Dinanukht

Dinanukht(also spelledDinanuktorDananukt;^[1]Classical Mandaic:ࡃࡉࡍࡀࡍࡅࡊࡕorࡃࡀࡍࡀࡍࡅࡊࡕ;fromPersian'the one who speaks in accordance with the religion') is a mythological character in theGinza Rabba,one of the main religious scriptures ofMandaeism,who is portrayed as an anthropomorphic book.Book 6of theRight Ginzadescribes his ascension to theWorld of Light.^[2]^[3]

Buckley(2010) suggests a connection withNbu(Mercury), who is associated with scribes and books. For instance, in theZrazta ḏ-Hibil Ziwa(Drower CollectionMs. 44), Nbu is the Lord of Book and ink and wisdom. Similarly, Dinanukht is called the "ink-book of the gods" inRight Ginza6.^[3]

Spellings

Petermannspells the name asDinanukt,whileLidzbarskispells it asDinanukht.However, theMhatam YuhanaGinzafromAhvaz,Iran, which Gelbert (2011) is based on, spells it asDananukt.^[1]^: 228

In theBook of the Scholion(writtenc. 792), the Syriac Christian writerTheodore bar Konaibriefly mentions Dinanukht, which he spells asDynnws(Classical Syriac:ܕܝܢܢܘܣ).^[4]^: 127

"Also they speak concerning Dinanus (Dynnws), the scribe of religions, and Little Diṣā. "

Story in theGinza Rabba

Dinanukht, who is half-man, half-book (Classical Mandaic:ࡎࡐࡀࡓ,romanized:spar, sfar), unsuccessfully tries to destroy Diṣai, another half-man, half-book, by burning and drowning (Classical Mandaic:ࡈࡌࡀࡔࡕࡇ,romanized:țmaštḥ,lit. 'performedtamashaon him') when he is disturbed by his speech. However, Ewath (an epithet forRuha) soon appears to repeat this speech, which is reminiscent of theNag Hammadi GnosticpoemThe Thunder, Perfect Mind.^[5]^[6]Torgny Säve-Söderbergh(1949) also noted similarities withPsalms of Thomas14, in whichHylēprovides an answer of co-existing opposites (e.g., "death and life" ).^[7]

Then Ewath, the holy spirit [Ruha ḏ-Qudsha], approached me in myŠkīnāand said to me, (u-atat ʿuat ruha ḏ-qudša b-škinatai qaimalia u-amr alia)
"Why did you lie there, Dīnānūkht? (mahu škibit dananukt)
Why did you like the sleep? (mahu šinta hnatalak)
I am theLifethat was from time immemorial, (ana hu hiia ḏ-hun mn l-aqadmia)
I am theKušṭāthat was before in the beginning. (ana hu kušṭa ḏ-hua mn qudam briša)
I am the radiance (ziwa), I am the light. (ana huziua,ana hu nhura)
I am the death, I am the Life. (ana humuta,ana hu hiia)
I am the darkness, I am the light. (ana hu hšuka, ana hu nhura)
I am the error, I am the truth. (ana hu ṭʿia, ana hu šrara)
I am the destruction, I am the construction. (ana hu hbila, ana hu biniana)
I am the blow, I am the healing. (ana hu mhita, ana hu asuta)
I am the exalted man, who is older (ana hu gabra iatira ḏ-qašiš)
and was there earlier than the builder of heaven and earth. (mn qudam ḏ-bania ʿšumia u-arqa hua)
I have no comrade among kings, (habrai b-malkia laiit)
and there is no other crown in my kingdom. (u-laiit taga b-malkutai)
There is not a single person who could give me a notice (u-laiit kul ʿniš br anaša ḏ-paršigna naitilia)
in the misty clouds of darkness. (b-rpilia ḏ-hšuka) "

— Right Ginza,Book 6 (Wikisource;Mandaic transcription from Gelbert (2021)^[8]^{: 352–353})

Din Mlikh,anuthra,then leads Dinanukht past six differentmaṭartas(watch-houses) as he ascends to theWorld of Light:^[9]

themaṭartaofNbaz-Haila
themaṭartaof Zan-Haza-Zban
themaṭartaof Ewath-Ruha(a compound name combining the epithet Ewath with its synonymous name Ruha)
themaṭartaof Himun
themaṭartaofPtahil
themaṭartaofAbatur

Each time Dinanukht starts his ascension to one of themaṭartas,the text begins with the poetic refrain:

Winds, winds take Dīnānūkht away, (ziqia ziqia nasbilḥ l-dananukt)
storms, storms drive him away, (ʿudamia ʿudamia mdabrilḥ)
ladders, ladders carry him aloft (siblia siblia sablilḥ)
and make him rise on rungs. (u-ʿl dirgia masqilḥ)

