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Derby

Coordinates:52°55′29″N1°28′41″W/ 52.9247°N 1.4780°W/52.9247; -1.4780
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city in England. For other uses, seeDerby (disambiguation).

Derby
Cityandunitary authority
Coat of arms
Coat of arms
Motto(s):
Latin:Industria, Virtus et Fortitudo,lit. 'Energy, Power and Strength'
Shown within Derbyshire
Shown withinDerbyshire
Coordinates:52°55′29″N1°28′41″W/ 52.9247°N 1.4780°W/52.9247; -1.4780[1]
OS grid referenceSK 3518 3649[1]
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionEast Midlands
Ceremonial countyDerbyshire
Settled600
City status1977
Unitary authority1997
Administrative HQCouncil House, Derby
Areas of the city
(2011 census BUASD)
List
Government
[2]
• TypeUnitary authoritywithleader and cabinet
• BodyDerby City Council
•ControlNo overall control
•LeaderNadine Peatfield (L)
•MayorGed Potter
•Chief ExecutivePaul Simpson
•House of Commons
3 MPs
Area
[3]
• Total30 sq mi (78 km2)
• Rank221st
Population
(2022)[4]
• Total263,490
• Rank68th
• Density8,750/sq mi (3,377/km2)
DemonymDerbeian
Ethnicity(2021)
[5]
•Ethnic groups
List
Religion(2021)
[5]
•Religion
List
Time zoneUTC+0(GMT)
• Summer (DST)UTC+1(BST)
Postcode area
DE1, 3, 21–24, 73
Dialling code01332
ISO 3166 codeGB-DER
GSS codeE06000015
ITL codeTLF11
GVA2021 estimate[6]
• Total£7.5 billion
• Per capita£28,627
GDP(nominal)2021 estimate[6]
• Total£8.4 billion
• Per capita£32,025
Websitederby.gov.uk

Derby(/ˈdɑːrbi/ⓘDAR-bee) is acityandunitary authority areaon theRiver DerwentinDerbyshire,England. Derbyshire is named after Derby, which was its originalcounty town.As a unitary authority, Derby is administratively independent fromDerbyshire County Council.The population of Derby is 263,490 (2022).[4]

The Romans established the town ofDerventio,which was later captured by the Anglo-Saxons and then by the Vikings who madeDjúra-býone of theFive Boroughs of the Danelaw.Initially amarket town,Derby grew rapidly in the industrial era and was home toLombe's Mill,an early British factory, Derby contains the southern part of theDerwent Valley MillsWorld Heritage Site. With the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, Derby became a centre of theBritish rail industry.Despite having acathedralsince 1927, Derby did not gaincity statusuntil 1977.

Derby is a centre for advanced transport manufacturing. It is home to engine manufacturerRolls-RoyceandAlstom(formerlyBombardier Transportation) has a production facility at theDerby Litchurch Lane Works;Toyota's UK headquarters is located in the south-west of the city atBurnaston.

History

[edit]
See also:Timeline of Derby

Origins

[edit]
The tower ofDerby Cathedral.[7]
View of Derby Cathedral's facing clock tower

The Roman camp ofDerventiois considered to have been atLittle Chester/Chester Green (grid referenceSK353375), the site of the old Roman fort. Later, the town was one of the "Five Boroughs"(fortified towns) of theDanelaw,until it was captured byLady Æthelflæd of Merciain July 917, after which the town was annexed to the Kingdom of Mercia.[8]

TheVikingnameDjúra-bý,recorded inOld EnglishasDeoraby,means "village of the deer". However, the origin of the name Derby has had multiple influences: a variation of the original Roman nameDerventiowith pronunciation of the letter "v" as "b", becomingDerbentio,and later Derby, along with a link to the river Derwent – from theCelticmeaning "valley thick with oaks"[9]– which flows through the city, triggering a shortened version ofDerwent by,meaning 'Derwent settlement'.

The town name appears asDarbyeon early maps, such as that ofJohn Speed,1610.[10]

Modern research (2004) into the history andarchaeologyof Derby has provided evidence that the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons would have co-existed, occupying two areas of land surrounded by water. TheAnglo-Saxon Chronicle(c. 900) says that "Derby is divided by water". These areas of land were known asNorþworþig( "Northworthy" = "north enclosure" ) andDeoraby,and were at the "Irongate" (north) side of Derby.[11]

16th–18th centuries

[edit]

During theCivil Warof 1642–1646, Derby was garrisoned byParliamentary troopscommanded bySir John Gell, 1st Baronet,who was appointed Governor of Derby in 1643. These troops took part in the defence of nearbyNottingham,the siege ofLichfield,thebattle of Hopton Heathand many other engagements inNottinghamshire,Staffordshire andCheshire,as well as successfully defending Derbyshire againstRoyalistarmies.

The first civic system of piped water in England was established in Derby in 1692, using wooden pipes,[12]which was common for several centuries.[13]The Derby Waterworks included waterwheel-powered pumps for raising water out of theRiver Derwentand storage tanks for distribution.[14]This was designed and built by local engineerGeorge Sorocold.[15]

Statue of Charles Edwart Stuart on Cathedral Green

During theJacobite rising of 1745,Jacobite Armytroops led by PrinceCharles Edward Stuartarrived in Derby on 4 December 1745, whilst on their way toLondonto attempt to overthrow the reigningHouse of Hanover.Stuart called atThe George Innon Irongate (where theDuke of Devonshirehad set up his headquarters in late November after raisingThe Derbyshire Blues) and demandedbilletsfor the 9,000 troops under his command. The prince stayed atExeter Houseon Full Street, where he held acouncil of waron 5 December which decided to retreat. Stuart had received misleading information about a government army coming to meet him south of Derby. He abandoned his invasion atSwarkestone Bridgeon theRiver Trent,a few miles south of Derby. The prince, who on the march from Scotland had walked at the front of the column, made the return journey on horseback at the rear of the bedraggled and tired army.[citation needed]

