Jump to content

Doom metal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Doom metal
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsEarly to mid 1970s, United Kingdom and United States[2][3]
Derivative formsPost-metal[4][5]
Subgenres
  • Epic doom
  • traditional doom
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
  • Finland
  • Pacific Northwest
  • Louisiana
Local scenes
Other topics

Doom metalis anextremesubgenre ofheavy metal musicthat typically uses slowertempos,low-tuned guitarsand a much "thicker" or "heavier" sound than other heavy metal genres.[6]Both the music and the lyrics are intended to evoke a sense of despair, dread, and impending doom.[2]The genre is strongly influenced by the early work ofBlack Sabbath,[2]who formed a prototype for doom metal. During the first half of the 1980s,[2]a number of bands such asWitchfinder GeneralandPagan Altarfrom England, American bandsPentagram,Saint Vitus,the Obsessed,Trouble,andCirith Ungol,and Swedish bandCandlemassdefined doom metal as a distinct genre. Pentagram, Saint Vitus, Trouble and Candlemass have been referred to as "the Big Four of Doom Metal".[7]

Characteristics

[edit]

Instrumentation

[edit]

Theelectric guitar,bass guitar,anddrum kitare the most common instruments used to play doom metal (althoughkeyboardsare sometimes used), but its structures are rooted in the same scales as inblues.[1]Guitarists and bassists often down tune their instruments to very low notes and make use of large amounts ofdistortion,thus producing a very "thick" or "heavy" guitar tone, which is one of the defining characteristics of the genre.[8]Along with the usual heavy metal compositional technique of guitars and bass playing the same riff in unison, this creates a loud andbass-heavy wall of sound. Another defining characteristic is the consistent focus on slowtempos,[2]andminor tonalitywith much use ofdissonance(especially in the form of thetritone), employing the usage of repetitive rhythms with little regard to harmonic progression and musical structure.[8]

Vocals

[edit]

Traditional doom metal vocalists favor clean vocals, which are often performed with a sense of despair, desperation, or pain; imitating the high-tone wails ofOzzy Osbourne(Black Sabbath),[9]Frank Ferrara (Bang), Bobby Liebling (Pentagram),[8]and Zeeb Parkes (Witchfinder General). So-called "epic doom" vocalists often take it a step further, singing in anoperaticstyle. Doom metal bands influenced by other extreme metal genres often use growled or screamed vocals, as is the case ofdeath-doom,black-doom,andfuneral doom.

Lyrical themes

[edit]

Lyrics in doom metal play a key role. Influenced by notablebluesmusicians likeRobert JohnsonandSon House,[1]normally they are gloomy and pessimistic,[9]including themes such assuffering,depression,fear,grief,dread, death, and anger. While some bands write lyrics in introspective and personal ways, others convey their themes using symbolism – which may be inspired byoccultartsandliterature.[1]

Some doom metal bands use religious themes in their music.Trouble,one of the genre's pioneers, were among the first to incorporate Christian imagery. Others have incorporatedoccultandpaganimagery.[10]For many bands, the use of religious themes is for aesthetic and symbolic purposes only. Examples include lyrics/imagery about theLast Judgmentto invoke dread, or the use ofcrucifixesand cross-shaped headstones to symbolize death.

Furthermore, some doom metal bands write lyrics about drugs or drug addiction. This is most common among stoner doom bands, who often describehallucinogenic or psychedelicexperiences.

History

[edit]
Tony Iommi's guitar style greatly influenced and defined doom metal.

Origins (late 1960s–1970s)

[edit]

The first traces of doom in rock music could be heard as far back asthe Beatles' 1969 track "I Want You (She's So Heavy)".[11][12]Black Sabbathare generally regarded as the progenitors of doom metal.[2]Black Sabbath's music is (in and of) itself stylistically rooted inblues,but with the deliberately doomy and loud guitar playing ofTony Iommi,and the then-uncommon dark and pessimistic lyrics and atmosphere, they set the standards of early heavy metal and inspired various doom metal bands.[8]In the early 1970s, both Black Sabbath andPentagram(also as side band "Bedemon" ) composed and performed this heavy and dark music, which would in the 1980s begin to be known and referred to asdoom metalby subsequent musicians, critics and fans.[1]Joe Hasselvander, Pentagram's drummer also cited bands likeBlack Widow,Toe Fat,Iron Claw,Night Sun,and Zior as pioneers of the doom metal sound.[13]

