4 | 2.0 | 3.8 |
1933 | 6,625,000 | 189,583 | 111,447 | 78,136 | 28.6 | 16.8 | 11.8 | 3.6 | 3.84 |
1934 | 6,727,000 | 208,929 | 100,651 | 108,278 | 31.1 | 15.0 | 16.1 | 0.3 | 4.16 |
1935 | 6,837,000 | 192,511 | 101,416 | 91,095 | 28.2 | 14.8 | 13.3 | 1.2 | 3.77 |
1936 | 6,936,000 | 193,343 | 105,005 | 88,338 | 27.9 | 15.1 | 12.7 | 0.7 | 3.68 |
1937 | 7,029,000 | 183,878 | 105,674 | 78,204 | 26.2 | 15.0 | 11.1 | 2.1 | 3.51 |
1938 | 7,122,000 | 184,509 | 93,766 | 90,743 | 25.9 | 13.2 | 12.7 | 1.3 | 3.47 |
1939 | 7,222,000 | 178,852 | 100,459 | 78,393 | 24.8 | 13.9 | 10.9 | 2.5 | 3.32 |
1940 | 7,319,000 | 179,500 | 93,830 | 85,670 | 24.5 | 12.8 | 11.7 | -4.7 | 3.29 |
1941 | 7,370,000 | 134,760 | 125,710 | 9,050 | 18.3 | 17.1 | 1.2 | -3.9 | 3.19 |
1942 | 7,350,000 | 132,640 | 191,030 | -58,390 | 18.0 | 26.0 | -7.9 | -1.6 | 3.08 |
1943 | 7,280,000 | 122,170 | 111,320 | 10,850 | 16.8 | 15.3 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 2.98 |
1944 | 7,300,000 | 145,530 | 110,810 | 34,720 | 19.9 | 15.2 | 4.8 | -3.4 | 2.88 |
1945 | 7,310,000 | 183,470 | 85,540 | 97,930 | 25.1 | 11.7 | 13.4 | 3.0 | 2.78 |
1946 | 7,430,000 | 209,360 | 73,500 | 135,860 | 28.2 | 9.9 | 18.3 | -6.2 | 2.68 |
1947 | 7,520,000 | 206,400 | 70,340 | 136,060 | 27.4 | 9.4 | 18.1 | -20.8 | 2.58 |
1948 | 7,500,000 | 210,000 | 96,000 | 114,000 | 28.0 | 12.8 | 15.2 | -17.8 | 2.48 |
1949 | 7,480,000 | 139,108 | 59,450 | 79,658 | 18.6 | 7.9 | 10.6 | -0.7 | 2.37 |
1950 | 7,554,000 | 151,314 | 53,755 | 97,559 | 20.0 | 7.1 | 12.9 | -0.7 | 2.47 |
1951 | 7,646,000 | 155,422 | 57,508 | 97,914 | 20.3 | 7.5 | 12.8 | -1.4 | 2.47 |
1952 | 7,733,000 | 149,637 | 53,377 | 96,260 | 19.4 | 6.9 | 12.4 | -1.5 | 2.48 |
1953 | 7,817,000 | 143,765 | 56,680 | 87,085 | 18.4 | 7.3 | 11.1 | -1.4 | 2.49 |
1954 | 7,893,000 | 151,892 | 55,625 | 96,267 | 19.2 | 7.0 | 12.2 | -3.0 | 2.48 |
1955 | 7,966,000 | 154,263 | 54,781 | 99,482 | 19.4 | 6.9 | 12.5 | -4.3 | 2.47 |
1956 | 8,031,000 | 158,203 | 59,460 | 96,727 | 19.4 | 7.4 | 12.0 | -3.9 | 2.44 |
1957 | 8,096,000 | 155,940 | 61,664 | 93,528 | 19.2 | 7.6 | 11.6 | -2.1 | 2.42 |
1958 | 8,173,000 | 155,359 | 58,160 | 97,199 | 19.0 | 7.1 | 11.9 | -1.5 | 2.38 |
1959 | 8,258,000 | 160,199 | 60,852 | 99,347 | 19.4 | 7.4 | 12.0 | -2.8 | 2.36 |
1960 | 8,304,698 | 157,239 | 60,563 | 96,676 | 18.9 | 7.3 | 11.6 | -3.9 | 2.33 |
1961 | 8,363,490 | 150,716 | 63,955 | 86,761 | 17.9 | 7.6 | 10.3 | -4.3 | 2.32 |
1962 | 8,433,124 | 152,158 | 66,554 | 85,604 | 18.0 | 7.9 | 10.1 | -6.3 | 2.32 |
1963 | 8,463,290 | 148,249 | 66,813 | 81,436 | 17.5 | 7.9 | 9.6 | -6.1 | 2.34 |
1964 | 8,495,610 | 153,109 | 69,429 | 83,680 | 18.0 | 8.1 | 9.8 | -5.0 | 2.37 |
1965 | 8,525,408 | 151,448 | 67,269 | 84,179 | 17.7 | 7.8 | 9.8 | -2.4 | 2.41 |
1966 | 8,575,653 | 154,613 | 67,912 | 86,701 | 17.9 | 7.9 | 10.1 | -1.7 | 2.46 |
1967 | 8,651,739 | 162,839 | 71,975 | 90,864 | 18.7 | 8.3 | 10.5 | -4.2 | 2.51 |
1968 | 8,716,502 | 160,338 | 73,309 | 87,029 | 18.3 | 8.4 | 10.0 | -6.3 | 2.54 |
1969 | 8,765,894 | 154,077 | 71,825 | 82,252 | 17.6 | 8.2 | 9.4 | -7.1 | 2.56 |
1970 | 8,780,549 | 144,928 | 74,009 | 70,919 | 16.5 | 8.4 | 8.1 | -3.8 | 2.57 |
1971 | 8,805,194 | 141,126 | 73,819 | 67,307 | 16.0 | 8.4 | 7.6 | -1.0 | 2.57 |
