Distributism
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Distributismis aneconomic theoryasserting that the world's productive assets should be widely owned rather than concentrated.[1]Developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, distributism was based uponCatholic social teachingprinciples, especiallyPope Leo XIII's teachings in hisencyclicalRerum novarum(1891) andPope Pius XIinQuadragesimo anno(1931).[2][3][4]It has influenced Anglo Christian Democratic movements,[5][6]and has been recognized as one of many influences on thesocial market economy.[7][8]
Distributism viewslaissez-fairecapitalismandstate socialismas equally flawed and exploitative. Instead, it favours small independent craftsmen and producers; or, if that is not possible, economic mechanisms such ascooperativesand member-ownedmutual organisationsas well assmall to medium enterprisesand large-scalecompetition lawreform such as antitrust regulations.Christian democraticpolitical parties such as theAmerican Solidarity Partyhave advocated distributism alongsidesocial market economyin their economic policies and party platform.[5]
Overview[edit]
According to distributists, theright to propertyis a fundamental right,[9]and themeans of productionshould be spread as widely as possible rather than being centralised under the control of the state (statocracy), a few individuals (plutocracy), or corporations (corporatocracy). Therefore, distributism advocates a society marked by widespread property ownership.[1]Cooperative economistRace Mathewsargues that such a system is key to creating a justsocial order.[10]
Distributism has often been described in opposition to bothlaissez-fairecapitalismandstate socialism[11][12]which distributists see as equally flawed and exploitative.[13]Furthermore, some distributists argue that state capitalism and state socialism are the logical conclusion ofcapitalismas capitalism's concentrated powers eventually capture the state.[14][15]Thomas Storck argues: "Both socialism and capitalism are products of theEuropean Enlightenmentand are thus modernising and anti-traditional forces. In contrast, distributism seeks to subordinate economic activity to human life as a whole, to our spiritual life, our intellectual life, our family life. "[16]A few distributists, includingDorothy Day,[17]were influenced by the economic ideas ofPierre-Joseph Proudhonand hismutualisteconomic theory.[18]The lesser-knownanarchistbranch of distributism of Day and theCatholic Worker Movementcan be considered a form of free-marketlibertarian socialismdue to their opposition to state capitalism and state socialism.[19]
Some have seen it more as an aspiration, successfully realised in the short term by the commitment to the principles ofsubsidiarityandsolidarity(built into financially independent localcooperativesand smallfamily businesses). However, proponents also cite such periods as theMiddle Agesas examples of the long-term historical viability of distributism.[20]Particularly influential in the development of distributist theory wereCatholicauthorsG. K. ChestertonandHilaire Belloc,[13]two of distributism's earliest and strongest proponents.[21][22][23]
Background[edit]
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The mid-to-late 19th century witnessed an increase in the popularity ofpolitical CatholicismacrossEurope.[24]According to historian Michael A. Riff, a common feature of these movements was opposition tosecularism,capitalism, and socialism.[22]In 1891Pope Leo XIIIpromulgatedRerum novarum,in which he addressed the "misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class" and spoke of how "a small number of very rich men" had been able to "lay upon the teeming masses of the laboring poor a yoke little better than that of slavery itself".[25]Affirmed in the encyclical was the right of all men to own property,[26]the necessity of a system that allowed "as many as possible of the people to become owners",[27]the duty of employers to provide safeworking conditions[28]and sufficient wages,[29]and the right of workers tounionise.[30]Commonandgovernmentproperty ownership was expressly dismissed as a means of helping the poor.[31][32]
Around the start of the 20th century,G. K. ChestertonandHilaire Bellocdrew together the disparate experiences of the various cooperatives andfriendly societiesin Northern England, Ireland, and Northern Europe into a coherent political theory which specifically advocated widespread private ownership of housing and control of industry through owner-operated small businesses and worker-controlled cooperatives. In the United States in the 1930s, distributism was treated in numerous essays by Chesterton, Belloc and others inThe American Review,published and edited bySeward Collins.Pivotal among Belloc's and Chesterton's other works regarding distributism areThe Servile State[33]andOutline of Sanity.[34]
