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Dior

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This article is about the company. For the designer, seeChristian Dior.For other uses, seeDior (disambiguation).

Christian Dior SE
Company typePublic(Societas Europaea)[1]
ISINFR0000130403
IndustryLuxury goods
Founded16 December 1946;77 years ago(1946-12-16)
FounderChristian Dior
Headquarters30Avenue Montaigne
Paris,France[2]
Number of locations
210
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Delphine Arnault(Chairwoman&CEO)
Antoine Arnault(Vice-Chairman)
Maria Grazia Chiuri(Creative Director)
Kim Jones(Creative Director)[3]
ProductsClothing,cosmetics,fashion accessories,jewelry,perfumes,spirits,watches,wines
ServicesDepartment stores
RevenueIncrease€79.18 billion (2022)[4]
Increase€20.99 billion (2022)[4]
Increase€14.70 billion (2022)[4]
Total assetsIncrease€131.9 billion (2022)[4]
Total equityIncrease€54.31 billion (2022)[4]
Number of employees
196,006 (2022)[4]
Divisions
Subsidiaries
  • Christian Dior Couture[5]
Websitedior

Christian Dior SE(French:[kʁistjɑ̃djɔʁ]),[1]commonly known asDior(stylizedDIOR), is a Frenchmultinationalluxuryfashion house[2]controlled and chaired by French businessmanBernard Arnault,who also headsLVMH.Dior holds 42.36% shares and 59.01% of voting rights within LVMH.[6][7]

The company was founded in 1946 by French fashion designerChristian Dior.Haute coutureis under theChristian Dior Couturedivision. Delphine Arnault has been the CEO ofChristian Dior Couturesince 2023.[8]

History[edit]

Founding[edit]

The House of Dior was established on 16 December 1946[9][5]at 30Avenue Montaignein Paris. However, the current Dior corporation celebrates "1947" as the opening year.[5]Dior was financially backed by wealthy businessmanMarcel Boussac.[5][10]Boussac had originally invited Dior to design forPhilippe et Gaston,but Dior refused, wishing to make a fresh start under his own name rather than reviving an old brand.[11]The new couture house became a part of "a vertically integrated textile business" already operated by Boussac.[10]Its capital was at FFr 6 million and workforce at 80 employees.[10]The company was really a vanity project for Boussac and was a "majorly owned affiliate of Boussac Saint-Freres S.A. Nevertheless, Dior was allowed a then-unusual great part in his namesake label (legal leadership, a non-controlling stake in the firm, and one-third of pretax profits) despite Boussac's reputation as a" control freak ". Dior's creativity also negotiated him a good salary."[10]

"New Look"[edit]

"Bar" suit, 1947, displayed in Moscow, 2011

On 12 February 1947, Christian Dior launched his first fashion collection for Spring–Summer 1947. The show of "90 models of his first collection on sixmannequins"was presented in the salons of the company's headquarters at 30 Avenue Montaigne.[5]Originally, the two lines were named "Corolle" and "Huit".[5]However, the new collection went down in fashion history as the "New Look"after the editor-in-chief ofHarper's BazaarCarmel Snowexclaimed, "It's such a new look!"[5][10]The New Look was a revolutionary era for women at the end of the 1940s.[12]When the collection was presented, the editor in chief also showed appreciation by saying; "It's quite a revolution, dear Christian!"[12]The debut collection of Christian Dior is credited with having revived the fashion industry of France.[13]Along with that, the New Look brought back the spirit of haute couture in France as it was considered glamorous and young-looking.[14]"We were witness to a revolution in fashion and to a revolution in showing fashion as well."[15] The silhouette was characterized by a small, nipped-in waist and a full skirt falling below mid-calf length, which emphasized the bust and hips, as epitomized by the "Bar" suit from the first collection.[16][17]The Bar suit was a contribution from the head of Dior's tailoring atelier, a youngPierre Cardin,who was employed by the house from 1947 to 1949.[18]The collection overall showcased more stereotypically feminine designs in contrast to the popular fashions of wartime, with full skirts, tight waists, and soft shoulders. Dior retained some of the masculine aspects, as they continued to hold popularity through the early 1940s, but he also wanted to include more feminine style.[19]

The "New Look" became extremely popular, its full-skirted silhouette influencing other fashion designers well into the 1950s, and Dior gained a number of prominent clients from Hollywood, the United States, and the European aristocracy. As a result, Paris, which had fallen from its position as the capital of the fashion world afterWorld War II,regained its preeminence.[20][21][22]The New Look was welcomed in western Europe as a refreshing antidote to the austerity of wartime and de-feminizing uniforms, and was embraced by stylish women such asPrincess Margaretin the UK.[citation needed]According toHarold Koda,Dior creditedCharles Jameswith inspiring The New Look.[23]Dior's designs from the "New Look" did not only affect the designers in the 1950s, but also more recent designers in the 2000s, including Thom Browne, Miuccia Prada, and Vivienne Westwood. Dior's evening dresses from that time are still referred to by many designers, and they have been seen in different wedding themed catwalks with multiple layers of fabric building up below the small waist (Jojo, 2011). Examples include Vivienne Westwood's Ready-to-Wear Fall/Winter 2011 and Alexander McQueen's Ready to Wear Fall/Winter 2011 (Jojo, 2011).[citation needed]