Aside from Pentagram and Black Sabbath, other groups from the 1970s would heavily influence the genre's development.Blue Cheeris often hailed as one of the firststoner metalbands. Through the use of loud amplifiers and guitarfeedback,their debutVincebus Eruptumcreated a template for other artists to follow.[14]Though lacking the pessimistic lyrical content of their contemporaries, Welsh heavy metal bandBudgiewould also produce heavy songs which were amongst the loudest of their day, stylistically influencing various doom metal acts.[15]Led Zeppelin'sNo Quarteris considered as one of the earliest examples of a doom metal song made by a rock band.[16]Early doom metal was also influenced by Japanesepsychedelic rockalbums, such as Kuni Kawachi & Friends'KirikyogenandFlower Travellin' Band'sSatori.[17]Bang's 1971 self-titled debut is considered an important forerunner to doom metal.[18][19]Other notable groups includeSir Lord Baltimore,[20]Buffalo,[21]Necromandus,[22]Lucifer's Friend,[22]andLeaf Hound.[23]

Development (1980s)

[edit]

During the early-mid-1980s, bands from England and the United States[2]contributed much to the formation of doom metal as a distinct genre. In 1982, English pioneersWitchfinder Generalreleased their debut albumDeath Penalty.During 1984, two American pioneers also released their debuts—Saint Vitusreleased theireponymous albumandTroublereleasedPsalm 9.That same year, American bandCirith Ungol(formed in 1971) released their second studio album,King of the Dead—regarded by many as an early influence on doom.[24][25]The following year, American bandPentagramwould go on to release their debut,Relentless.The SwedishCandlemasswould also prove influential with their first recordEpicus Doomicus Metallicusin 1986, from whichepic doom metaltakes its name.[26]

Some doom metal bands were also influenced by the undergroundgothic rockandpost-punkscene of the 1980s, showing similarities with the dark themes addressed through lyrics and the atmosphere both music styles deal with. A doom metal band likeMindrotwas often described as a cross-over betweendeath metaland gothic rock.

Regional scenes

[edit]

Like otherextreme metalgenres, doom metal also has regionally based scenes, with their own particular characteristics:

Finnish doom metal

[edit]

In one of the greatest doom metal outputs, Finnish groups focus more on the depressive mood of the genre, evoking an intense grieving feeling.[27]The bands play with very slow tempos and melodic tones, creating an atmosphere of darkness and melancholia.[27][28]This scene was kick-started by the bandRigor Mortis(which, due to an older US band with the same name, changed their name to Spiritus Mortis), which originated in 1987.[29][30]Notable bands includeReverend Bizarre,[31]Minotauri,[30]Dolorian,[27]Shape of Despair,[27]Thergothon,[27]Skepticism,[27]andUnholy.[32]

Louisiana doom metal

[edit]
See also:Music of New Orleans § Heavy metal

Regarded assludge metal's birthplace byAllMusic,[2]this scene originated inNew Orleansin the late 1980s.[33][34][35]The bands of this scene employ somepunkinfluences, like harsh vocals, guitardistortionand downtuned sound.[36][37][38]This scene was pioneered byExhorder,who was the first band to combine doom metal with apunk-influenced metal sound.[35]In the 90s, several sludge and stoner metal bands arose in the state, mainly influenced by bands likeBlack SabbathandMelvins,also mi xing their sound with genres likehardcore punkandSouthern rock.[34][38][39][40]Notable bands includeEyehategod,[34]Down[39]Exhorder,[35]Crowbar,[38]andAcid Bath.[41][42]

Washington D.C. doom metal

[edit]
See also:Music of Maryland § Popular music

This scene formed in the early 1970s and was kickstarted byPentagramandthe Obsessed.[43][44]Various doom/stonerbands, mostly fromWashington, D.C.and itsmetropolitan areaonMarylandandVirginia(thus also being labelled"Maryland doom sound"[43]), formed in this region being heavily influenced by earlyhard rockandheavy metalbands, likeUFO,Blue Cheer,Black Sabbath,Uriah HeepandSir Lord Baltimore.[44][45]This scene is also known as"Hellhound sound"for being closely related to the lateHellhound Records,[43]who signed with many important bands of the scene likeSaint Vitus,[46][47]Internal Void,[47][45]Iron Man,[47]Revelation,[47]Wretched[47]andUnorthodox.[47]Other notable bands includeEvoken,[48]Spirit Caravan,[44][45]Earthride,[44]andthe Hidden Hand.[46]

Pacific Northwest doom metal

[edit]

ThePacific Northwestregion – primarilyOregon,Washington,andBritish Columbia– has been host to a growing scene of doom, sludge,[49]and stoner metal[50][51]since the 1990s. It is influenced by the geographical origin ofgrungemusic and a sound pioneered in part by the Washington bandMelvins.[52][2]Common visual themes include the region's cold, rainy, forested climate, and many bands utilize psychedelic imagery influenced by bands likeSleep,Karp and Harkonen.[50]Musical styles often share crossover features withatmospheric/ambient black metal,drone metal,andpost-metalas seen in Oregon'sYOB,Agalloch,Witch Mountain,andRed Fang;Washington'sEarth,andSunn O)));and Vancouver'sAnciients,Astrakhan,[53]andAaron TurnerprojectSumac,among various others.