Shrovetide footballwas played at Derby every year, possibly from as early as the 12th century. The town was split into theSt Peter'sandAll Saintsparishes, who fought to bring the ball from the Market Place to a goal within their own parishes.[16]There were several attempts to ban the game, described in 1846 as "the barbarous and disgusting play of Foot-Ball, which for a great number of years has annually disgraced our town". In that year the military were brought in and after the police cut the first ball to pieces, another ball was produced and the town's Mayor was "stuck on the shoulder by a brick-bat, hurled by some ferocious ruffian, and severely bruised".[17]The Derby Football was banned in 1846, although it was played once more in 1870.[18]

Industrial Revolution

[edit]

Derby and Derbyshire were among the centres of Britain'sIndustrial Revolution.In 1717, Derby was the site of the firstwater-powered silk millin Britain, built byJohn LombeandGeorge Sorocold,after Lombe had reputedly stolen the secrets ofsilk-throwingfromPiedmontin Italy (he is alleged to have been poisoned by the Piedmontese as revenge in 1722).[19]

In 1759,Jedediah Struttpatented and built a machine called the Derby Rib Attachment[20]that revolutionised the manufacture of hose. This attachment was used on the Rev. Lee'sFramework KnittingMachine; it was placed in front of – and worked in unison with – Lee's Frame, to produce ribbed hose (stockings). The partners were Jedediah Strutt, William Woollatt (who had been joined in 1758 by John Bloodworth and Thomas Stafford, all leadinghosiersin Derby). The patent was obtained in January 1759. After three years, Bloodworth and Stafford were paid off, and Samuel Need – a hosier ofNottingham– joined the partnership. The firm was known as Need, Strutt and Woollatt. The patent expired in 1773[20]though the partnership continued until 1781 when Need died.

Messrs Wright, the bankers of Nottingham, recommended thatRichard Arkwrightapply to Strutt and Need for finance for his cottonspinningmill. The first mill opened in Nottingham in 1770 and was driven by horses. In 1771 Richard Arkwright, Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt built the world's first commercially successfulwater-poweredcotton spinning mill atCromford,Derbyshire, developing a form of power that was to be acatalystfor the Industrial Revolution.[21][22][23]

This was followed in Derbyshire by Jedediah Strutt's cotton spinning mills atBelper.They were: South Mill, the first, 1775; North Mill, 1784, which was destroyed by fire on 12 January 1803 and then rebuilt, starting work again at the end of 1804; West Mill, 1792, commenced working 1796; Reeling Mill, 1897; Round Mill, which took 10 years to build, from 1803 to 1813, and commenced working in 1816; and Milford Mills, 1778. The Belper andMilfordmills werenotbuilt in partnership with Arkwright; they were all owned and financed by Strutt.

Other notable 18th-century figures with connections to Derby include the painterJoseph Wright,known as Wright of Derby, who was known for his innovative use of light in his paintings and was an associate of theRoyal Academy;andJohn Whitehurst,aclockmakerand philosopher.Erasmus Darwin,doctor, scientist, philosopher and grandfather ofCharles Darwin,moved to Derby in 1782 and founded theDerby Philosophical Society.

Derby's place in the country's philosophical and political life continued with Henry Hutchinson, an active member of theFabian Society.On his death in 1894, he left the society an amount in his will which was instrumental in founding theLondon School of Economics.[24]

The beginning of 19th century saw Derby emerging as an engineering centre, with manufacturers such asJames Fox,who exported machine tools to Russia.

In 1840, theNorth Midland Railwayset upits works in Derbyand when it merged with theMidland Counties Railwayand theBirmingham and Derby Junction Railwayto form theMidland Railway,Derby became its headquarters. The connection with the railway encouraged others, notablyAndrew Handyside,Charles Foxand his sonFrancis Fox.

A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion ofNormanton Barracksin 1877.[25]

Derby was one of the boroughs reformed by theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835,and it became acounty boroughwith theLocal Government Act 1888.The borough expanded in 1877 to includeLittle ChesterandLitchurch,and then in 1890 to include New Normanton and Rowditch. The borough did not increase substantially again until 1968, when under a recommendation of the Local Government Boundary Commission it was expanded into large parts of the rural district ofBelper,ReptonandSouth East Derbyshire.This vastly increased Derby's population from 132,408 in the 1961 census to 219,578 in the 1971 census.[26]

Derby Silk Millis part of theDerwent Valley MillsWorld Heritage Site

Despite being one of the areas of Britainfurthest from the sea,Derby holds a special place in the history of marine safety – it was as MP for Derby thatSamuel Plimsollintroduced his bills for a "Plimsoll line"(and other marine safety measures). This failed on first introduction, but was successful in 1876 and contributed to Plimsoll's re-election as an MP.

20th century to present day

[edit]

An industrial boom began in Derby whenRolls-Royceopened a car and aircraft factory in the town in 1907. In 1923, theMidland Railwaybecame part of theLondon, Midland & Scottish Railwaywith headquarters in London. However, Derby remained a major rail manufacturing centre, second only toCreweandWolverton.Moreover, it remained a design and development centre and in the 1930s, on the direction ofLord Stamp,theLMS Scientific Research Laboratorywas opened on London Road.[citation needed]

In 1911, the Derby Wireless Club was formed by a group of local engineers and experimenters. It was to be the first radio or "wireless club" in the country.[27][28]The early activities of the club, (even through World Wars), pushed the boundaries of 'wireless' technologies at the time in England, and promoted it into becoming a hobby for many local folk. {Over later years, as radio technology progressed, the club transitioned to become the Derby & District Amateur Radio Society (DADARS), continuing to host meetings and events for radio hobbyists with all the new technologies, into the early 2020s.}

In World War I, Derby was targeted by GermanZeppelinair bombers, who killed five people in a 1916 raid on the town.[29]

All Saints Church was designated as a cathedral in 1927, signalling that the town was ready for city status.[30]

Slum clearancein the 1920s and 1930s saw the central area of Derby become less heavily populated as families were rehoused on newcouncil estatesin the suburbs, where houses for private sale were also constructed. Rehousing, council house building and private housing developments continued on a large scale for some 30 years after the end of World War II in 1945.[31]

Production and repair work continued at the railway works. In December 1947 theLocomotive Worksunveiled Britain's first mainline passengerdiesel-electric locomotive–"Number 10000".In 1958 production switched over to diesel locomotives completely. Meanwhile, theCarriage & Wagon Workswere building the first of theDiesel Multiple Unitsthat were to take over many of the services.