Not everyone was pleased with the New Look, however. Some considered the amount of material to be wasteful, especially after years of cloth rationing.[24]Feminists in particular were outraged, feeling that thesecorseteddesigns were restrictive and regressive, and that they took away a woman's independence.[25]There were several protest groups against the designs including, the League of Broke Husbands, made up of 30,000 men who were against the costs associated with the amount of fabric needed for such designs. Fellow designerCoco Chanelremarked, "Only a man who never was intimate with a woman could design something that uncomfortable."[21]Despite such protests, the New Look was highly influential, continuing to inform the work of otherdesignersand fashion well into the 21st century.[13]For the 60th anniversary of the New Look in 2007, John Galliano revisited it for his Spring-Summer collection for Dior.[26]Galliano used the wasp waist and rounded shoulders, modernised and updated with references toorigamiand other Japanese influences.[26]In 2012Raf Simonsrevisited the New Look for his debut haute couture collection for Dior, wishing to update its ideas for the 21st century in a minimalist but also sensual and sexy manner.[13][27]Simons's work for Dior retained the luxurious fabrics and silhouette, but encouraged self-respect for the woman's body and liberation of expression.[27]The design process for this collection, which was produced in only eight weeks, is documented inDior and I,presenting Simons's use of technology and modernist re-interpretations.[28]

Dior[edit]

Dior's NYC Store (2019)

Available references contradict themselves whetherChristian Dior Parfumswas established in 1947 or 1948. The Dior corporation lists the founding of Christian Dior Parfums as 1947, with the launch of its first perfume,Miss Dior.[5]Dior revolutionized the perfumery industry with the launch of the highly popularMiss Dior parfum,which was named afterCatherine Dior(Christian Dior's sister).[5]Christian Dior Ltd owned 25%, manager of Coty perfumes held 35%, and Boussac owned 40% of the perfume business, headed by Serge Heftler Louiche.[5]Pierre Cardinwas made head of the Dior workshop from 1947 until 1950. In 1948, a New York City Christian Dior Parfums branch was established—this could be the cause of establishment-date issue.[5]The modern Dior corporation also notes that "a luxury ready-to-wear house is established in New York at the corner of5th Avenueand 57th Street, the first of its kind, "in 1948.[5]In 1949, the "Diorama" perfume is released and[5]by 1949, the New Look line alone made a profit FFr 12.7 million.[10]

Expansion, and death of Christian Dior[edit]

Eva Perón,theFirst Lady of Argentinaand one of Dior'smuses,wears a customevening gownat theTeatro Colón,1949.
Silk satin evening pumps by Dior, c. 1960

Expansion from France began by the end of 1949 with the opening of a Christian Dior boutique in New York City. By the end of the year, Dior fashions made up 75% of Paris's fashion exports and 5% of France's total export revenue.[10]

In 1949, Douglas Cox from Melbourne, Australia, travelled to Paris to meet with Christian Dior to discuss the possibility of having Dior pieces made for the Australian market. Christian Dior and Douglas Cox signed a contract for Dior to produce original designs and for Douglas Cox to create them in his Flinders Lane workshop.[29]A young Jill Walker, still in her mid teens, was one of the many workers for Douglas Cox, a couture label now in the headlines in Australian newspapers almost daily. Jill would go onto forming a couture legacy in Melbourne with popular labels such as Jinoel and Marti with husband Noel Kemelfield.[30]The agreement between Dior and Douglas Cox really put Australian dressmaking on the global stage, yet ultimately the 60 Dior models proved to be too avant-garde for the conservative Australian taste. Douglas Cox was unable to continue the contract beyond the single 1949 season making these Dior-Cox couture pieces some of the most rare collectors items in Australian couture.[31]

In 1950, Jacques Rouët, the general manager of Dior Ltd, devised a licensing program to place the now-renowned name of "Christian Dior" visibly on a variety ofluxury goods.[10]It was placed first on neckties[5]and soon was applied to hosiery, furs, hats, gloves, handbags, jewelry, lingerie, and scarves.[10]Members of theFrench Chamber of Couturedenounced it as a degrading action for thehaute-coutureimage. Nevertheless, licensing became a profitable move and began a trend to continue "for decades to come",[10]which all couture houses followed.[5]

Also in 1950, Christian Dior was the exclusive designer ofMarlene Dietrich's dresses in theAlfred HitchcockfilmStage Fright.In 1951, Dior released his first book,Je Suis Couturier(I am a Couturier) through publishers Editions du Conquistador. Despite the company's strong European following, more than half of its revenue was generated in the United States by this time.[10]Christian Dior Models Limited was created in London in 1952.[5]An agreement was made between the Sydney labelHouse of Youthfor Christian Dior New York models.[5]Los GobelinosinSantiago, Chile,made an agreement with Dior for Christian Dior Paris Haute Couture.[5]The first Dior shoe line was launched in 1953 with the aid of Roger Vivier. The company operated firmly established locations in Mexico, Cuba, Canada, and Italy by the end of 1953.[10]As popularity of Dior goods grew, so didcounterfeiting.[10]This illegal business was supported by women who could not afford the luxury goods.