Economic theory[edit]
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Private property[edit]
InRerum novarum,Leo XIII states that people are likely to work harder and with greater commitment if they possess the land on which they labour, which in turn will benefit them and their families as workers will be able to provide for themselves and their household. He puts forward the idea that when men have the opportunity to possess property and work on it, they will "learn to love the very soil which yields in response to the labor of their hands, not only food to eat, but an abundance of the good things for themselves and those that are dear to them".[35]He also states that owning property is beneficial for a person and his family and is, in fact, a right due to God having "given the earth for the use and enjoyment of the whole human race".[36]
G. K. Chestertonpresents similar views in his 1910 book,What's Wrong with the World.Chesterton believes that whilst God has limitless capabilities, man has limited abilities in terms of creation. Therefore, man is entitled to own property and treat it as he sees fit, stating: "Property is merely the art of the democracy. It means that every man should have something that he can shape in his own image, as he is shaped in the image of heaven. But because he is not God, but only a graven image of God, his self-expression must deal with limits; properly with limits that are strict and even small."[37]
According to Belloc, the distributive state (the state which has implemented distributism) contains "an agglomeration of families of varying wealth, but by far the greater number of owners of the means of production". This broader distribution does not extend to all property but only to productive property; that is, that property which produces wealth, namely, the things needed for man to survive. It includes land, tools, and so on.[38]Distributism allows society to have public goods such as parks and transit systems. Distributists accept that wage labour will remain a small part of the economy, with small business owners hiring employees, usually young, inexperienced people.[39][40]
Redistribution of wealth and productive assets[edit]
Distributism requires either direct or indirect distribution of themeans of production(productive assets)—in some ideological circles including theredistribution of wealth—to a wide portion of society instead of concentrating it in the hands of a minority of wealthy elites (as seen in its criticism of certain varieties ofcapitalism) or the hands of the state (as seen in its criticism of certain varieties ofcommunismandsocialism).[1][9]More capitalist-oriented supporters support distributism-influencedsocial capitalism (also known as a social market economy),[41][42][43]while more socialist-oriented supporters support distributism-influencedlibertarian socialism.[44]Examples of methods of distributism include direct productive property redistribution, taxation of excessive property ownership, and small-business subsidization.[45]
Guild system[edit]
Distributists advocate in favour of the return of a guild system to help regulate industries to promote moral standards of professional conduct and economic equality among members of a guild. Such moral standards of professional conduct would typically focus on business conduct, working conditions and other issues in relation to industry specific matters such as workplace training standards.[46]
Banks[edit]
Distributism favours cooperative and mutual banking institutions such as credit unions, building societies and mutual banks. This is considered to be the preferred alternative toprivate banks.[47]
Social theory[edit]
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Human family[edit]
G. K. Chestertonconsidered one's home and family the centrepiece of society. He recognized the family unit and home as centrepieces of living and believed that every man should have his property and home to enable him to raise and support his family. Distributists recognize that strengthening and protecting the family requires that society be nurturing.[48]
Subsidiarity[edit]
Distributism puts great emphasis on the principle of subsidiarity. This principle holds that no larger unit (whether social, economic, or political) should perform a function that a smaller unit can perform. InQuadragesimo anno,Pope Pius XIprovided the classical statement of the principle: "Just as it is gravely wrong to take from individuals what they can accomplish by their own initiative and industry and give it to the community, so also it is an injustice and at the same time a grave evil and disturbance of right order to assign to a greater and higher association what lesser and subordinate organizations can do".[49]