— Right Ginza,Book 6 (Wikisource;Mandaic transcription from Gelbert (2021)^[8]^: 353)

Dinanukht sees many wondrous things and then returns to earth, where his wife, Nuraita (also the name ofNoah's wifeinBook 18), thinks that he has become insane when Dinanukht tells her that he wants his books to be burned and drowned (see alsodivine madness). Dinanukht then proceeds to burn and drown the books himself. He continues to live on Tibil for 65 more years as he serves religious duties ordains priests. After Dinanukht's life on earth is over, he finally ascends to the World of Light.^[1]

References

^^a ^b ^cGelbert, Carlos (2011).Ginza Rba.Sydney: Living Water Books.ISBN 9780958034630.
^Häberl, Charles G. (2007).Introduction to the New Edition, in The Great Treasure of the Mandaeans, a new edition of J. Heinrich Petermann's Thesaurus s. Liber Magni, with a new introduction and a translation of the original preface by Charles G. Häberl.Gorgias Press, LLC.doi:10.7282/T3C53J6P
^^a ^bBuckley, Jorunn J. (2010)."New Perspectives on the Sage Dinanukt inRight Ginza6 ".ARAM Periodical.22:15–29.doi:10.2143/ARAM.22.0.2131030.
^van Bladel, Kevin (2017).From Sasanian Mandaeans to Ṣābians of the Marshes.Leiden: Brill.doi:10.1163/9789004339460.ISBN 978-90-04-33943-9.
^Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002).The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people.New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-515385-5.OCLC 65198443.
^Halvgaard, Tilde Bak (2016-01-21).Linguistic Manifestations in the Trimorphic Protennoia and the Thunder Perfect Mind.Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 109.ISBN 978-90-04-30898-5.Another literary parallel toThund.is found in the so-called "Dinanukht's Book" of the MandeanGinza,which offers not only a parallel to the "I am" -proclamations, but also to the antithesis and paradoxes which the other literary parallels have not been able to match.
^Säve-Söderbergh, Torgny (1949).Studies in the Coptic Manichaean Psalm-book.Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri AB.OCLC 5687415.
^^a ^bGelbert, Carlos (2021).گینزا ربَّا = Ginza Rba(in Arabic). Edensor Park, NSW, Australia: Living Water Books.ISBN 9780648795407.
^Lidzbarski, Mark (1925).Ginza: Der Schatz oder das grosse Buch der Mandäer.Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.

[GR_Gelbert-1] Gelbert, Carlos (2011).Ginza Rba.Sydney: Living Water Books.ISBN 9780958034630.

[Haberl_2007-2] Häberl, Charles G. (2007).Introduction to the New Edition, in The Great Treasure of the Mandaeans, a new edition of J. Heinrich Petermann's Thesaurus s. Liber Magni, with a new introduction and a translation of the original preface by Charles G. Häberl.Gorgias Press, LLC.doi:10.7282/T3C53J6P

[Buckley_Dinanukt-3] Buckley, Jorunn J. (2010)."New Perspectives on the Sage Dinanukt inRight Ginza6 ".ARAM Periodical.22:15–29.doi:10.2143/ARAM.22.0.2131030.

[VanBladel2017-4] van Bladel, Kevin (2017).From Sasanian Mandaeans to Ṣābians of the Marshes.Leiden: Brill.doi:10.1163/9789004339460.ISBN 978-90-04-33943-9.

[Buckley_2002-5] Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002).The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people.New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-515385-5.OCLC 65198443.

[6] Halvgaard, Tilde Bak (2016-01-21).Linguistic Manifestations in the Trimorphic Protennoia and the Thunder Perfect Mind.Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 109.ISBN 978-90-04-30898-5.Another literary parallel toThund.is found in the so-called "Dinanukht's Book" of the MandeanGinza,which offers not only a parallel to the "I am" -proclamations, but also to the antithesis and paradoxes which the other literary parallels have not been able to match.

[Torgny-7] Säve-Söderbergh, Torgny (1949).Studies in the Coptic Manichaean Psalm-book.Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri AB.OCLC 5687415.

[Gelbert_Arabic-8] Gelbert, Carlos (2021).گینزا ربَّا = Ginza Rba(in Arabic). Edensor Park, NSW, Australia: Living Water Books.ISBN 9780648795407.

[9] Lidzbarski, Mark (1925).Ginza: Der Schatz oder das grosse Buch der Mandäer.Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.

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Spellings

Story in theGinza Rabba

See also

References