By the mid-1950s, the House of Dior operated a well-respected fashion empire.[10]The first Dior boutique was established in 1954 at 9Conduit Street.In honour ofPrincess Margaretand theDuchess of Marlborough,a Dior fashion show was held at the Blenheim Palace in 1954 as well. Christian Dior launched more highly successful fashion lines between the years of 1954 and 1957.[10]However, none came as close to the profound effect of the New Look.[10]Dior opened the Grande Boutique on the corner betweenAvenue MontaigneandRue François Ierin 1955.[5]The first Dior lipstick was also released in 1955.[5]100,000 garments had been sold by the time of the company's 10th anniversary in 1956.[10]ActressAva Gardnerhad 14 dresses created for her in 1956 by Christian Dior for theMark RobsonfilmThe Little Hut.

Christian Dior appeared on the cover ofTIMEdated 4 March 1957. The designer soon afterwards died from a third heart attack on 24 October 1957.[5][10]The captivating impact of Dior's creative fashion genius earned him recognition as one of history's greatest fashion figures.[10]Kevin Almond forContemporary Fashionwrote that "by the time Dior died his name had become synonymous with taste and luxury."[10]

Dior without Christian Dior: 1957 through the 1970s[edit]

The death of the head designer left the House of Dior in chaos, and general manager Jacques Rouët considered shutting down operation worldwide. This possibility was not received graciously by Dior licensees and the French fashion industry; the Maison Dior was too important to the financial stability of the industry to allow such an action. To bring the label back on its feet, Rouët promoted the 21-year-oldYves Saint Laurentto Artistic Director the same year.[10]Saint Laurent had joined the House's family in 1955 after being personally picked out by the original designer for the position of the first ever and only Head Assistant.[5][10]Saint Laurent initially proved to have been the most appropriate choice after the debut of his first collection for Dior (the mention ofDiorfrom this moment on refers to the company) in 1958.[10]The clothes were as meticulously made and perfectly proportioned as Dior's in the same exquisite fabrics, but their young designer made them softer, lighter and easier to wear. Saint Laurent was hailed as a national hero. Emboldened by his success, his designs became more daring, culminating in the 1960BeatLook inspired by theexistentialistsin theSaint-Germain des Prèscafés and jazz clubs. His 1960bohemianlook was harshly criticized, and even more inWomen's Wear Daily.[10]Marcel Boussac was furious, and in the spring, when Saint Laurent was forced to leave the house of Dior, having been called up to join the French army, the Dior management raised no objection. Saint Laurent left after the completion of six Dior collections.[5]

Christian Dior Haute Couture suit designed by Marc Bohan, spring/summer 1973.
Adnan Ege Kutay Collection

Saint Laurent was replaced at Dior by designerMarc Bohanin late 1960. Bohan instilled his conservative style on the collections. He was credited by Rebecca Arnold as the man who kept the Dior label "at the forefront of fashion while still producing wearable, elegant clothes," and Women's Wear Daily, not surprisingly, claimed that he "rescued the firm."[10]Bohan's designs were very well esteemed by prominent social figures. ActressElizabeth Taylorordered twelve Dior dresses from Bohan's Spring-Summer 1961 collection featuring the "Slim Look". The Dior perfume "Diorling" was released in 1963 and the men's fragrance "Eau Sauvage"was released in 1966.[5]Bohan's assistant Philippe Guibourgé launched the first Frenchready-to-wearcollection "Miss Dior" in 1967. This is not to be confused with the already existing New York Ready-to-Wear store established in 1948. Designed by Bohan, "Baby Dior" opened its first boutique in 1967 at 28 Avenue Montaigne. The Christian Dior Coordinated Knit line was released in 1968 and management of the Fashion Furs Department of Christian Dior was taken over by Frédéric Castet.[5]This year as well, Dior Parfums was sold toMoët-Hennessy(which would itself becomeLVMH) due to Boussac's ailing textile company (the still-owner of Dior).[5][10]This, however, had no effect on the House of Dior operations, and so theChristian Dior Cosmeticsbusiness was born in 1969 with the creation of an exclusive line.

Following this, Bohan launched the firstChristianDior Hommeclothing line in 1970. A new Dior boutique at Parly II was decorated byGae Aulentiand the "Diorella" perfume was released in 1972. Christian Dior Ready-to-Wear Fur Collection was created in France in 1973, and then manufactured under license in the United States, Canada, and Japan.[5]The first Dior watch "Black Moon" was released in 1975 in collaboration with licensee Benedom. Dior haute-couture graced the bodies ofPrincess Grace of Monaco,Nicaraguan First LadyHope Portocarrero,Princess Alexandra of Yugoslavia,andLady Pamela Hicks(Lord Mountbatten of Burma's younger daughter) for the wedding ofThe Prince of WalesandLady Diana Spencer.In 1978, the Boussac Group filed for bankruptcy and so its assets (including those of Christian Dior) were purchased by the Willot Group under the permission of theParis Trade Court.[5]The perfume "Dioressence" was released in 1979.[5]

Arrival of businessman Arnault[edit]

A simple Dior Haute Couture evening gown designed byMarc Bohan,from the Spring 1983 collection