1972 | 8,857,439 | 140,891 | 76,859 | 64,032 | 15.9 | 8.6 | 7.2 | -2.7 | 2.55 |
1973 | 8,920,359 | 137,526 | 77,648 | 59,878 | 15.4 | 8.7 | 6.7 | -3.0 | 2.54 |
1974 | 8,937,982 | 144,069 | 76,303 | 67,766 | 16.1 | 8.5 | 7.6 | 1.9 | 2.52 |
1975 | 8,986,203 | 142,273 | 80,077 | 62,196 | 15.7 | 8.9 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 2.33 |
1976 | 9,106,985 | 146,566 | 81,818 | 64,748 | 16.0 | 8.9 | 7.1 | 4.0 | 2.35 |
1977 | 9,269,459 | 143,739 | 83,750 | 59,989 | 15.4 | 9.0 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 2.28 |
1978 | 9,347,618 | 146,588 | 81,615 | 64,973 | 15.5 | 8.7 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 2.29 |
1979 | 9,512,347 | 147,965 | 82,338 | 65,627 | 15.5 | 8.6 | 6.9 | 4.5 | 2.26 |
1980 | 9,584,298 | 148,134 | 87,282 | 60,852 | 15.4 | 9.1 | 6.3 | 2.6 | 2.23 |
1981 | 9,700,893 | 140,953 | 86,261 | 54,692 | 14.5 | 8.9 | 5.6 | 0.7 | 2.10 |
1982 | 9,757,944 | 137,275 | 86,345 | 50,930 | 14.0 | 8.8 | 5.2 | 0.6 | 2.03 |
1983 | 9,821,279 | 132,608 | 90,586 | 42,022 | 13.5 | 9.2 | 4.3 | 0.7 | 1.94 |
1984 | 9,872,195 | 125,724 | 88,397 | 37,327 | 12.7 | 8.9 | 3.8 | 0 | 1.82 |
1985 | 9,919,539 | 116,481 | 92,886 | 23,595 | 11.7 | 9.4 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 1.68 |
1986 | 9,949,185 | 112,810 | 91,469 | 20,781 | 11.3 | 9.2 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.60 |
1987 | 9,985,374 | 106,392 | 95,232 | 10,667 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 1.50 |
1988 | 10,015,957 | 107,505 | 93,031 | 14,637 | 10.7 | 9.3 | 1.4 | 3.9 | 1.50 |
1989 | 10,058,127 | 101,657 | 92,717 | 8,432 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 0.9 | 6.1 | 1.40 |
1990 | 10,120,984 | 102,229 | 94,152 | 8,077 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 0.8 | 8.6 | 1.39 |
1991 | 10,272,768 | 102,620 | 95,498 | 7,122 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 0.7 | 10.3 | 1.37 |
1992 | 10,367,276 | 104,081 | 98,231 | 5,850 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 0.6 | 8.7 | 1.36 |
1993 | 10,431,200 | 101,799 | 97,419 | 4,380 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 0.4 | 7.9 | 1.32 |
1994 | 10,489,958 | 103,763 | 97,807 | 5,956 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 0.6 | 7.2 | 1.33 |
1995 | 10,536,004 | 101,495 | 100,158 | 1,337 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 0.1 | 7.0 | 1.28 |
1996 | 10,588,378 | 100,718 | 100,740 | -22 | 9.4 | 9.4 | -0.0 | 6.3 | 1.26 |
1997 | 10,629,378 | 102,038 | 99,738 | 2,300 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 0.2 | 5.2 | 1.27 |
1998 | 10,693,340 | 100,894 | 102,668 | -1,774 | 9.3 | 9.5 | -0.2 | 4.6 | 1.24 |
1999 | 10,747,879 | 100,643 | 103,304 | -2,661 | 9.2 | 9.5 | -0.3 | 3.5 | 1.23 |
2000 | 10,775,693 | 103,274 | 105,219 | -1,952 | 9.5 | 9.6 | -0.1 | -7.4 | 1.25 |
2001 | 10,836,578 | 102,282 | 102,559 | -277 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 1.25 |
2002 | 10,888,357 | 103,569 | 103,915 | -346 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 1.28 |
2003 | 10,915,874 | 104,420 | 105,529 | -1,109 | 9.6 | 9.7 | -0.1 | 2.4 | 1.29 |