In 1964 theBritish Rail Research Divisionopened to study all aspects of railway engineering from first principles. Its first success was in drastically improving the reliability and speed of goods trains, work which led to the development of theAdvanced Passenger Train.

Derby was awarded city status on 7 June 1977 byQueen Elizabeth IIto mark the25th anniversary of her ascension to the throne.[32]The Queen presented the "charter scroll" or "letters patent" in person on 28 July 1977 on the steps of theCouncil Houseto the then Mayor Councillor Jeffrey Tillet (Conservative).[33]Until then, Derby had been one of the few towns in England with acathedralbut not city status.

Derby holds an important position in the history of theLabour movementas one of two seats (the other beingKeir Hardie's inMerthyr Tydfil) gained by the recently formedLabour Representation Committeeat the 1900 general election. The MP wasRichard Bell,General Secretary of theRailway Servants Union.Bell was succeeded in 1910 byJimmy Thomasand he in turn by the distinguishedpolymathandNobel LaureatePhilip Noel-Bakerin 1936.

Despite its strategic industries (rail andaero-engine), Derby suffered comparatively little damage in bothworld wars(contrastBristolandFilton). This may in part have been because of jamming against the German radio-beam navigations systems (X-Verfahren andKnickebein,camouflage and decoy techniques ( "Starfish sites") were built, mainly south of the town, e.g. out in fields nearForemark.[34][35])

Derby has also become a significantcultural centrefor thedeaf communityin Britain. Many deaf people move to Derby because of its strongsign language-using community.[citation needed]It is estimated that the deaf population in Derby is at least three times higher than the national average, and that only London has a larger deaf population.[citation needed]The Royal School for the Deaf on Ashbourne Road provides education inBritish Sign Languageand English.

Government

[edit]
Derby Council House
County Hall

Local government

[edit]
Main article:Derby City Council

By traditional definitions, Derby is thecounty townofDerbyshire;the county'squarter sessionswere held at Derby andknights of the shirewere elected there, withCounty Hallon St Mary's Gate being built in 1660 to host such courts and meetings.[36]When elected county councils were established in 1889,Derbyshire County Councilinitially used County Hall as its meeting place, but moved toSmedley's HydroinMatlockin 1955.[37][38]

Between 1889 and 1974 Derby was acounty borough,independent from the county council.[39]It then became a lower-tier district council with the county council providing county-level services between 1974 and 1997. On 1 April 1997, Derby City Council became aunitary authority,regaining its independence from the county council.[40]On 7 July 2014, Derby's first ever Youth Mayor, Belal Butt (a student from Chellaston Academy), was elected by theMayor of Derby.[41]

UK parliament

[edit]

Derbywas a single United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency represented by two members of parliament until 1950, when it was divided into the single-member constituencies ofDerby NorthandDerby South.However, in 2010, the wards of Allestree, Oakwood and Spondon were moved to the new constituency ofMid Derbyshire,created for the 2010 general election.[citation needed]As of 2020, Derby is represented by three MPs.

Derby North Derby South Mid Derbyshire
Amanda Solloway Margaret Beckett Pauline Latham
Conservative Labour Conservative
Representation ofThe Derby Ramin East Street

City emblem

[edit]

Derby's emblem is the Derby Ram, about which there is afolk songtitled "The Derby Ram".It is found in a number of places, most notably serving as the nickname ofDerby County F.C.The logo of the City Council's services is a stylised ram.

Geography

[edit]

Derby is in a relatively low-lying area along the lower valley of theRiver Derwent,where the south-east foothills of thePenninesadjoin the lowlands and valley of theRiver Trentto the south.[42]The city is bordered by fournational character areas,the Trent Valley Washlands to the south, theNottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfieldsin the east, the South Derbyshire Claylands in the west, and the Derbyshire Peak Fringe in the north. Most of the flat plains surrounding Derby lie in the Trent Valley Washlands and South Derbyshire Claylands, while the hillier, northern parts of the city lie within the Derbyshire Peak Fringe and the Coalfields.[43]

The city is around 16 mi (26 km) fromCoton in the Elms,thefarthest place from coastal waters in the United Kingdom.

Derby built-up area, also showing Quarndon

Derby urban area

[edit]

TheDerby Built-up Area (BUA)orDerby Urban Areais an area including Derby and adjoining built-up districts of Derbyshire, includingBorrowashandDuffield.TheOffice for National Statisticsdefines anurban areaas one which is built upon, with nearby areas linked if within 200 metres.[44][45]It had a total population of 270,468 at the time of the2011 census.[46]An increase of over 10% since the2001 censusrecorded population of 236,738;[47]comprising population increases since 2001 along with new minor residential areas, and larger sub-divisions.The Derby built-up area is considered to be most of the city, as well as outlying villages within thedistrictsofAmber ValleyandErewashwhich adjoin the city. This overall area is, by ONS' figures, the29th largest in the UK.

Because methods of measuring linked areas were redefined for the 2011 census,Breadsall,DuffieldandLittle Eatonwere included. However,Quarndonis not considered to be a component as it is marginally too distant. It extends south to small adjoining estates in theSouth Derbyshiredistrict, atBoulton Moor/Thulston Fields,Stenson Fields,and the Mickleover Country Park residential development (The Pastures)[48]withinBurnastonparish. The urban area is bounded to the east by a narrow gap betweenBorrowashandDraycott(to the west of theBreastonurban area sub-division of theNottingham BUA). It is also close to other nearby urban areas to the north.

Urban subdivision Population District
2001 census 2011 census
Derby 229,407 255,394 City of Derby
Borrowash 5,621 7,335 Erewash
Duffield 5,046 Amber Valley
Little Eaton 1,920 Erewash
Ockbrook 1,710 Erewash
Breadsall 773 Erewash
Total 236,738 270,468

Notes:

  • Ockbrook included in Borrowash figure in 2011.
  • Derby unitary authority 2001/2011 population figures were 221,716 and 244,625,[49]the table ONS subdivision figures also containing small adjoining estates outside the city boundary at Boulton Moor/Thulston Fields, Stenton Fields, and Burnaston.
  • Quarndon, although very close to the BUA is considered to be a separate area.