In 1980, Dior released the men's fragrance "Jules".[5]After theWillot Groupwent into bankruptcy in 1981,Bernard Arnaultand his investment group purchased it for "one symbolic franc"in December 1984.[5][10]The Dior perfume "Poison"was launched in 1985. That same year, Arnault became chairman, chief executive officer, and managing director of the company.[5]On assuming leadership, Arnault did away with the company's mediocre textile operations, to focus on the Bon Marché department store and Christian Dior Couture. Operations for Christian Dior drastically changed for the better under Arnault. He repositioned it as theholding companyChristian Dior S.A. of the Dior Couture fashion business.[10]On the 40th anniversary of Dior's first collection, theParis Fashion Museumdedicated an exhibition to Christian Dior.[5]In 1988, Arnault's Christian Dior S.A.'s took a 32% equity stake into the share capital ofMoët-Hennessy • Louis Vuittonthrough its subsidiaryJacques Rober,creating what would become one of the leading and most influentialluxury goodscompanies in the world. Under this milestone merger, the operations of Christian Dior Couture and Christian Dior Parfums were once again united. Italian-bornGianfranco Ferréreplaced Bohan as head designer in 1989.[10]The first such non-Frenchman,Ferré left behind traditional Dior associations of flirtation and romance, and introduced concepts and a style described as "refined, sober and strict."[10]Ferré headed design for Haute Couture, Haute Fourrure, Women's Ready-to-Wear, Ready-to-Wear Furs and Women's Accessories collections. His first collection was awarded theDé d'Orin 1989.[5]That year, a boutique was opened in Hawaii and the LVMH stake by Jacques Rober rose to 44%.[5]

Further Dior boutiques were opened in 1990 in upscale New York City, Los Angeles, and Tokyo shopping districts. The stake in LVMH rose again, to 46%.[5]Another collection of watches named "Bagheera" – inspired by the round design of the "Black Moon" watches – was also released in 1990. Having fired the company's managing executive Beatrice Bongbault in December 1990, Arnault took up that position until September 1991, when he placed former Bon Marché president Phillipe Vindry at the post.[10]In 1991, Christian Dior was listed on the spot market and then on theParis Stock Exchange's monthly settlement market, and the perfume "Dune" was launched.[5]Vindry dropped ready-to-wear prices by 10%. Still, a wool suit from Dior would come with a price label of USD 1,500.[10]1990 revenue for Dior was USD 129.3 million, with a net income of $22 million.[10]Dior was now reorganized into three categories: 1) women's ready-to-wear, lingerie, and children's wear 2) accessories and jewelry 3) menswear. Licensees and franchised boutiques were starting to be reduced, to increase the company's control over brand product. Licensing was in fact reduced by nearly half because Arnault and Vindry opted "for quality and exclusivity over quantity and accessibility."[10]Wholly company-owned boutiques now opened in Hong Kong, Singapore,Kuala Lumpur,Cannes,andWaikiki,adding to its core stores located in New York City, Hawaii, Paris andGeneva.This held a potential to increase direct sales and profit margins while maintaining high-profile locations. "[10]In 1992, Dior Homme was placed under the artistic direction of Patrick Lavoix, and the "Miss Dior" perfume was relaunched.[5]Francois Baufume succeeded Vindry in 1993 and continued to reduce licenses of the Dior name.[10]

Leather gloves by Christian Dior

The production of Dior Haute Couture was spun off into a subsidiary namedChristian Dior Couturein 1995.[5]Also, the "La Parisienne" watch model was released – embodied in the watch "Parisian Chic". By that year, revenue for the label rose to USD 177 million, with a net income of USD 26.9 million.[10]Under the influence of Anna Wintour, editor and chief of Vogue, CEO Arnault appointed British designerJohn Gallianoto replaceGianfranco Ferréin 1997 (Galliano onCBS News:"without Anna Wintour I would certainly not be at the house of Dior" ).[5][32]This choice of a British designer, once again instead of a French one, is said to have "ruffled some French feathers". Arnault himself stated that he "would have preferred a Frenchman", but that "talent has no nationality".[10]He even compared Galliano to Christian Dior himself, noting that "Galliano has a creative talent very close to that of Christian Dior. He has the same extraordinary mixture of romanticism, feminism, and modernity that symbolised Monsieur Dior. In all of his creations – his suits, his dresses – one finds similarities to the Dior style."[10]Galliano sparked further interest in Dior with somewhat controversial fashion shows, such as "Homeless Show" (models dressed in newspapers and paper bags) or "S&M Show".[10]Meanwhile, Dior licenses were being reduced further by new president and CEO Sidney Toledano.[10]On 15 October 1997, the Dior headquarters store on Avenue Montaigne was reopened –it had been closed and remodeled byPeter Marino– in a celebrity-studded event includingNicole Kidman,Demi MooreandJacques Chirac.That year, Christian Dior Couture also took over all thirteen boutique franchises from Japan's Kanebo.[5]

In May 1998, another Dior boutique was opened in Paris. This time the store opened its doors on the Left Bank, Place Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Also this year, Victoire de Castellane became lead designer ofDior Fine Jewelleryand the first Dior Fine Jewellery boutique opened in New York City. Paris itself would witness the opening of the first Parisian Dior Fine Jewellery boutique the following year, at 28 Avenue Montaigne.[5]The perfume "J'adore"was released in 1999,[5]and on 5 October 1999, Galliano released the Dior Spring-Summer 2000 ready-to-wear fashion show, debuting the new Saddle bag. In the same year, Dior's long watch partner Benedom joined theLVMHgroup. In 2000, Galliano's leadership was extended to Ready to wear, accessories, advertising and communications. The first campaign under his leadership was photographed by Nick Knight and featured two women simulating intercourse.