2004 | 10,940,437 | 105,655 | 104,942 | 713 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 1.31 |
2005 | 10,969,984 | 107,545 | 105,091 | 2,454 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 0.2 | 3.0 | 1.34 |
2006 | 11,004,784 | 112,042 | 105,476 | 6,566 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 1.40 |
2007 | 11,036,789 | 111,926 | 109,895 | 2,031 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 1.41 |
2008 | 11,060,985 | 118,302 | 107,979 | 10,323 | 10.7 | 9.7 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 1.50 |
2009 | 11,094,768 | 117,933 | 108,316 | 9,617 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.50 |
2010 | 11,119,102 | 114,766 | 109,084 | 5,682 | 10.3 | 9.8 | 0.5 | -0.1 | 1.48 |
2011 | 11,123,400 | 106,428 | 111,099 | -4,671 | 9.6 | 10.0 | -0.4 | -2.9 | 1.40 |
2012 | 11,086,459 | 100,371 | 116,668 | -16,297 | 9.1 | 10.6 | -1.5 | -6.0 | 1.34 |
2013 | 11,003,687 | 94,134 | 111,794 | -17,660 | 8.6 | 10.2 | -1.6 | -5.4 | 1.29 |
2014 | 10,926,859 | 92,149 | 113,740 | -21,591 | 8.5 | 10.4 | -2.0 | 4.3 | 1.30 |
2015 | 10,858,498 | 91,847 | 121,183 | -29,336 | 8.5 | 11.2 | -2.7 | -4.2 | 1.33 |
2016 | 10,783,729 | 92,898 | 118,788 | -25,890 | 8.6 | 11.0 | -2.4 | 1.0 | 1.38 |
2017 | 10,768,290 | 88,553 | 124,495 | -35,942 | 8.2 | 11.6 | -3.3 | 0.8 | 1.35 |
2018 | 10,741,244 | 86,440 | 120,291 | -33,851 | 8.1 | 11.2 | -3.2 | 1.8 | 1.35 |
2019 | 10,726,598 | 83,756 | 124,954 | -41,198 | 7.8 | 11.7 | -3.8 | 3.1 | 1.32 |
2020 | 10,718,565 | 84,764 | 131,064 | -46,300 | 7.9 | 12.3 | -4.3 | -0.7 | 1.37 |
2021 | 10,664,972 | 85,346 | 143,919 | -58,573 | 8.2 | 13.8 | -5.6 | -1.4 | 1.38 |
2022 | 10,590,317 | 76,541 | 140,801 | -64,260 | 7.2 | 13.2 | -6.0 | -10.7 | 1.33 |
2023p | 10,523,492 | 72,244 | 129,587 | -57,343 | 6.9 | 12.4 | -5.5 |
Current vital statistics[edit]
Period[22] | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
---|---|---|---|
January - June 2023 | 35,015 | 67,074 | -32,059 |
January - June 2024 | 33,746 | 63,567 | -29,821 |
Difference | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
Structure of the population[edit]
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 5 303 223 | 5 513 063 | 10 816 286 | 100 |
0–4 | 274 788 | 262 455 | 537 243 | 4.97 |
5–9 | 262 432 | 250 164 | 512 596 | 4.74 |
10–14 | 265 787 | 253 642 | 519 429 | 4.80 |
15–19 | 286 386 | 266 890 | 553 276 | 5.12 |
20–24 | 325 127 | 301 970 | 627 097 | 5.80 |
25–29 | 371 617 | 352 154 | 723 771 | 6.69 |
30–34 | 417 861 | 404 614 | 822 475 | 7.60 |
35–39 | 409 681 | 403 148 | 812 829 | 7.51 |
40–44 | 414 026 | 418 640 | 832 666 | 7.70 |
45–49 | 367 086 | 381 343 | 748 429 | 6.92 |
50–54 | 355 552 | 375 934 | 731 486 | 6.76 |
55–59 | 321 466 | 338 902 | 660 368 | 6.11 |
60–64 | 301 589 | 324 180 | 625 769 | 5.79 |
65-69 | 241 832 | 266 444 | 508 276 | 4.70 |
70-74 | 246 264 | 295 901 | 542 165 | 5.01 |
75-79 | 209 983 | 265 094 | 475 077 | 4.39 |
80-84 | 146 455 | 205 918 | 352 373 | 3.26 |
85-89 | 60 933 | 98 908 | 159 841 | 1.48 |
90-94 | 18 760 | 34 685 | 53 445 | 0.49 |
95-99 | 4 948 | 10 239 | 15 187 | 0.14 |
100+ | 650 | 1 838 | 2 488 | 0.02 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–14 | 803 007 | 766 261 | 1 569 268 | 14.51 |