Palm Desert Scene

[edit]
Main article:Palm Desert Scene

Palm Desert, California,hosts a thriving desert rock and stoner metal scene, drawing heavy influences frompsychedelia,bluesandhardcore punk,often featuring distinctive repetitive drum beats, a propensity for free-formjamming,and "trance-like" or "sludgy"grooves.[54][55][56]Because of their integration, the term "stoner rock" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "desert rock".[57]Notable bands includeKyuss,[58][59]Queens of the Stone Age,[54]Dali's Llama,[60]Slo Burn,[61]andBrant Bjork.[62]

Stylistic divisions

[edit]

Black-doom

[edit]

Black-doom, also known as blackened doom, is a style that combines the slowness and thicker, bassier sound of doom metal with theshrieking vocalsand heavily distorted guitar sound ofblack metal.[63][64][65]Black-doom bands maintain the Satanic ideology associated with black metal, while melding it with moodier themes more related to doom metal, like depression, nihilism, and nature.[63]They also use the slower pace of doom metal in order to emphasize the harsh atmosphere present in black metal.[66]Examples of black-doom bands includeBarathrum,[67]Forgotten Tomb,[64]Woods of Ypres,[68]Deinonychus,[69]Shining,[70]Nortt,[71]Bethlehem,[72]earlyKatatonia,[73]Tiamat,[66]Dolorian,[66]October Tide,[66]andIn the Woods...[66]

Depressive suicidal black metal

[edit]

Pioneered by black-doom bands likeOphthalamia,Katatonia,Bethlehem,Forgotten Tomb,andShining,depressive suicidal black metal, also known as suicidal black metal, depressive black metal, or DSBM, is a style that melds thesecond wave-style of black metal with doom metal,[74]with lyrics revolving around themes such as depression, self-harm, misanthrophy, suicide, and death.[75][76]DSBM bands draw thelo-firecording and highly distorted guitars of black metal, while employing the usage of acoustic instruments and non-distorted electric guitar's timbres present in doom metal, interchanging the slower, doom-like, sections with fastertremolo picking.[74]Vocals are usually high-pitched like in black metal, but lacking of energy, simulating feelings like hopelessness, desperation, and plea.[74]The presence of one-man bands is more prominent in this genre compared to others.[74]Examples of bands includeXasthur,[77]Leviathan,[74]Strid,[74]Silencer,[75][76]Make a Change... Kill Yourself,[74]andI Shalt Become.[75][76]

Blackened death-doom

[edit]

Blackened death-doom is a genre that combines the slow tempos and monolithic drumming of doom metal, the complex and loud riffage ofdeath metaland the shrieking vocals ofblack metal.[78]Examples of blackened death-doom bands include Morast,[78]Faustcoven,[78]the Ruins of Beverast,[78]Bolzer,[78]Necros Christos,[78]Harvest Gulgaltha,[79]Dragged into Sunlight,[80]Hands of Thieves,[81]andSoulburn.[82]

Death-doom

[edit]
Main article:Death-doom
My Dying Brideat Frozen Rock Festival 2007

Death-doom is a style that combines the slow tempos and pessimistic atmosphere of doom metal with the deepgrowling vocalsand double-kick drumming ofdeath metal.[83]Influenced mostly by the early work ofHellhammerandCeltic Frost,the style emerged during the late 1980s and gained a certain amount of popularity during the 1990s.[83]Death-doom was pioneered by bands such asWinter,[84]Disembowelment,[84]Paradise Lost,[84]Autopsy,Anathema,My Dying Bride[84]andNovembers Doom.[85]

Funeral doom

[edit]

Funeral doom is a genre that crossesdeath-doomwithfuneral dirge music.[86]It is played at an extremely slow tempo, and places an emphasis on evoking a sense of emptiness and despair.[1]Typically, electric guitars are heavily distorted anddark ambientaspects such askeyboardsorsynthesizersare often used to create a "dreamlike" atmosphere.[63]Vocals consist of mournful chants or growls and are often in the background.[63]Funeral doom was pioneered byMournful Congregation,[87]Esoteric,Evoken,Funeral,Thergothon,[88]andSkepticism.[89]