Green belt

[edit]
Main article:Nottingham and Derby Green Belt

Derby has a green belt area defined to the north and east of the city, first drawn up in the 1950s, to prevent convergence with the surrounding towns and villages. It extends for several miles into the counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, covering much of the area up to Nottingham.

Climate

[edit]

Derby's climate is classified as warm and temperate. There is precipitation even during the driest month. This location is classified asCfbaccording to theKöppen climate classification.Under the Köppen climatic classification Derby has an oceanic climate along with the rest of the British Isles. The average annual temperature is 9.7 °C. Precipitation averages 694 mm.[50]

The highest temperature ever recorded in Derby was 34.1 °C (93.4 °F), recorded atMarkeaton Parkon 3 August 1990,[51]

Climate data for Derby, extremes 1959–2006[a]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.5
(56.3) 		17.4
(63.3) 		22.8
(73.0) 		25.2
(77.4) 		27.2
(81.0) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.7
(90.9) 		34.1
(93.4) 		28.3
(82.9) 		26.8
(80.2) 		18.1
(64.6) 		15.5
(59.9) 		34.1
(93.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		16.4
(61.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		7.1
(44.8) 		13.5
(56.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8) 		3.8
(38.8) 		6.1
(43.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		15.1
(59.2) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		6.3
(43.3) 		4.3
(39.7) 		9.7
(49.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9) 		0.9
(33.6) 		2.6
(36.7) 		4.6
(40.3) 		7.6
(45.7) 		10.6
(51.1) 		12.4
(54.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.4
(38.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.0
(42.9)
Record low °C (°F) −16.1
(3.0) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		0.5
(32.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−16.1
(3.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 62
(2.4) 		49
(1.9) 		53
(2.1) 		51
(2.0) 		55
(2.2) 		58
(2.3) 		55
(2.2) 		64
(2.5) 		59
(2.3) 		58
(2.3) 		63
(2.5) 		67
(2.6) 		694
(27.3)
Source:[52][53][54]

Nearby settlements

[edit]

Demography

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
180114,695—
185148,506+230.1%
1901118,469+144.2%
1921142,824+20.6%
1941167,321+17.2%
1951181,423+8.4%
1961199,578+10.0%
1971219,558+10.0%
1981214,424−2.3%
1991225,296+5.1%
2001221,716−1.6%
2011248,700+12.2%
[55]
Population pyramid of Derby (unitary authority) in 2021

Ethnicity

[edit]
Ethnic demography of Derby (unitary authority) over time
Ethnic Group Year
1971 estimations[56] 1981 estimations[57] 1991[58] 2001[59] 2011[60] 2021[61]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White:Total 203,415 95.2% 193,963 91.5% 197,658 90.3% 193,881 87.4% 199,751 80.3% 192,871 73.8%
White:British – – – – – – 187,104 84.4% 187,386 75.3% 173,077 66.2%
White:Irish – – – – – – 3,060 2,319 1,982 0.8%
White:Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – – – – – – – 295 408 0.2%
White: Roma – – – – – – – – – – 1,163 0.4%
White:Other – – – – – – 3,717 9,751 16,241 6.2%
Asian or Asian British:Total – – – – 15,285 7% 19,390 8.7% 31,095 12.5% 40,901 15.5%
Asian or Asian British:Indian – – – – 8,388 8,505 10,907 12,631 4.8%
Asian or Asian British:Pakistani – – – – 5,537 8,790 14,620 21,034 8.0%
Asian or Asian British:Bangladeshi – – – – 1,45 210 658 827 0.3%
Asian or Asian British:Chinese – – – – 557 857 1,292 1,416 0.5%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – – – 658 1,028 3,618 4,993 1.9%
Black or Black British:Total – – – – 4,653 2.1% 3,895 1.8% 7,320 2.9% 10,482 4%
Black or Black British:African – – – – 235 438 3,156 6,110 2.3%
Black or Black British:Caribbean – – – – 3,176 3,108 3,405 3,056 1.2%
Black or Black British:Other Black – – – – 1,242 349 759 1,316 0.5%
Mixed or British Mixed:Total – – – – – – 3,968 1.8% 7,232 2.9% 9,562 3.7%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – – – 2,293 3,916 4,178 1.6%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – – – 200 533 924 0.4%
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – – – 980 1,772 2,412 0.9%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – – – 495 1,011 2,048 0.8%
Other: Total – – – – 1,206 0.5% 574 0.3% 3,354 1.3% 7,548 2.9%
Other: Arab – – – – – – – – 861 0.3% 1,032 0.4%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – – – 1206 0.5% 574 0.3% 2,493 1% 6,516 2.5%
Ethnic minority: Total 10,296 4.8% 17,947 8.5% 21,144 9.7% 27,827 12.6% 49,001 19.7% 68,493 26.2%
Total 213,711 100% 211,910 100% 218,802 100% 221,708 100% 248,752 100% 261,364 100%

Religion

[edit]
Religion 2001[62] 2011[63] 2021[64]
Number % Number % Number %
Holds religious beliefs 169,073 76.2 163,141 65.6 149,208 57.1
Christian 149,471 67.4 131,129 52.7 104,949 40.2
Buddhist 448 0.2 822 0.3 828 0.3
Hindu 1,354 0.6 2,198 0.9 3,065 1.2
Jewish 141 0.1 110 <0.1 150 0.1
Muslim 9,958 4.5 19,006 7.6 29,137 11.1
Sikh 7,151 3.2 8,891 3.6 9,762 3.7
Other religion 550 0.2 985 0.4 1,297 0.5
No religion 35,207 15.9 68,668 27.6 95,639 36.6
Religion not stated 17,428 7.9 16,943 6.8 16,517 6.3
Total population 221,708 100% 248,752 100% 261,364 100%

Industry

[edit]
Old steam crane, manufactured by "Henry J. Coles", in Derby. Villalba station, Spain.