15–64 | 3 570 391 | 3 567 775 | 7 138 166 | 65.99 |
65+ | 929 825 | 1 179 027 | 2 108 852 | 19.50 |
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 5 196 048 | 5 482 584 | 10 678 632 | 100 |
0–4 | 232 962 | 221 004 | 453 966 | 4.25 |
5–9 | 256 724 | 242 916 | 499 640 | 4.68 |
10–14 | 286 211 | 270 919 | 557 130 | 5.22 |
15–19 | 286 473 | 261 827 | 548 300 | 5.13 |
20–24 | 295 675 | 267 375 | 563 050 | 5.27 |
25–29 | 289 021 | 268 852 | 557 873 | 5.22 |
30–34 | 292 391 | 293 623 | 586 014 | 5.49 |
35–39 | 351 172 | 348 759 | 699 931 | 6.55 |
40–44 | 397 038 | 400 046 | 797 084 | 7.46 |
45–49 | 388 226 | 404 647 | 792 873 | 7.42 |
50–54 | 388 838 | 418 213 | 807 051 | 7.56 |
55–59 | 340 585 | 379 684 | 720 269 | 6.74 |
60–64 | 320 930 | 366 665 | 687 595 | 6.44 |
65-69 | 288 274 | 327 034 | 615 308 | 5.76 |
70-74 | 261 202 | 309 037 | 570 239 | 5.34 |
75-79 | 200 470 | 246 135 | 446 605 | 4.18 |
80-84 | 161 684 | 227 332 | 389 016 | 3.64 |
85-89 | 98 597 | 148 795 | 247 392 | 2.32 |
90-94 | 41 160 | 58 052 | 99 212 | 0.93 |
95-99 | 12 188 | 14 445 | 26 633 | 0.25 |
100-104 | 4 334 | 4 190 | 8 524 | 0.08 |
105-109 | 1 370 | 2 047 | 3 417 | 0.03 |
110+ | 523 | 987 | 1 510 | 0.01 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–14 | 775 897 | 734 839 | 1 510 736 | 14.15 |
15–64 | 3 350 349 | 3 409 691 | 6 760 040 | 63.30 |
65+ | 1 069 802 | 1 338 054 | 2 407 856 | 22.55 |
Other demographic statistics[edit]
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[24]
- One birth every 6 minutes
- One death every 4 minutes
- Net loss of one person every 21 minutes
- One net migrant every 53 minutes
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Population_pyramid_of_Greece_%281928%29.svg/220px-Population_pyramid_of_Greece_%281928%29.svg.png)
Demographic statistics according to theCIA World Factbook,unless otherwise indicated.[21]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Greecepop.svg/220px-Greecepop.svg.png)
- Population
- 10,413,982 (Jan 2023 est.):10,718,565 (Jan 2020 est.)
- 10,761,523 (July 2018 est.)
- 10,768,477 (July 2017 est.)
- 10,768,193 (Jan 2017 est.)
- Age structure
- 0-14 years:14.53% (male 794,918/female 745,909)
- 15-24 years:10.34% (male 577,134/female 519,819)
- 25-54 years:39.6% (male 2,080,443/female 2,119,995)
- 55-64 years:13.1% (male 656,404/female 732,936)
- 65 years and over:22.43% (male 1,057,317/female 1,322,176) (2020 est.)
- 0-14 years:13.83% (male 767,245/female 722,313)
- 15-24 years:9.67% (male 532,179/female 509,487)
- 25-54 years:42.45% (male 2,275,984/female 2,295,082)
- 55-64 years:13.13% (male 692,420/female 721,641)
- 65 years and over:20.91% (male 986,816/female 1,265,310) (2017 est.)
- 0–14 years: 14.2% (male 787,143/female 741,356)
- 15–64 years: 66.2% (male 3,555,447/female 3,567,383)
- 65 years and over: 19.6% (male 923,177/female 1,185,630) (2011 est.)
- Median age
- total: 45.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 9th
- male: 43.7 years
- female: 46.8 years (2020 est.)
- total: 44.5 years
- male: 43.5 years
- female: 45.6 years (2017 est.)
- total: 42.5 years
- male: 41.4 years
- female: 43.6 years (2011 est.)
- Mother's mean age at first birth
- 29.9 years (2017 est.)