Like many other brands in the late 1990s, notablyGucci,[33]featured suggestive images in their ads to draw public attention, Dior ads had such an impact that such publicity became a trend in most fashion ads. Galliano ignited the escalation of erotic advertisements, which culminated with Ungaro's zoophilic ads,[34]shot by Mario Sorrenti, and another ad for Gucci that featured a model with pubic hair shaped like the signature Gucci logo. As a matter of fact, it is considered that Galliano had revolutionized Dior more through his advertising campaigns than through his designs.[35][36]

On 17 July 2000,Dior Hommelead designerPatrick Lavoixwas replaced byHedi Slimane.Notable Dior releases that year were watches such as the distinctive "Malice", which features bracelets made of "CD" links, as well as the "Riva". Hedi left Dior Homme in 2007 and replaced byKris Van Assche.

21st century[edit]

In 2001, the Dior Homme boutique on 30 Avenue Montaigne reopened with a new "contemporary masculine concept" instilled by its designer Hedi Slimane. Slimane used this concept in the creation of his first Dior Homme collection.[5]Soon, Dior Homme gained prominent male clientele includingBrad PittandMick Jagger.[10]

John Galliano then began to release his own Dior watches in 2001, beginning with the "Chris 47 Aluminum" line, marking a new era in Dior watch design. Next, the "Malice" and "Riva" watches were redesigned with precious stones to create the "Malice Sparkling" and "Riva Sparkling" spin-off collections. Inspired by the Spring-Summer 2002 Ready-to-Wear collection, Dior released the "Dior 66" watch, breaking many feminine traditional expectations in design.

The Dior flagship boutique in the upscaleGinzashopping district of Tokyo. First opened in 2004.

The men's fragrance "Higher" was released in 2001, followed by the perfume "Addict" in 2002. The company then openedMilan's first Dior Homme boutique on 20 February 2002. By 2002, 130 locations were in full operation.[10]On 3 June 2002, Slimane was presented with the "International Designer of the Year" award by theCFDA.Until 2002,Kanebowas the Christian Diorready-to-wearlicense holder in Japan and, when the license expired, Christian Dior was able to profitable directly sell itsready-to-wearand accessories in its own boutiques.[37]The "Chris 47 Steel" watch was released in 2003 as a cousin of the original "Chris 47 Aluminum". Bernard Arnault,Hélène Mercier-Arnault,andSidney Toledanowitnessed the opening of the Dior flagship boutique in theOmotesandōdistrict of Tokyo on 7 December 2003. The second Dior flagship store was opened in the upscaleGinzashopping district of Tokyo in 2004.[5]An exclusive Dior Homme boutique was opened also that year in Paris onRue Royale,and it presented the entire Dior Homme collection. A second Dior Fine Jewelry boutique in Paris was opened at 8 Place Vendôme.[5]A Christian Dior boutique was opened in Moscow after the company took control of licensed operations of its Moscow agent.[5]

The designer of Dior Fine Jewelry Victoire de Castellane launched her own watch named "Le D de Dior" (French: "The D of Dior" ). signifying the entrance of Dior watches into its collection of fine Jewelry. This watch was designed for women but made use of many design features which are typically thought of as masculine. Slimane next released a watch for the Dior Homme collection called "Chiffre Rouge." This special watch included the signature look of Dior Homme: "Watch design and technology match each other inseparably, to create the perfect expression of Dior Homme's artistic excellence and to increase the watchmaking legitimacy of Dior timepieces." De Castellane then launched her second line of watches called "La Baby de Dior". The design for this line was meant to be more feminine with more of a "jewelry look."

DiorOmotesandō,2007
Dior sign in theDebenhamsstore inSutton, London,England

The "Miss Dior Chérie" perfume and the "Dior Homme" fragrance were released in 2005.[5]Galliano released his "Dior Christal" watches in which he combined steel and blue sapphires to create a "creative and innovative collection." Christian Dior S.A. then celebrated the 13th anniversary of Dior Watches in 2005, and, in April of that year, its "Chiffre Rouge" collection was recognized by the World Watches and Jewelry Show inBasel, Switzerland.Also in the year, the fashion house also celebrated the 100th anniversary of the birthday of designer Christian Dior.[5]An exhibition, "Christian Dior: Man of the Century," was held in the Dior Museum inGranville, Normandy.

In 2006, the Dior watch booth was dedicated to the DiorCanework.This pattern was made by designer Christian Dior and based on theNapoleon IIIchairs used in his fashion shows.