Derby's two biggest employers,[65]Rolls-Royce HoldingsandToyota,are engaged in engineering manufacturing. Other companies of note includerailway systems engineeringfirmAlstom,who manufacture railwayrolling stockatDerby Litchurch Lane Works;First Source, who deal with much ofSky'stelephone support; and Triton Equity, who took over Alstom's manufacturing plant for large power plantboilersandheat exchangersin 2014.[66]

Derby power stationon Silkmill Lane supplied electricity to the town and the surrounding area from 1893 until its closure in 1969.[67]

From 1922 Sinfin Lane was the home of the 62-acre (250,000 m2) site ofInternational Combustion,originally manufacturers of machinery for the automatic delivery of pulverised fuel tofurnacesandboilers,and later producing steam-generating boilers for use in electrical generating plant such as used in power stations. In the 1990s the firm was bought by Rolls-Royce plc and then sold on again toABB Group.[68]

Derby was the home ofCore Design(originally based on Ashbourne Road), who developed the successful video gameTomb Raider.When Derby's inner ring road was completed in 2010, a section of it was named 'Lara Croft Way' after the game's heroineLara Croft.

One of Derby's longest-established businesses isRoyal Crown Derby,which has been producing porcelain since the 1750s.

TheMidlands Co-operative Society,a predecessor ofCentral England Co-operative,traced its origins to Derby Co-operative Provident Society which, in 1854, was one of the first co-operatives in the region.

Infinity Park Derby is a planned business park for aerospace, rail and automotive technology adjacent to the Rolls-Royce site in Sinfin. In December 2014, the government announced that the park would gainenterprise zonestatus by being added toNottingham Enterprise Zone.[69]

Railway engineering

[edit]
Annual dinner of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers held in the carriage works of the Midland Railway at Derby in 1898. Samuel Johnson, the railway's Chief Mechanical Engineer was the institution president.

As a consequence of the Midland Railway having their headquarters in Derby, along with theirLocomotiveandCarriage & Wagon Works,the railways had been a major influence on the development of the town during the Victorian period.[citation needed]

During the 20th century, railway manufacturing developed elsewhere, while in Derby the emphasis shifted to other industries. Even though it had pioneered the introduction of diesel locomotives, new production finished in 1966.[citation needed]Repair work gradually diminished until the locomotive works closed, the land being redeveloped as Pride Park. The only buildings remaining are those visible from Platform 6 of the station.

The Carriage and Wagon Works has been owned byAlstomsince 2021 and continues to build trains.[70]TheRailway Technical Centrecontinues to house railway businesses; this formerly included the headquarters ofDeltaRail Group(previously known as theBritish Rail Research Division).

Derby railway stationretains an important position in the railway network.East Midlands RailwayoperateDerby Etches Parkdepot whileNetwork RailandRail Operations Groupalso maintain trains in Derby. On 21 March 2023, it was announced that the city was to be the headquarters of Great British Railways.[71]

Derby is also the headquarters of theDerby Railway Engineering Society,[72]founded in 1908 to promote railway engineering expertise both in the city and nationally.

Landmarks

[edit]

Derby Cathedraltower is 212 ft (65 m) tall to the tip of the pinnacles. This has been home to a pair of breedingperegrine falconssince 2006,[73]monitored by four webcams.[74]

Derby Gaolis a visitor attraction based in the dungeons of the Derbyshire County Gaol, which dates back to 1756.

Derby Museum of Makingis housed inDerby Silk Milland shows the industrial heritage and technological achievement of Derby, includingRolls-Royceaero engines,railways, mining,quarryingandfoundries.The Silk Mill stands at the southern end of the 24 km (15 mi) stretch of theRiver Derwentdesignated aWorld Heritage Sitein 2001. On 10 May 2022, the Museum of Making was short-listed for the 2022 Art Fund Museum of the Year award,[75]and in 2024 it was one of six museums to receive a special commendation in the European Museum of the Year Awards.[76]

Pickford's House Museum

Pickford's House Museumwas built by architectJoseph Pickfordin 1770. It was his home and business headquarters.Derby Museum and Art Galleryshows paintings byJoseph Wright,as well as fineRoyal Crown Derbyporcelain, natural history, local regiments and archaeology. Pickford also designedSt Helen's Housein King Street.

The skyline of the inner city changed in 1968 when the inner ring road with its two new crossings of theRiver Derwentwas built. The route of the ring road went through theSt Alkmund's Churchand itsGeorgianchurchyard,the only Georgian square in Derby. Both were demolished to make way for the road, a move still criticised today. Thus the editor (Elizabeth Williamson) of the 2nd edition ofPevsnerfor Derbyshire wrote: "...the character and cohesion of the centre has been completely altered by the replacement of a large number of C18 houses in the centre by a multi-lane road. As a traffic scheme this road is said to be a triumph; as townscape it is a disaster."

Places of interest

[edit]
Derby Guildhall,the former seat of local government, today serves primarily as a 240-seat theatre. It was rebuilt after the previous hall was destroyed by fire in 1841.

Transport

[edit]

Railways

[edit]
Derby railway station

The city is one of the country's main railway centres.Derby railway stationis served by twotrain operating companies:

There are also local stations atPeartree(on the Newark to Crewe route) andSpondon(on the Nottingham to Matlock route), although their stopping services are very limited.

Buses and coaches

[edit]

Derby bus stationis the hub for local bus services in and around the city. Routes are operated by a number of companies, but principallyTrent BartonandArriva Midlands.Destinations includeBelper,Burton-upon-Trent,Ilkeston,RipleyandNottingham.[79]

The city is on severalNational Expressroutes; destinations includeBirmingham,Gatwick Airport,Leicester,LeedsandLondon.[79]

Roads

[edit]
Mercian Way, looking across Abbey Street towards Uttoxeter New Road

TheM1 motorwaypasses about 10 miles (16 km) east of the city, linking Derby southwards to London and northwards toSheffieldand Leeds. Other major roads passing through or near Derby include theA6(historically the main route from London toCarlisle,also linking to Leicester andManchester);A38(Bodminto Mansfield, viaBristoland Birmingham);A50(Warringtonto Leicester, viaStoke-on-Trent);A52(Newcastle-under-LymetoMablethorpe,includingBrian CloughWay linking Derby to Nottingham); andA61(Derby toThirsk,via Sheffield and Leeds).