- Total fertility rate
- 1.39 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 225th
- Population growth rate
- -0.34% (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 221st
- Birth rate
- 7.72 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 222nd
- 8.4 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
- Death rate
- 12.05 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 14th
- Net migration rate
- 0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 62nd
- Life expectancy at birth
- total population: 81.28 years. Country comparison to the world: 41st
- male: 78.73 years
- female: 84 years (2021 est.)
- Infant mortality rate
- total: 3.61 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 204th
- male: 4 deaths/1,000 live births
- female: 3.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)
- Ethnic groups
population: Greek 91.6%, Albanian 4.4%, other 4% (2011) Note: data represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity
- Dependency ratios
- total dependency ratio: 56.1
- youth dependency ratio: 21.3
- elderly dependency ratio: 34.8
- potential support ratio:2.9 (2020 est.)
- Religions
Greek Orthodox (official) 81–90%, Muslim 2%, other 3%, none 4–15%, unspecified 1% (2015 est.)
- Urbanization
- urban population: 79.7% of total population (2020)
- rate of urbanization: 0.22% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)
- Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
- total: 39.9%. Country comparison to the world: 11th
- male: 36.4%
- female: 43.9% (2018 est.)
- School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
- total: 20 years
- male: 20 years
- female: 20 years (2018)
Immigration[edit]
Greece has received a large number of immigrants since the early 1990s. The majority of them come from the neighbouring countries. As of 2011, the number of foreigners in an enumerated total of 10,815,197 people was 911,299.
Foreign-born by country (Eurostat):[25]The Top-15 per year are displayed for consistency.
Country | 2010 | 2014 | 2020n-aEU[26] | 2020 EU[27] | 2021[28] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
384,600 | 337,719 | 346,918 | — | 374,926 |
![]() ![]() |
45,700 | 40,914 | —[note 1] | 72,777 | 35,444 |
![]() |
20,100 | 18,040 | 19,167 | — | 35,309 |
![]() ![]() |
32,400 | 27,191 | —[note 1] | 44,600 | 28,250 |
![]() |
62,600 | 45,061 | 23,050 | — | 26,083 |
![]() |
14,200 | 8,362 | included into others | — | 17,189 |
![]() |
13,300 | 10,662 | 18,056 | — | 16,408 |
![]() |
included into others | — | 15,457 | ||
![]() |
5,200 | 10,736 | —[note 1] | 14,752 | 13,517 |
![]() |
55,700 | 42,959 | 14,772 | — | 13,415 |
![]() |
10,200 | 9,813 | 11,652 | — | 12,453 |
![]() |
13,259 | — | 12,385 | ||
![]() ![]() |
10,200 | 10,881 | —[note 1] | 13,850 | 12,362 |
![]() |
7,500 | 8,306 | included into others | — | 10,785 |
![]() |
10,696 | — | 10,585 | ||
![]() ![]() |
10,800 | 16,635 | —[note 1] | 13,560 | included into others |
![]() ![]() |
29,300 | 25,722 | —[note 1] | 10,336 | included into others |
![]() |
19,814 | — | included into others | ||
![]() |
9,500 | 12,469 | included into others | — | included into others |
others | 117,100 | 102,006 | 65,429[note 1] | 736,470[note 2] | 127,287 |
Total | 828,400 | 727,477 | 524,813[note 1] | 906,345 | 761,855 |
Nationality | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2021[29] | 2021 census[28] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
![]() |
7,602,230 | 99.60% | 8,333,817 | 99.35% | 8,675,804 | 98.94% | 9,568,017 | 98.24% | 10,092,624 | 98.37% | 10,166,927 | 92.73% | 9,903,268 | 91.57% | 9,777,439 | 91.34% | 9,716,889 | 92.70% |
Foreigners | 30,571 | 0.40% | 54,736 | 0.65% | 92,568 | 1.06% | 171,424 | 1.76% | 167,276 | 1.63% | 797,093 | 7.27% | 911,929 | 8.43% | 921,485 | 8.61% | 761,855 | 7.27% |
![]() |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 199,101 | 1.84% | 168,550 | 1.57% | 116,669 | 1.11% |
Non-EU | 752,900 | 7.1% | 641,921 | 6.12% | ||||||||||||||
Total | 7,632,801 | 8,388,553 | 8,768,372 | 9,739,441 | 10,259,900 | 10,964,020 | 10,815,197 | 10,698,837 | 10,482,487 |
Illegal immigration[edit]
Greece has received manyillegal immigrantsbeginning in the 1990s and continuing during the 2000s and 2010s. Migrants make use of the many islands in theAegean Sea,directly west of Turkey. A spokesman for theEuropean Union's border control agency said that the Greek-Albanian border is "one of Europe's worst-affected external land borders." Migrants across theEvrosregion bordering Turkey face land-mines. Principal illegal immigrants include Albanians, Indians, Kurds, Afghans, Iraqis and Somalis.[30][31]
Ethnic groups, languages and religion[edit]
The population ofnorthern Greecehas primarily been ethnically, religiously and linguistically diverse.[32] TheMuslim minority of Greeceis the only explicitly recognizedminorityin Greece by the government. The officials define it as a group of Greek Muslims numbering 98,000 people, consisting ofTurks(50%),Pomaks(35%) andRomani(15%). No other minorities are officially acknowledged by the government.[33][34][35]There is no official information for the size of the ethnic, linguistic and religiousminoritiesbecause asking the population questions pertaining to the topic have been abolished since 1951.[36][37]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/220px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Greece_linguistic_minorities.svg/220px-Greece_linguistic_minorities.svg.png)
Religion in Greece for the period 2006–2015 according to Swiss Metadatabse of Religious Affiliation in Europe[38]
Minorities in Greeceaccording toMinority Rights Group Internationalin 2015:[39]
- Roma:265,000
- Vlachs(AromaniansandMegleno-Romanians): 200,000
- Ethnic Macedonians:100,000–200,000
- Arvanites:95,000
- Turks:90,000
- Pomaks:35,000–40,000
- Jews:5,000
The official language of Greece isGreek,spoken by almost all as a second language at least. Additionally, there are a number oflinguistic minority groupsthat are bilingual in a variety of non-Greek languages, and parts of these groups identify ethnically asGreeks.