Social security[edit]
TheDemocratic Labour Party of Australiaespouses distributism and does not hold the view of favouring the elimination of social security who, for instance, wish to "[r]aise the level of student income support payments to the Henderson poverty line".[50]
TheAmerican Solidarity Partyhas a platform of favouring an adequate social security system, stating: "We advocate for social safety nets that adequately provide for the material needs of the most vulnerable in society".[51]
Politics[edit]
The position of distributists, when compared to other political philosophies, is somewhat paradoxical and complicated (seetriangulation). Firmly entrenched in anorganicbut veryEnglish Catholicism,advocating culturally traditional andagrarianvalues, directly challenging the precepts ofWhig history—Belloc was nonetheless an MP for the Liberal Party, and Chesterton once stated, "As much as I ever did, more than I ever did, I believe in Liberalism. But there was a rosy time of innocence when I believed in Liberals".[52]
Distributism does not favour one political order over another (political accidentalism). While some distributists such asDorothy Dayhave beenanarchists,it should be remembered that most Chestertonian distributists are opposed to the mere concept of anarchism. Chesterton thought that distributism would benefit from the discipline that theoretical analysis imposes and that distributism is best seen as a widely encompassing concept inside of which any number of interpretations and perspectives can fit. This concept should fit a political system broadly characterized by widespread ownership of productive property.[53]
In the United States, theAmerican Solidarity Partygenerally adheres to Distributist principles as its economic model.Ross DouthatandReihan Salamview theirGrand New Party,a roadmap for revising theRepublican Party in the United States,as "a book written in the distributist tradition".[54]
The Brazilian political party,Humanist Party of Solidarity,was a distributist party, alongside theNational Distributist Partyin England,[55]and theDemocratic Labour Partyin Australia.
Influence[edit]
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E. F. Schumacher[edit]
Distributism is known to have influenced the economistE. F. Schumacher,[56]a convert to Catholicism.
Mondragon Corporation[edit]
TheMondragon Corporation,based in theBasque Countryin a region of Spain and France, was founded by a Catholic priest, FatherJosé María Arizmendiarrieta,who seems to have been influenced by the sameCatholic social and economic teachingsthat inspired Belloc, Chesterton, FatherVincent McNabb,and the other founders of distributism.[57]
Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic[edit]
Distributist ideas were put into practice byThe Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic,a group of artists and craftsmen who established a community inDitchling,Sussex, England, in 1920, with the motto "Men rich in virtue studying beautifulness living in peace in their houses". The guild sought to recreate an idealised medieval lifestyle in the manner of theArts and Crafts Movement.It survived for almost 70 years until 1989.
Big Society[edit]
TheBig Societywas the flagship policy idea of the 2010UK Conservative Party general election manifesto.Some distributists claim that the rhetorical marketing of this policy was influenced by aphorisms of the distributist ideology and promotes distributism.[58]It purportedly formed a part of the legislative programme of theConservative – Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement.[59]
List of distributist parties[edit]
Current[edit]
- Australia –Democratic Labour Party[60]
- Romania –Pirate Party Romania
- United Kingdom –National Distributist Party,[61]British National Party,[62]National Front[63]
- United States –American Solidarity Party[64]
- Mexico -Nationalist Front of Mexico
Historical[edit]
- United Kingdom –Distributist League(1926–1940),Third Way(1990–2006)
Notable distributists[edit]
Historical[edit]
- Herbert Agar
- Hilaire Belloc
- L. Brent Bozell Jr.
- Cecil Chesterton
- G. K. Chesterton
- Seward Collins
- Dorothy Day[65]
- Adam Doboszyński
- Peter Maurin[66]
- Horacio de la Costa
- J. P. de Fonseka
- Eric Gill
- Douglas Hyde
- Gustavo Corção[67]
- Saunders Lewis
- Vincent McNabb
- Arthur Penty
- Hilary Pepler
- Óscar Romero
- William Purcell Witcutt
- Dorothy L. Sayers
- J. R. R. Tolkien
Contemporary[edit]
- Dale Ahlquist[68]
- Phillip Blond[69]
- Allan C. Carlson
- David W. Cooney[70]
- Charles A. Coulombe
- Sean Domencic[71]
- Bill Kauffman
- Race Mathews
- Joseph Pearce
- Juan Manuel de Prada[72]
- Douglas Rushkoff[73]
- John Sharpe
- Albert Bikaj[74]
- John C. Médaille
- Richard Williamson[75]
Key texts[edit]
- Rerum novarum (1891),papal encyclical by Pope Leo XIII.