On 16 March 2011, Mercian Way, the final section of the city's inner ring road, was opened to traffic.[80]This new section connects Burton Road with Uttoxeter New Road; it crosses Abbey Street, which is the only road between the two ends from which Mercian Way can be accessed.

Air

[edit]

East Midlands Airportis located about 15 miles (24 km) from Derby city centre. There was controversy concerning the airport's decision to prefix its name withNottinghamin 2004; this was due to its proximity to Derby, the fact that the airport is inLeicestershireand the traditional rivalry between its three nearby cities (Derby, Leicester and Nottingham).[81]In 2006, Nottingham East Midlands Airport reverted to its previous name.[82]

The airport is served bybudget airlines,includingRyanairandJet2,with services to domestic and European destinations.

Derby Airfield,approximately 7 miles (11 km) south-west of the city centre, has grass runways targeted atgeneral aviation.

Community and culture

[edit]

On 8 October 2021 it was announced that Derby had been included in the longlist of bids to hostUK City of Culture 2025,but in March 2022 it failed to make it onto the shortlist.[83]

Music

[edit]

Theindie popbandWhite Town,fronted byJyoti Mishra,is from Derby, and his video "Your Woman",features scenes from the city centre." Your Woman "reached No. 1 on theUK Singles Chartin January 1997.[84]

Founding member and songwriter ofMercury Prizenominatedalternative rockbandMaxïmo Parkand solo artistDuncan Lloydis from Derby. His band hit the number 2 spot in the U.K. album charts in 2020, with the albumNature Always Wins.[85]

PopsingerKelli Young(born 7 April 1982) is from Derby. She is best known as a member of the pop groupLiberty X.

Lucy Wardis an English singer-songwriter from Derby, England. She performs traditionalEnglish folksongs as well as her own material. Three of her albums,Adelphi Has to Fly,Single FlameandI Dreamt I Was a Bird,have been critically acclaimed and have each received four-starred reviews in the British national press.

In rock music, the blues singer-songwriterKevin Coynecame from Derby, as does the three-piece rock bandLostAlone,and indie/glam rock bandThe Struts.The ska punk bandLightyearalso hail from the city, naming their second albumChris Gentlemens Hairdresser and Railway Book Shopafter a shop in Macklin Street.[citation needed]

The bandAnti-Pasti,whose debut 1981 albumThe Last Callreached the top 40 in theUK album charts,came from Derby. The band reformed in 2012 and again with an altered line up in 2014.

Derby bandThe Beekeeperswere signed toBeggars Banquet Recordsbetween 1993 and 1998. SingerJamie Eastlater went on to create entertainment websiteHoly Molyand presentBig Brother's Bit on the Side.


Sinfonia Vivais a chamber orchestra based in Derby, presenting concerts and educational events in the city, across the East Midlands, and occasionally further afield.[86]

A full-scale programme of orchestral and other concerts was presented by Derby LIVE at the Assembly Rooms, though this is currently closed following fire damage in March 2014. The amateur classical music scene includes two choral societies,Derby Bach ChoirandDerby Choral Union;smaller choirs including theDerwent SingersandSitwell Singers;andDerby Concert Orchestra.Derby Chamber Musicpresents an annual series of chamber music concerts atDerby University'sMultifaithCentre. A series of organ recitals is presented every summer atDerby Cathedral.[87]

The folk-music scene includes the annualDerby Folk Festival.[88][89]Derby Jazzpromotes a year-round series of performances and workshops.[90]Kaleidoscope Community Music includes Kaleidoscope Community Choir and Calidoscopio Carnival Drummers.[91]

Other music venues in the city include The Venue on Abbey Street, The Hairy Dog on Becket Street, Ryan's Bar in the St Peter's Quarter, The Flowerpot on King Street, and The Victoria Inn.

Theatre and arts

[edit]

Derby has had a number of theatres, including theGrand Theatrewhich was opened from 1886[92]until 1950. This replaced the earlier Theatre Royal.[citation needed]

After a lengthy period of financial uncertainty,Derby Playhouseclosed in February 2008. It was resurrected in September of that year after a new financing package was put together but forced to close again just two months later because of further financial problems. The lease was later bought byDerby Universityand the building was renamedDerby Theatre.Along with the Assembly Rooms and Guildhall Theatre, it was operated by Derby LIVE, the cultural arm ofDerby City Council.In 2012 Derby University took over as sole operator of Derby Theatre; Sarah Brigham was appointed artistic director, and has been in post since January 2013.

QUADis a centre for art and film that opened in 2008. The building has two cinema screens showing independent and mainstream cinema, two gallery spaces housing contemporaryvisual arts,a digital studio, participation spaces, digital editing suites, artists studio and theBFIMediatheque. QUAD organises the annual Derby Film Festival, and the FORMAT international photography festival, held every two years at various venues throughout the city.

The Robert Ludlam Theatre, on the campus ofSaint Benedict Catholic School and Performing Arts College,is a 270-seat venue with a programme of entertainment including dance, drama, art, music,theatre in the round,comedy, films, family entertainment, rock and pop events and workshops. The theatre companyOddsocksis based in Derby and stages productions in the city and the surrounding area, as well as travelling the country.[93]

Déda, established in 1991, is the only dedicated dance house in the East Midlands region, acting as a local, regional and national resource for dance and aerial artists and contemporary circus. Déda houses a 124-capacity studio theatre, three dance studios, meeting room facilities and the CUBE café bar. It offers a weekly class programme and a year-round professional performance programme for children, young people and adults, and a community development programme. Déda now hosts a BA degree in Dance in partnership with the University of Derby.[94]

Derby Book Festival, first held in 2015, takes place in late spring/early summer, with events throughout the city.[95]An additional "Autumn edition" was first held in October 2019.

Derby Festé[96]is a weekendstreet artsfestival held at the end of September every year. The first Six Streets Arts trail was in June 2012,[97]took place again in 2013 and will now be a biennial event. It includes strong input from the local History Network[98]which was awarded a Heritage Lottery grant to pursue its work on marking the 100th anniversary of World War 1.