Language (and religion) | census 1879[40][41] | estimate 1913[42] | census 1928[43][33][44] | census 1940[43][44][45] | census 1951[43][46] | census 1986[47] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |||
Greek | 5,759,523 | 92.8 | 6,902,339 | 92.5 | 7,297,878 | 95.6 | ||||||||
Turkish(altogether) | 191,254 | 3.1 | 229,075 | 3.8 | 179,895 | 2.4 | ||||||||
Turkish(andOrthodox Christian) | 103,642 | 1.7 | ||||||||||||
Turkish(andMuslim) | 86,506 | 1.4 | ||||||||||||
Slavic3 | 300,000- 500,000 | 6.3- 10.6 | 81,9842 | 1.3 | 86,086 | 1.2 | 41,017 | 0.5 | 180,180 | |||||
Bulgarian(andMuslim) | 16,775 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||
Pomak | 18,086 | 0.2 | 18,671 | 0.2 | ||||||||||
"Koutsovlach" | 19,703 | 0.3 | 53,997 | 0.7 | 39,855 | 0.5 | ||||||||
Albanian | 49,632 | 0.7 | 22,7364 | 0.3 | ||||||||||
Albanian/Arvanitika | 225,000 | |||||||||||||
Albanian(andMuslim) | 18,598 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||
Armenian | 33,634 | 0.5 | 26,827 | 0.4 | 8,990 | 0.1 | ||||||||
Roma | 4,998 | 0.1 | 8,141 | 0.1 | 7,429 | 0.1 | ||||||||
Russian | 3,295 | 0.1 | 8,126 | 0.1 | 3,815 | 0.1 | ||||||||
French | 4,518 | 0.1 | 2,101 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
Romanian | 2,901 | 0.0 | 2,082 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
English | 2,098 | 0.0 | 3,529 | 0.0 | 1,456 | 0.0 | ||||||||
Spanish | 63,200 | 1.0 | 53,125 | 0.7 | 1,339 | 0.0 | ||||||||
German | 3,401 | 0.0 | 1,301 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
Italian | 3,199 | 0.1 | 4,426 | 0.1 | 894 | 0.0 | ||||||||
HebreworYiddish | 34 | 0.0 | 853 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
Others | 6,248 | 0.1 | 5,694 | 0.1 | 2,489 | 0.1 | ||||||||
Total | 1,679,775 | 4,734,990 | 6,204,684 | 7,344,860 | 7,632,801 | |||||||||
Notes: 1Census figures are considered "unreliable".[48] 2The 1928 census figure (81,984) of the Slavic speakers does not reflect their actual strength due to either an official policy or reluctance of the concerned, and perhaps represents a number of speakers, who are lacking Greek national consciousness, while contemporary Greek reports estimate at least 200,000Bulgarian-speaking inhabitants in the country.[49] |
Languages spoken in Greece:
Language | Classification | Speaking population | Spoken by | Ethnic population | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greekclassification | ||||||
Cappadocian[51] | IE, Greek,Attic | 2,800 (2015 M. Janse) | Cappadocians | Mandra,Neo AgioneriandXirochori | More distinct from standard Greek thanPontic Greek | |
Cretan | 600,000 | Cretans | Crete | |||
Greek[51] | IE, Greek,Attic | 10,700,000 (2012 European Commission ) | national | scattered | Lexical similarity: 84%–93% with Greek in Cyprus | |
Greek, Ancient[51] | IE, Greek,Attic | no knownL1speakers | scattered | religious language | ||
Pontic[51][52] | IE, Greek,Attic | 200,000 (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk)- 400,000 (2009 Z. Diakonikolaou) | Pontians | MacedoniaandEpirus(Kilkis,Pella,andSerres;Thessaloniki,DramaandImathia) | Greek and Pontic speakers reportedly do not understand each other and Pontians do not speak standard Greek | |
Romano-Greek[51] | mixed Greek-Romani | 30 (2000) | Romani | Thessaly,Central Greece | Structured on Greek with heavy Romani lexicon | |
Sarakatsani | IE, Greek,Doric | 80,000 | Sarakatsani | Central Greece,Thessaly,Epirus | ||
Tsakonian[51][53] | IE, Greek,Doric | 200 (2007 Salminen)-1,500 (2010 M. Kisilier) | Tsakonians | Agios Andreas,Leonidio,Prastos,Kastanitsa,Melana,Pramatefti, Sapounakeika, Sitena, andTyros | Not inherently intelligible with modern Greek. Lexical similarity with standard Greek: 70% or less. | |
Other languages | ||||||
Albanian,Arvanitika[51][50] | IE,Albanian,Tosk | 50,000 (1993 Lunden, 2007 Salminen) | Arvanites | 150,000 | southernEuboea,Salamis,Boeotia,Attica,Peloponnese,Western Greeceand theIonian Islands,ThessalyandCentral Greece,Thrace | Heavily influenced by Greek. Christian |
Albanian,Tosk[51] | IE,Albanian,Tosk | 10,000 (2002) | Tosk Albanians | EpirusandWestern Macedonia(CentralFlorina,intoKastoria,Lehovo) | Cham Tosk | |