In 2007, Kris Van Assche was appointed as the new artistic director of Dior Homme. Van Assche presented his first collection later that year.[5]The 60th Anniversary of the founding of the Maison Dior was officially celebrated in 2007 as well.[5]

By February 2011, the House of Dior was in scandal after accusations of John Galliano making antisemitic remarks made international headlines: the company found itself in a "public relations nightmare."[38]Galliano was fired in March and the scheduled presentation of his Fall-Winter 2011/2012 ready-to-wear collection went ahead without him, amid the controversy, on 4 March.[39]Before the start of the show, chief executive Sydney Toledano gave a sentimental speech on the values of Christian Dior and alluded to the family's ties toThe Holocaust.[40]The show closed with the staff of the atelier coming out to accept applause in the absence of their artistic director. (The previous January 2011 presentation of Spring-Summer 2011 haute-couture was the last appearance of Galliano on the Dior runway.) The company went on ahead and appointed Bill Gaytten as head designer interim in absence of artistic director.[41]Gaytten had worked under Galliano for Dior and for the John Galliano label. The first haute-couture collection (for the Fall-Winter 2011 season) under Gaytten's management was presented in July and was received with mainly negative reviews.[42][43]Meanwhile, speculation remained for months as it was unknown who would be selected to replace Galliano. During its 13-month period of having no artistic director, Dior began undergoing subtle changes in its designs as the influence of the theatrical and flamboyant Galliano faded. The all-new resigned dior was launched in late 2011.

There is a subtext to this New New Look that goes beyond respect for the house's esteemed founder. In one fell swoop, John Galliano has been all but removed from the Dior history books. By making a visual connection between his era and that of Christian Dior himself, Raf Simons has redrawn the line of succession. The unimpeachable codes of Dior are illustrated for a new generation; the bias-cut dresses and Kabuki styling of Galliano downgraded to a footnote.

—Critic surmising the meaning of Simons' premier collection for Dior[44]

On 23 January 2012, Gaytten presented his second haute-couture collection (for the Spring-Summer 2012 season) for Dior and it was much better received than his first collection.[45]

Belgian designerRaf Simonswas announced, on 11 April 2012, as the new artistic director of Christian Dior. Simons was known for his minimalist designs,[44]and this contrasted against the dramatic previous designs of Dior under Galliano. Furthermore, Simons was seen to have emerged as a "dark horse" amid the names of other designers who were considered high contenders.[38]To emphasize the appropriate choice of Simons as the right designer, the company ostentatiously made comparisons between Simons and the original designer Christian Dior.[46]Reportedly, Bernard Arnault and fellow executives at Dior and LVMH were keen to move Dior from the Galliano years.[38]Simons spent much time in the Dior archives[47]and familiarizing himself with haute-couture (as he had no previous background in that niche of fashion).[38]Simons was then scheduled to debut his designs in July. Meanwhile, Gaytten's Spring-Summer 2012 haute-couture collection was presented as the first Dior haute-couture show ever to be held in China on 14 April in Shanghai;[48]and it was a mark of the company's devotion to its presence in the Chinese market.

Cosmetics counter atNew Zealanddepartment storeSmith & Caughey'sinAuckland,New Zealand

The show was the last presentation by Gaytten for Dior, and he remained as head designer for the John Galliano label.[49]

On 3 May, theDior: Secret Garden —Versaillespromotional film was launched.[50]It was highly buzzed about throughout various industry and social media sources as it was a display of Dior through its transition. Simons presented his first-ever collection for the company — the Fall-Winter 2012 haute-couture collection — on 2 July. A major highlight of the fall-winter 2012 haute-couture shows,[38][47][51]the collection was called by the company as "the new couture" and made reference to the start of a new Dior through the work of Simons "wiping the [haute couture] slate clean and starting again from scratch."[52]The designer's collection "made more references to Mr. Dior than to the house of Dior"[44]with pieces harkening back to themes Dior's post-World War II designs introduced to fashion.[38]Simons, who rarely makes himself available for interviews, gave an interview published by the company through its Dior Mag online feature.[53]While previous runway presentations under Galliano were held at theMusée Rodin,Simons' show was held at a private residence, near theArc de Triomphe,with the address only disclosed to select top-clients, celebrities, journalists, and other personnel exclusively invited in a discreet affair.[54]High-profile figures in attendance included designersAzzedine Alaïa,[38][47]Pierre Cardin,[38][55]Alber Elbaz(Lanvin designer),[38][44][47]Diane von Fürstenberg,[38][44][55]Marc Jacobs,[38][44][55]Christopher Kane,[38][44]Olivier Theyskens,[47]Riccardo Tisci,[38][55]Donatella Versace;[38][44][47][55]andPrincess Charlene of Monaco,[38]actressesMarion Cotillard,[38]Mélanie Laurent,[38]Jennifer Lawrence,[38]Sharon Stone;film producerHarvey Weinstein;[47]and Dior chairman Arnault with his daughter.[38]Live satellite feed of the show was provided on DiorMag online and Twitter was also implemented for real time communication.[54]By then, it was also known that the company had purchased the Parisian embroidery firm Maison Vermont sometime earlier in 2012.[44]

In March 2015 it was announced that Barbadian singer, actress and businesswomanRihannawas chosen as the official spokeswoman for Dior; this makes her the first black woman to take the spokeswoman position at Dior.[56]In 2015,IsraelimodelSofia Mechetnerwas chosen to be the new face of Dior.[57]