The actor andBaftaaward winnerJack O'Connellis from Derby. John Dexterthe theatre director and the actorAlan Bateswere from Derby.John Osbornewrote his playLook Back in Angerin 1956 while living in Derby and working at Derby Playhouse.[99]

Recreation

[edit]
The restored Grove Street Lodge and "Grand Entrance" at the northern end of the Arboretum

Derby Arboretum,donated to the town by local philanthropistJoseph Struttin 1840, was the first planned urbanpublic parkin the country. Although it suffered from neglect in the 1990s, it has been renovated. It has been claimed to have been one of the inspirations forCentral Parkin New York.[100]

Markeaton Parkis Derby's most used leisure facility.[101]Other major parks in the city includeAllestree Park,Darley Park,Chaddesden Park,Alvaston Park,Normanton ParkandOsmaston Park.Derby is believed to be one of the country's highest, if not the highest, ranking cities for parkland per capita.Darleyand Derwent Parks lie immediately north of the city centre. Derby Rowing Club and Derwent Rowing Club are located on the banks of the river, where there is also a riverside walk and cycle path.

On 10 November 2021, Derby City Council approved plans for the UK's first large-scale urban rewilding project, in Allestree Park.[102]

Sport

[edit]
Pride Park Stadium

Derby gained a high profile in sport following the appointment ofBrian Cloughas manager ofDerby County F.C.in 1967. Promotion to theFootball League First Divisionwas achieved in 1969, and County were champions of the English league three years later. Following Clough's resignation in 1973, his successorDave Mackayguided Derby County to another league title in 1975, but this remains to date the club's last major trophy; relegation followed in 1980 and top flight status was not regained until 1987, since when Derby have spent a total of 11 seasons (1987–1991, 1996–2002, 2007–2008) in the top flight.[103]Other former managers of the club includeArthur Cox,Jim Smith,John GregoryandGeorge Burley.Former players includeColin Todd,Roy McFarland(who both later had brief and unsuccessful stints as manager at the club), Dave Mackay,Peter Shilton,Dean Saunders,Craig Short,Marco Gabbiadini,Horacio Carbonari,Fabrizio Ravanelli,Steve BloomerandTom Huddlestone.The club moved from its century-oldBaseball Groundin 1997 to the newPride Park Stadium.[103]The club's most recent spell as a top-division (FA Premier League) club ended in May 2008 after justone season,during which the club won just one out of 38 league games and finished with just 11 points, the lowest in the history of thePremier League.[104]

There are three senior non-league football clubs based in the city.Mickleover Sportsplay at Station Road,Mickleover,and are members of theEvoStik Northern Premier League(the seventh level of theEnglish football league system).Graham Street PrimsandBorrowash Victoriaare both members of theEast Midlands Counties League(level ten) and play on adjacent grounds at the Asterdale complex inSpondon.

TheCounty Ground

Derbyshire County Cricket Clubare based at theCounty Groundin Derby and play almost all home matches there, although matches atChesterfieldwere re-introduced in 2006. One of the designatedfirst classcounty sides, they have won theCounty Championshiponce, in 1936.

Derby has clubs in both codes ofrugby.Inrugby union,Derby RFCplay inMidlands Division One East(the sixth level of English rugby union) at their Haslams Lane ground.Rugby leagueteamDerby City RLFCwere formed in 1990 and compete in the Midlands Premier Division of the National Rugby League Conference. From 2008 they are ground-sharing with Derby RFC at Haslams Lane.

The city is represented in theEnglish Basketball LeagueDivision One byDerby Trailblazers,who play at the Moorways Sports Centre. They were formed in 2002 following the demise ofBritish Basketball LeaguesideDerby Storm.

Derby-bornMelissa Reid

Team Derby, based atDerby Arena,won the inauguralNational Badminton Leaguetitle in 2014–15. The Arena, opened in 2015, also contains avelodromethat has hosted theRevolution cycling series.

Local industrialistFrancis Leyintroduced baseball to the town in the late 19th century, and built astadiumnear the town centre. The attempt to establish baseball in Derby was unsuccessful, but the stadium survived for some 100 years afterwards as the home of Derby County Football Club. It was demolished in 2003, six years after County's move toPride Park.

Professional golferMelissa Reidwas born in Derby in 1987. She plays on theLadies European Tour,[105]and was a member of the victorious European Team in the2011 Solheim Cup.

Arthur KeilythemarathonrunnerandOlympianwas born in Derbyshire in 1921 and has lived his whole life in Derby. InRome in 1960he broke the English Olympic record, recording a time of 2 hours 27 mins.[106][107]

Shopping and nightlife

[edit]
Ye Olde Dolphin Inne

Shopping in central Derby is divided into three main areas. These are theCathedral Quarter,the St Peters Quarter and theDerbionshopping centre. The Cathedral Quarter was Derby's first BID (Business Improvement District), and includes a large range of shops, boutiques, coffee shops and restaurants. It is focused around the cathedral and the area around Irongate and Sadler Gate. It includes the Market place, the Guildhall and Assembly Rooms along with the City Museum and the Silk Mill industrial museum.

The St Peters Quarter is Derby's second Business Improvement District, brought into effect in the summer of 2011. Its boundary with the Cathedral Quarter follows Victoria Street, beneath which flows the underground course of theMarkeaton Brook.The quarter boasts a diverse range of retail shops, many of them, in Green Lane, Babington Lane, Osmaston Road and elsewhere, independent traders. St Peters Street, London Road and East Street also include a large choice of national retailers and pubs, restaurants, banks and offices. The quarter includes the historicSt Peters Churchand, on St Peter's Churchyard, the medievalDerby Schoolbuilding. Nearby also is the Old Courthouse (former County Court).[108]

Derbionis the city's main indoor shopping centre. It opened in 2007 as Westfield Derby after extension work costing £340 million, subsequently being sold toIntuin March 2014.[109]It contains a food court and a 12-screen cinema (Showcase – Cinema De Lux) which was opened in May 2008. The development was controversial and local opponents accuse it of drawing trade away from the older parts of the city centre where independent shops are located. Some of these experienced a downturn in trade and some have ceased trading since the development opened leading to the "Lanes" project which eventually became the second BID and the formation of St Peters Quarter. In the centre itself, a combination of high rents and rising rates have made things difficult for smaller traders.[110]

The Friar Gate area contains clubs and bars, making it the centre of Derby's nightlife. Derby is also well provided with pubs and is renowned for its large number ofreal aleoutlets. The oldest pub is theGrade II listedYe Olde Dolphin Inne,dating from the late 16th century.[111]

Out-of-town shopping areas include the Kingsway Retail Park, off the A38; the Wyvern Retail Park, near Pride Park; and the Meteor Centre, on Mansfield Road.