Arabic[54] | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South | 28,000 | Arabs | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic[54] | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern | 2,000 | Assyrians | |||
Armenian, Western[51] | IE, Armenian | 20,000 (2007) | Armenians | scattered,Attica,ThessalyandCentral Greece | ||
Aromanian[47][51] | IE,Italic,Romance,Eastern | 50,000 (1999 Salminen)- 200,000 (1995 Greek Monitor of Human and Minority Rights) | Aromanians | 700,000 (Trâ Armânami Association of French Aromanians) | Pindus Mountains,aroundTrikala,Epirus,Thessaly,Macedonia | Christian |
Bulgarian[55][50] | IE,Balto-Slavic,Slavic,South,Eastern | 56,200 (2014), 10–40,000 (Trudgill) | Pomaks,Bulgarians | Macedonia and Thrace | Pomak,Muslim | |
English[52] | IE,Germanic,West | 8,000 | ||||
German[51] | IE,Germanic,West | L1users: 10,800 (2011 census),L2users: 541,000 (2012 European Commission) | L1 users based on nationality | |||
Greeksign language[51] | Sign language | 5,000 (2014 EUD)- 62,500 (2014 IMB) | national | scattered | ||
Judeo-Italian[55] | IE,Italic,Romance,Italo-Western,Italo-Dalmatian | 50 (2007 Salminen) | Jews | Peloponnese,Western Greeceand theIonian Islands | ||
Kurdish, Northern[52] | IE, Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish | 22,500 | Kurds | |||
Ladino[52] | IE, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian | 2,000 | Jews | |||
Megleno-Romanian[55][54] | IE,Italic,Romance,Eastern | 3,000 (2002)- 12,000 (1995) | Megleno-Romanians | Moglena | ||
Romani, Balkan[51] | IE, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani | 40,000 (1996 B. Igla) | Romani | Attica;Macedonia,Peloponnese,Western Greeceand theIonian Islands,Epirus | Christian, Muslim | |
Romani, Vlax | IE, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani | 1,000 | Romani | Attica,Thessaly,Central Greece,Epirus,Western Macedonia | Christian | |
Russian[52] | IE,Balto-Slavic,Slavic,East | Russians | ||||
Serbian[52] | IE,Balto-Slavic,Slavic,South,Western | Serbs | ||||
Slavic[52][50][51] | IE,Balto-Slavic,Slavic,South,Eastern | 60–90,000 (Trudgill), 250,000 (2007 Boskov) | Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia | Macedonia(mainlyFlorina,PellaandThessaloniki;Kastoria,Kozani,Kilkis,Imathia,Serres),Epirus(Ioannina) | Christian | |
Turkish[51] | Turkic,Southern | 40,000 (L1:9,700,L2:30,300, 2014) | Turks,Karamanlides,Pomaks | Macedonia and Thrace,Aegean | Muslim, Christian | |
Turkish, Balkan Gagauz[54] | Turkic,Southern | Gagauzes | ||||
Urum[52] | Turkic | Urums |
Orthodox | 7,472,559 (97.9%) |
Muslim | 112,665 (1.4%) |
Catholic | 28,430 (0.4%) |
Protestantand other Christian | 12,677 (0.2%) |
Jewish | 6,325 (0.1%) |
Total | 7,632,801 |
---|
According to theGreek constitution,Eastern Orthodox Christianityis recognized as the "prevailing religion" in Greece. During the centuries that Greece was part of theOttoman Empire,besides its spiritual mandate, theOrthodox Church,based inConstantinople(present-dayIstanbul), also functioned as an official representative of the Christian population of the empire. The Church is often credited with the preservation of theGreek language,values, and national identity during Ottoman times. The Church was also an important rallying point in the war for independence against the Ottoman Empire, although the official Church in Constantinople initially condemned the breakout of the armed struggle in fear of retaliation from the Ottoman side. TheChurch of Greecewas established shortly after the formation of a Greek national state. Its authority to this day extends only to the areas included in the independent Greek state before theBalkan Warsof 1912–1913. There is aMuslim minorityconcentrated inThraceand officially protected by theTreaty of Lausanne (1923).BesidesPomaks(MuslimBulgarian[56]speakers) andRoma,it consists mainly of ethnicTurks,who speakTurkishand receive instruction in Turkish at special government-funded schools. There are also a number ofJews in Greece,most of whom live inThessaloniki.There are also some Greeks who adhere to areconstruction of the ancient Greek religion.[57]A place of worship has been recognized as such by court.[58]
Education[edit]