- Quadragesimo anno (1931),papal encyclical by Pope Pius XI.
- Centesimus Annus (1991),papal encyclical by Pope John Paul II.
- Evangelii gaudium (2013),apostolic exhortation by Pope Francis.
- What's Wrong with the World(1910)by G. K. ChestertonISBN0-89870-489-8–eText.
- The Outline of Sanity(1927)by G. K. Chesterton.
- Utopia of Usurers(1917)by G. K. Chesterton.
- The Servile State(1912)by Hilaire Belloc.
- An Essay on The Restoration of Property(1936) by Hilaire BellocISBN0-9714894-4-0.
- Jobs of Our Own(1999) byRace MathewsISBN978-1871204179.
See also[edit]
- Related concepts
- Agrarianism– Political philosophy supporting rural society
- Bioregionalism– Ecological philosophy
- Catholic social teaching– Social doctrine
- Distributed economy– Concept in network theory
- Distributive justice– Concept relating to distribution of rewards to group members
- Localism (politics)– Political philosophy
- Market socialism– Economic system based on social ownership of the means of production in a market economy
- Mutual aid (organization theory)– Voluntary exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit
- Predistribution– Fiscal policy idea; holds that government should prevent rather than remedy inequalities
- Subsidiarity– Principle of social organization
- Similar positions
- Anarcho-syndicalism– Branch of anarchism supporting revolutionary industrial unionism
- Jeffersonian democracy– American political persuasion of the 1790s until the 1820s
- Christian democracy– Christian socioeconomic model
- Gandhian economics– Economic system of Mahatma Gandhi
- Georgism– Economic philosophy centred on common ownership of land
- Guild socialism– Political labor movement
- Mutualism (economic theory)– Anarchist school of thought and socialist economic theory
- Non-conformists of the 1930s– Avantgarde movement during the inter-war period in France
- Ownership society– Slogan
- Property-owning democracy– Political economy system; state intervention allows fair possession distribution
- Traditionalist conservatism– American political ideology advocating traditional morals and social order
- Ujamaa– Socialist system in 1960s Tanzania
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The American Solidarity Party believes that political economy (economics) is a branch of political ethics, and therefore rejects models of economic behavior that undermine human dignity with greed and naked self-interest. We advocate for an economic system which focuses on creating a society of wide-spread ownership (sometimes referred to as 'distributism') rather than having the effect of degrading the human person as a cog in the machine.
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Further reading[edit]
- Boyle, David.Back to the Land: Distributism and the politics of lifeSteyning: The Real Press, 2019.ISBN978-1912119899
- Cooney, Anthony.Distributism.ISBN0-9535077-2-6
- Kurland, Norman.The Just Third Way: Basic Principles of Economic and Social Justice,Center for Economic and Social Justice
- Sagar, S.Distributism.ISBN0-905109-20-1
- Saltter, Alexander William.The Political Economy of Distributism: Property, Liberty, and the Common Good.Washington, DC.Catholic University of America Press,2023.
- Shaw v Chesterton: a Debate between George Bernard Shaw and G. K. Chesterton.ISBN0-9679707-7-6
- "Union Square Speech"byDorothy Day
- Distributism as a means of achieving third way economics,a paper for theSecular Party of Australiawritten by Richard Howard of theHumanist Society of New South Wales
- Pabst, Adrian."Pope Benedict's call for a civil economy".The Guardian,20 July 2009.