In 2016,Maria Grazia Chiuriwas named the women's artistic director for Dior.[58]

In April 2016 a new Dior flagship boutique opened in San Francisco, with a party hosted byJaime King.[59]

In 2017, Dior renovated and expanded its Madrid store. The brand celebrated the opening of the new boutique in a masked ball attended by a number of Spanish celebrities like Alejandro Gómez Palomo.[60]

In March 2018,Kim Joneswas named the men's artistic director for the house.[61]Under his management Dior has made several high profile streetwear collaborations. Jones first show for Dior featured American artist and designerBrian Donnelly, a.k.a. KAWS.Thereafter followed collaborations withRaymond Pettibon,1017 ALYX 9SM,Yoon Ahn,Hajime Sorayama,Daniel Arsham,Sacaiand most recently Shawn Stussy, creator of the legendary streetwear brandStüssy.[62]

In October 2019, Dior apologized toChinafor using a map of China that excludedTaiwan.[63]

On 11 March 2022, 30 Avenue Montaigne has once again opened its doors to the public.[64]The property was closed for two years for a major renovation led by architectPeter Marino.[64]Historically, 30 Avenue Montaigne is the place whereChristian Diorshowcased his first collection.[64]

In January 2023, it was announcedDelphine Arnaultwould assume the role of chairperson and CEO, beginning in February.[65]

Celebrity ambassadors[edit]

Dior has created strong partnerships with celebrities and social media influencers, working closely with these individuals to reach more demographics and re-establish its identity as a new, modern brand, despite the fact that it has been around for a while.[66]This has allowed the brand to portray a more populist image and attract a wider audience.[67]The brand has worked with and dressed contemporary style icons likeJennifer LawrenceandLupita Nyong'o,who may resonate with millennials.[68]Dior has effectively implemented social media into their marketing communication strategy, in which images and videos from campaigns are shared on both the official Dior profile, and on the celebrity ambassadors' social media pages.

Fashion shows[edit]

Fashion show Date Creative director
Spring 2020 Ready-to-Wear 20 January 2020 Maria Grazia Chiuri
Pre-Fall 2020 11 December 2019
Spring 2017 Ready-to-Wear 30 September 2016
Resort 2017 31 May 2016 Serge Ruffieux & Lucie Meier
Fall 2016 Ready-to-Wear 4 March 2016
Spring 2003 Couture 19 January 2003 John Galliano
Spring 2001 Ready-to-Wear —
Fall 2000 Couture 28 July 2000
Fall 2000 Ready-to-Wear 28 February 2000
Spring 2000 Ready-to-Wear —
Fall 1999 Couture 19 July 1999
Spring 1998 Couture —

Financial data[edit]

Dior pays subcontractors as little as 53 euro for a handbag sold for 2600 euro.[69]

Financial data in € millions[70]
Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Revenue 29.881 30.984 35.081 37.968 43.666
Net Income 3.926 3.883 6.165 4.164 5.753
Assets 55.555 61.161 60.030 62.904 72.762
Employees 2535 2780 3033 3100 3800

Criticism[edit]

2000s[edit]

In 2000, Galliano's collection inspired by homeless people drew criticism, but also attention, to the house of Dior.[71]

2010s[edit]

In early 2011, scandal arose whenJohn Gallianowas accused of makingantisemiticcomments after drinking in Paris. Footage was released of the designer under the influence of alcohol saying "I love Hitler" and "People like you would be dead today. Your mothers, your forefathers would be fucking gassed and dead" to a non-Jewish woman.[72]In France, it is against the law to make antisemitic remarks, and is punishable by up to six months in prison.[72]On 1 March 2011, Christian Dior officially announced that it had fired Galliano amidst the controversy.[73]

2022[edit]

In the context of the Russian full-scale invasion and Russia’s terroristic actions in Ukraine, Dior took several measures. Dior's parent company, LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton, said it would "temporarily close [their] stores in Russia and pause all [their] commercial activities." LVMH brands include Christian Dior, Louis Vuitton, and Moët & Chandon. The decision affects 120 stores and 3,500 employees.[74]

In November 2022, Dior launched a Cruise 2023 collection. The photographs showcase models in Russian clothes' attributes on a typical Russian landscape, which caused much controversy in the media.

The comments under Dior posts on social media feature people arguing about the motives of the campaign.[75]On the one side, people supported the brand and thanked it for the support of Russian culture. On the other side, the arguments claimed that supporting a culture that, in the meantime, kills another culture (via conducting massive missile attacks on civil infrastructure, performing numerous acts of terrorism, killing civilians, and destroying Ukrainian culture) is an unethical decision at least.