Education

[edit]
See also:List of schools in Derby

Like most of the UK, Derby operates a non-selective primary and secondary education system with nomiddle schools.Pupils attend infant and junior school (often in a combined primary school) before moving onto a secondary school. Many of the secondary schools havesixth forms,allowing pupils to optionally takeA Levelsafter the end of compulsory education. For those who want to stay in education but leave school, the largeDerby Collegeprovides post-16 courses for school leavers, apprentices and employer-related training. It has two main campuses: theJoseph Wright Centrein the centre of Derby, where itsA Levelcourses are based, and the historicalDerby Roundhouse,the college's vocational training hub, providing a centre for apprenticeships such as engineering, catering and hair and beauty. The college also works in partnership with schools across the county to provide vocational training opportunities for students aged 14 upwards. Training for companies is undertaken through its Corporate College.

Inside the state sector, there are 15 secondary schools. These are:Allestree Woodlands School,Alvaston Moor Academy,Bemrose School,Chellaston Academy,City of Derby Academy,Da Vinci Academy,Derby Manufacturing UTC,Derby Moor Academy,Derby Pride Academy,Landau Forte College,Lees Brook Community School,Littleover Community School,Merrill Academy,Murray Park School,Noel-Baker Academy,Saint Benedict Catholic Voluntary AcademyandWest Park School.

Outside the state sector, there are three fee-paying independent schools.Derby Grammar Schoolwas founded in 1994 and was for boys only until 2007, when they accepted girls into the sixth form for the first time. They aim to continue the work and traditions of the formerDerby School,which closed in 1989, one of the oldest schools in England.[citation needed]Derby High Schoolwas girls-only for senior and sixth form and for girls and boys at primary level until 2019 where boys were accepted into Year 7 and Year 12.[112]As of 2023, the school is now fully co-educational, accepting both boys and girls in all years of school.

Derby hasspecial needsestablishments including Ivy House School at the Derby Moor Community Sports College (which takes pupils from nursery to sixth form) and the Light House which is arespitefacility for children and parents. Allestree Woodlands School have a Hearing Impaired department, and Saint Benedict have an Enhanced Resource Base for pupils to access specialised support within mainstream schooling. There also a number of alternative provision schools, includingDerby Pride Academy.

TheUniversity of Derbyhas its main campus on Kedleston Road. There is another campus in north Derbyshire atBuxton.

In 2003 theUniversity of Nottinghamopened a graduate entry medical school based atRoyal Derby Hospital.The university also has its School of Nursing and Midwifery there, having moved from its former home at theLondon Road Community Hospitalin mid-2012.

Media

[edit]

TheDerby Telegraph(formerly theDerby Evening Telegraph) is the city's daily newspaper. Crime writer Richard Cox set his first book around his own experience as aDerby Telegraphreporter in the 1970s.[113]TheDerby Traderwas a free weekly newspaper that is no longer in print. BBC Radio Derby,the BBC's local station for Derbyshire andEast Staffordshire,is based on St Helen's Street in the city and offers local, national and international news, features, music and sports commentaries. It is available on 104.5 FM and 1116 AM, on 95.3 FM in north and mid-Derbyshire and on 96.0 FM in theBuxtonarea, as well as being streamed on the internet. TheBBCin Derby have their own local website for the area providing news, travel and weather information, as well as other features.

Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC East MidlandsandITV Central.The city's television signals are received from theWalthamTV transmitter.

Capital Midlands(previouslyCapital East MidlandsandRam FM) is the biggest commercial radio station in the city, broadcasting to Derby on 102.8 FM from the transmitter at Drum Hill, just outside the city. It broadcasts a Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR) format, with Top 40 chart hits aimed at the city's under-35s.

Notable people

[edit]

Arts, literature and music

[edit]

Films, theatre, TV and radio

[edit]

Academics, science, business and engineering

[edit]

Politics, religion and law

[edit]

Sports

[edit]

International relations

[edit]

Osnabrück partnership treaty

[edit]

Derby istwinnedwithOsnabrückin Germany. The partnership treaty between the two cities was signed on 17 February 1976.[219]

The twinning agreement with Derby was in the historical Hall of Peace in Osnabrück's Rathaus (town hall). Every year, Derby and Osnabrück each appoint an envoy who spends twelve months in the twin city. The envoy promotes the exchange of ideas between the two cities and acts as an educational and information officer to increase awareness of the twinning scheme. The envoy gives talks to local societies and schools, findspen friendsand short-term host families during work placements, works to assist groups who want to get involved in twinning by identifying and approaching possible counterparts and plans the annual May Week trip.

There is an annual exchange between the wind bands ofJohn Port Spencer Academy,Etwall, and its twin school Gymnasium Melle inMelle,Germany,DistrictofOsnabrücker Land. An exchange was established in 2009 betweenAllestree Woodlands Schooland the GymnasiumAngelaschulein Osnabrück. This exchange was originally based on a drama project by both schools in June 2009, which included performances in both cities with over 1600 visitors. It is now a language and culture exchange between the two schools, run by the German department at Allestree Woodlands School.

The exchange of envoys between two cities is very unusual. The envoy in Osnabrück changes every year and Osnabrück also sends envoys to Derby,AngersandÇanakkale.No other city in Germany participates in this exchange of envoys, and in Britain, only one other town,Wigan,receives and sends an envoy.

List of twin towns

[edit]

Freedom of the City

[edit]

The following people and military units have received theFreedom of the Cityof Derby.

Individuals

[edit]

Military units

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Extreme temperature records were measured at Derby, Markeaton Park, Mackworth and Morley stations between 1959 and 2006.

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[edit]
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Bibliography

[edit]
See also:Bibliography of the history of Derby
[edit]


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