Domain name registry

"Network information center" redirects here. For the organization, seeInterNIC.

Adomain name registryis a database of all domain names and the associated registrant information in the top level domains of theDomain Name System(DNS) of the Internet that enables third party entities to request administrative control of a domain name. Most registries operate on the top-level and second-level of the DNS.

Aregistry operator,sometimes called anetwork information center(NIC), maintains all administrative data of the domain and generates a zone file which contains the addresses of the nameservers for each domain. Each registry is an organization that manages the registration of domain names within the domains for which it is responsible, controls the policies of domain name allocation, and technically operates its domain. It may also fulfill the function of adomain name registrar,or may delegate that function to other entities.

Domain names are managed under a hierarchy headed by theInternet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA), which manages the top of the DNS tree by administrating the data in theroot nameservers.IANA also operates theintregistry for intergovernmental organizations, thearpazone for protocol administration purposes, and other critical zones such asroot-servers.net.IANA delegates all other domain name authority to other domain name registries and a full list is available on their web site.Country code top-level domains(ccTLD) are delegated by IANA to national registries such asDENICin Germany andNominetin the United Kingdom.

Operation

Some name registries are government departments (e.g., the registry for Indiagov.in). Some are co-operatives of Internet service providers (such asDENIC) or not-for profit companies (such asNominet UK). Others operate as commercial organizations, such as the US registry (nic.us).

The allocated and assigned domain names are made available by registries by use of theWHOISsystem and via theirdomain name servers.

Some registries sell the names directly, and others rely on separate entities to sell them. For example, names in thetop-level domains are in some sense sold "wholesale" at a regulated price byVeriSign,and individualdomain name registrarssell names "retail" to businesses and consumers.

Policies

Allocation policies

Historically, domain name registries operated on afirst-come-first-servedsystem of allocation but may reject the allocation of specific domains on the basis of political, religious, historical, legal or cultural reasons. For example, in theUnited States,between 1996 and 1998,InterNICautomatically rejected domain name applications based on a list of perceived obscenities.

Registries may also control matters of interest to their local communities; for example, the German, Japanese and Polish registries have introduced internationalized domain names to allow use of local non-ASCIIcharacters.

Dispute policies

Domains that are registered withICANNregistrars, generally have to use the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP),however, Germany'sDENICrequires people to use the German civil courts, andNominet UKdeals with intellectual property and other disputes through its own dispute resolution service.

Third-level domains

Domain name registries may also impose a system ofthird-level domainson users. DENIC, the registry for Germany (.de), does not impose third level domains. AFNIC, the registry for France (.fr), has some third level domains, but not all registrants have to use them.

Many ccTLDs have moved from compulsory third or fourth-level domain to the availability of registrations of second level domains. Among them are.us(April 2002),.mx(May 2009),.co(March 2010),and.uk(June 2014).

See also

• Drop registrar
• Private sub-domain registry
• List of Internet top-level domains
• NIC handle