Plagiarism and cultural appropriation controversies[edit]

2017[edit]

In 2017, Dior was accused of cultural appropriation by directly plagiarizing aBihorcoat, a traditionalRomanianvest, by using the same colour and patterns in its pre-fall collection; Dior had presented it as their original designs without giving any credit to the people of Bihor nor crediting the Romanian people as source of inspiration.[76][77]As a result, Romanian people were outraged and to fight against this cultural appropriation, a campaign was launched by Romanian fashion magazineBeau Mondewho then recruited native craftsmen and fashion designers from Bihor to create a new line of fashion.[76]The cover of the Beau Monde magazine read:[77]

Don't let traditions go out of stock. Support the fashion from Bihor and buy authentic creations from Bihorcouture

— Beau Monde

Thus, the online platform named Bihor Couture was launched; Bihor Couture also publicly shamed Dior for "theft" and sold original artisan-made versions of the traditional Romanian vest.[76]

2022[edit]

Main article:Mamianqun § 2022 Dior controversy

In April 2022, Dior released a new midi-skirt in Seoul, Dior's art director Maria Grazia Chiuri described the 2022 Fall collection design was inspired by school uniform (including pleated skirts), also in honour of Catherine Dior.[78]This new skirt was plain black wrap-around skirt which was made of two panels of fabric which was sewn to the waistband of the skirt; it featured four flat panels with no pleats (one at each side of each panel of fabric) and pleats; it was constructed in an overlapping fashion such that there was two overlapping flat surface at the back and front and side pleats when worn.[79][78]On its official website page, this skirt was described as "a hallmark Dior silhouette, the mid-length skirt is updated with a new elegant and modern variation [...]".[80]

Example of a midi-mamianqundesigned by ChineseHanfufashion designers,a 21st-century modified version of the Ming dynasty-style, modern, worn by aHanfu enthusiast,photograph taken on the 29 March 2022

Three month later, this skirt was noticed by someHanfu enthusiasts,who criticized it as being created by copying themamianqundesign.[81]They also indicated that this skirt have the exact same cut and construction as themamianqunwith only its length being the difference from the orthodox-style and historicalmamianqunof theMing dynasty(1368–1644 AD).[78][82]It was, however, noted by Chinese netizens that the 21st modified, modern version of themamianqun,also included midi-mamianqun,had been designed in the past years by ChineseHanfudesigners.[83][82]

Dior decided to stop this sale in Mainland China to avoid controversy. On 23 July, about 50 Chinese overseas students inParis,France,made a protest in front of a Dior flagship store at theChamps-Élysées,[84][85]they used the slogan "Dior, Stop Cultural Appropriation" and "This is a traditional Chinese dress" written with a mixture of French and English;[86]they also called for other overseas students from the United Kingdom and the United States for relay, theCommunist Youth League of Chinaalso expressed support for this protest.[87]There are also more than 10 Chinese democratic activists lifted banners writing "Skirt Rights Is Bigger Than Human Rights" etc. for anti-protest. And both sides started a conflict with each other. Chinese news media initially have no mention for anti-protest but focused on cultural embezzling accuse.[88]Chinese network also spread a theory that the democracy activists were composed by Taiwanese.[89]

Some French news media commented this was largely due to Dior does not describe its origin for sale with transparency, most criticize views argued that Dior did not respect to Chinese traditions.[90]According to theJournal du Luxe,a French news media, the adoption of themamianquncut and construction design by Dior was not the main issue of the debate and critics but rather on the absence of transparency surrounding the origins of the inspirations behind the skirt design.[90]Some Chinese netizens also criticized Dior onWeibowith comments, such as "Was Dior inspired byTaobao?"[91]while anotherInstagramuser commented on the official Dior account:[90]

"Les références culturelles à notre pays [Chine] sont plus que bienvenues mais cela ne signifie pas pour autant que vous pouvez détourner notre culture et nier le fait que cette jupe est chinoise!" [transl.  "Taking cultural references from our country [China] is more than welcomed; however, this does not meaning that you can appropriate our culture and deny the fact that this skirt is Chinese!" ].

— Instagram user, in Journal du Luxe

Dior was accused of cultural appropriation for a second time in July 2022 for due to its usage of pattern print which looks like thehuaniaotu(Chinese:Hoa điểu đồ;lit.'bird-and-flower painting') into its 2022 autumn and winter ready-to-wear collection having introduced it as being Dior's signature motifJardin d'Hiver,which was inspired byChristian Dior'swall murals;[92]thehuaniaotuis a traditional Chinese painting theme which belong to the Chinese scholar-artist style inChinese paintingand originated in theTang dynasty.[93]

2024[edit]

In July 2024, theAutorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato(AGCM), launched an investigation Dior and other fashion companies. The probe aims to determine whether these companies misled consumers regarding their labor practices and supply chain management.[94]

Ownership and shareholdings[edit]

At the end of 2010, the only declared major shareholder in Christian Dior S.A. was Groupe Arnault SAS, the familyholding companyofBernard Arnault.The group's control amounted to 69.96% of Dior's stock and 82.86% of its voting rights.[95]The remaining shares are consideredfree float.[95]

Christian Dior S.A. held 42.36% of the shares of LVMH and 59.01% of its voting rights at the end of 2010. Arnault held an additional 5.28% of shares and 4.65% of votes directly.[6]

Creative directors[edit]

Retail locations[edit]

Dior boutique inBuenos Aires,Argentina

The company operates a total of 535 locations as of April 2023:[96]

  • Asia: 143
  • Africa: 6
  • Europe: 192
  • Middle East: 45
  • North America: 117
  • Oceania: 10
  • South America: 2

See also[edit]

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Further reading[edit]

  • Jackson, Lesley (1991).The New Look: Design in the Fifties.London: Thames & Hudson.ISBN0-500-27644-7.

External links[edit]

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