Desiderative mood
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Inlinguistics,adesiderative(abbreviatedDESIorDES) form is one that has the meaning of "wanting to X". Desiderative forms are often verbs, derived from a more basic verb through a process of morphologicalderivation.Desiderative mood is a kind ofvolitive mood.
Sanskrit[edit]
InSanskrit,the desiderative is formed through the suffi xing of /sa/ and the prefi xing of a reduplicative syllable,[1]consisting of the first consonant of the root (sometimes modified) and a vowel, usually /i/ but /u/ if the root has an /u/ in it. Changes to the root vowel sometimes happen, as well. The acute accent, which indicates high pitch inVedic,is usually placed at the first vowel.
For example:
Base form | Meaning | Desiderative | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
nayati | "he leads" | nínīṣati | "he wants to lead" |
pibati | "he drinks" | pípāsati | "he wants to drink" |
jīvati | "he lives" | jíjīviṣati | "he wants to live" |
Meadow Mari[edit]
InMeadow Mari,the desiderative mood is marked by the suffix -не-ne.
Positive present[edit]
Person | 1st Dec. pos. | 2nd Dec. pos. |
---|---|---|
1st Singular | лекнем2(I want to go) | мондынем (I want to forget) |
2nd Singular | лекнет2(You want to go) | мондынет (You want to forget) |
3rd Singular | лекнеже2(He/she/it wants to go) | мондынеже (He/she/it wants to forget) |
1st Plural | лекнена2(We want to go) | мондынена (We want to forget) |
2nd Plural | лекнеда2(You want to go) | мондынеда (You want to forget) |
3rd Plural | лекнешт2(They want to go) | мондынешт (They want to forget) |
Negative present[edit]
Person | 1st Dec. neg. | 2nd Dec. neg. |
---|---|---|
1st Singular | ынем лек2(I don't want to go) | ынем мондо1(I don't want to forget) |
2nd Singular | ынет лек2(You don't want to go) | ынет мондо1(You don't want to forget) |
3rd Singular | ынеже лек2(He/she/it doesn't want to go) | ынеже мондо1(He/she/it doesn't want to forget) |
1st Plural | ынена лек2(We don't want to go) | ынена мондо1(We don't want to forget) |
2nd Plural | ынеда лек2(You don't want to go) | ынеда мондо1(You don't want to forget) |
3rd Plural | ынешт лек2(They don't want to go) | ынешт мондо1(They don't want to forget) |
Japanese[edit]
InJapanese,the desiderative takes two main forms:-tai(-たい) and-tagaru(-たがる). Both forms conjugate for tense and positivity, but in different ways: with the-taiending, the verb becomes an-i adjective,or a conjugable adjective, while the ending-tagaru(-tai + -garusuffix) creates agodan/yodanverb. Though there are other, compound forms to demonstrate wanting, these two alone are demonstrated because they are inflections of the main verb. These two forms are plain/informal in nature, and can be elevated to the normal-polite and other levels through normal methods.
-taiis an absolute statement of desire, whereas-tagaruindicates theappearanceof desire. Generally, one does not say things such asQuá lang さんが thực べたい'Tarō wants to eat' because one cannot read Tarō's thoughts; instead, one saysQuá lang さんが thực べたがる'it appears that Tarō wants to eat.'
Godan Verbs[edit]
-たい,-tai | -たがる,-tagaru | Meaning | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-past | Positive | Thư きたい,kakitai | Thư きたがる,kakitagaru | 'want(s) to write' |
Negative | Thư きたくない,kakitakunai | Thư きたがらない,kakitagaranai | 'don't/doesn't want to write' | |
Past | Positive | Thư きたかった,kakitakatta | Thư きたがった,kakitagatta | 'wanted to write' |
Negative | Thư きたくなかった,kakitakunakatta | Thư きたがらなかった,kakitagaranakatta | 'didn't want to write' |
Ichidan Verbs[edit]
-たい,-tai | -たがる,-tagaru | Meaning | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-past | Positive | Thực べたい,tabetai | Thực べたがる,tabetagaru | 'wants to eat' |
Negative | Thực べたくない,tabetakunai | Thực べたがらない,tabetagaranai | 'don't/doesn't want to eat' | |
Past | Positive | Thực べたかった,tabetakatta | Thực べたがった,tabetagatta | 'wanted to eat' |
Negative | Thực べたくなかった,tabetakunakatta | Thực べたがらなかった,tabetagaranakatta | 'didn't want to eat' |
Proto-Indo-European[edit]
Proto-Indo-Europeanlikely had a desiderative. In somedaughter languageslikeAlbanian,Indo-Iranian,Balto-Slavicand possiblyCeltic,it acquired the meaning of afuture tense.[1]
References[edit]
- ^abFortson IV, Benjamin W. (2004),Indo-European Language and Culture,Blackwell Publishing, p. 91,ISBN1-4051-0316-7