Greek educationis free and compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 15. English study is compulsory from first grade through high school. University education, including books, is also free, contingent upon the student's ability to meet stiff entrance requirements. A high percentage of the student population seeks higher education. More than 100,000 students are registered atGreek universities,and 15% of the population currently holds a university degree. Admission in a university is determined by state-administered exams, the candidate's grade-point average from high school, and his/her priority choices of major. About one in four candidates gains admission to Greek universities.
Greek law does not currently offer official recognition to the graduates of private universities that operate in the country, except for those that offer a degree valid in anotherEuropean Unioncountry, which is automatically recognized by reciprocity. As a result, a large and growing number of students are pursuing higher education abroad. TheGreek Governmentdecides through an evaluation procedure whether to recognize degrees from specific foreign universities as qualification for public sector hiring. Other students attend private, post-secondary educational institutions in Greece that are not recognized by the Greek Government. At the moment extensive public talk is made for the reform of theConstitutionto recognize private higher education in Greece as equal with public and to place common regulations for both.
The number of Greek students studying at European institutions is increasing along with EU support for educational exchange. In addition, nearly 5,000 Greeks are studying in the United States, about half of whom are in graduate school. Greek per capita student representation in the US (one every 2,200) is among the highest in Europe.
See also[edit]
- Demographic history of Greece
- Turks of Western Thrace
- Immigration to Greece
- Minorities in Greece
- Aging of Europe
- Albanian immigrants in Greece
Notes[edit]
- ^In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
References[edit]
- ^"Στοιχεία Υπολογιζόμενου Πληθυσμού (1.1.2023) και Μεταναστευτικών Ροών της Χώρας (2022) - ELSTAT".statistics.gr.
- ^"Hellenic Statistical AuthorityDemographic indicators / 2018".Retrieved7 August2020.
- ^Mogens Herman Hansen,The Shotgun Method: The Demography of the Ancient Greek City-State Culture,University of Missouri Press,2006.Book review[permanent dead link]
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'Greece is one of the rare countries of the EU that does not recognize the phrase 'minority rights.' They still have a concept of a pure nation—one state, one nation, one religion, one culture, everything Greek. And they do not want to recognize that in Greece there is a big Turkish minority, a big Albanian minority and one small Macedonian minority.'
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An 1879 Greek census found that, in the Peloponnese, Central Greece, Euboea and the island of Andros, there were nearly 225,000 Albanian/ Arvanitic speakers
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Greece, at the last census, taken June 1879, had a total population of 1,679,775
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In any event, those of the 1928 Census for the Slavo-Macedonian-speaking population as a whole clearly do not reflect its actual strength, as a result of either official policy, or reluctance on the part of those concerned, or both. Contemporary Greek reports estimate as many as 200,000 "Bulgarian" -speaking inhabitants in Macedonia, of whom no more than 80,000–90,000 are considered to be lacking a Greek national consciousness – a number equivalent to that of the census, perhaps not accidentally. (49. See the reports of P. Demetriades to the Association for the Dissemination of Greek Letters, 13 August 1927 and 23 December 1927, VA File 373. Given the confidential nature and policy orientation of these reports, they should be rated as more reliable than public statements. On the actual number of Slavomacedonians, see also Christidès, pp. 64–65.)
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External links[edit]
- General Secretariat of National Statistical Service of Greece(in Greek and English)
- The World Factbook