Drone metal

[edit]
Sunn O)))performing live
Main article:Drone metal

Drone metal (also known as drone doom) is a style of doom metal that is largely defined bydrones;notes or chords that aresustainedand repeated throughout a piece of music.[90][91][92]Typically, the electric guitar is performed with large amounts ofreverbandfeedback[90]while lacking the presence of drums and vocals.[63][93]Songs are often very long and lackbeatorrhythmin the traditional sense.[63]Drone metal is generally influenced bydrone music,[90]noise music,[90]andminimalist music.[90]The style emerged in the early 1990s and was pioneered byEarth,[94]Boris,andSunn O))).[90]

Epic doom

[edit]

Epic doom has a heavyclassicalinfluence. One of the main characteristics are the vocals; vocalists typically employ clean,operatic,andchoralsinging, accompanied by keyboarding and drumming performed in a bombastic fashion in order to evoke an "epic" sensation.[63][95][96]Lyrics and imagery are typically inspired byfantasyormythology.[63]Examples of prominent epic doom bands includeCandlemass,[97]Solitude Aeturnus,[98]Solstice,[99]While Heaven Wept,[96]andDoomsword.[100]

Gothic-doom

[edit]

Gothic-doom, also known as doom-gothic, is a style that combines more traditional elements of doom metal withgothic rock.[101][102]Gothic-doom bands usually play at slow and mid-tempos and employ the usage of instruments that are more related toclassical music,alongside traditional doom metal instruments, in order to create darker and meditative atmospheres.[101]Doom-gothic lyrics combines the dramatic and romantic elements of gothic rock with the sorrowness and melancholy present in doom metal, while being more introspective and focused on personal experiences such as love, grief, irreparable loss, loss of faith, etc.[101]Unlike ingothic metalanddeath-doom,gothic-doom bands prefer the use of cleaner vocals instead of employingdeath growls,[102]although some of them employ harsher vocals occasionally, and avoid the usage of death metal-like riffage.[101]Bands labelled as gothic-doom include Weeping Silence,[103]the Foreshadowing,[102]Grave Lines,[104]Artrosis,[105]Ava Inferi,[106]Draconian,[107]andType O Negative.[108]

Progressive doom

[edit]

Progressive doom is a fusion genre that combines elements ofprogressive metaland doom metal.[109]Notable bands include King Goat,[109]Below the Sun,[110]Sierra,[111]Oceans of Slumber,[112]andGreen Carnation.[113]

Sludge metal

[edit]
Main article:Sludge metal

Sludge metal (also known as sludge doom[8][66]) is a style that combines doom metal andhardcore punk.[8][66][2][93]Many sludge bands compose slow and heavy songs that contain brief hardcore passages.[34][38]However, some bands emphasise fast tempos throughout their music.[114]The string instruments are heavilydistortedand are often played with large amounts offeedbackto produce an abrasive, sludgy sound.[115][36]Drumming is often performed in typical doom metal fashion,[citation needed]but drummers may employ hardcored-beator double-kick drumming during faster passages. Vocals are usually shouted or screamed, and lyrics often focus on suffering, drug abuse, politics and anger towards society. The style was pioneered in the late 1980s by theMelvins,and in the 1990s by bands such asEyehategod,[34]Crowbar,[38]Buzzov*en,[114]Acid Bath,[116]andGrief.[117]

Sludgecore

[edit]

Sludgecore further combines sludge metal with hardcore punk, and possesses a slow pace, a low and dark pitch, and a grinding dirge-like feel.[118]Bands regarded as sludgecore include Acid Bath, Eyehategod,Soilent Green,[119][120]Black Sheep Wall, Admiral Angry, andThe Abominable Iron Sloth.[121]Crowbar mixed "detuned, lethargic sludged-out metal with hardcore andsouthern elements".[122]

Stoner metal

[edit]
Jus ObornofElectric Wizard
Main article:Stoner rock

Stoner metal or stoner doom[123][124]describes doom metal that incorporatespsychedelic rockandacid rockelements.[93][125][126]Stoner metal is often heavilydistorted,groove-ladenbass-heavy sound, making much use ofguitar effectssuch asfuzz,phaser,orflanger.[127]Stoner bands typically play in slow-to-midtempo,employing the usage of melodic vocals and "retro" production.[128]It was pioneered in the early–mid-1990s by bands such asKyuss,[129]Sleep,[130][131]Acid King,[132][133]Electric Wizard,[134][131]Orange Goblin,[134]andSons of Otis.[135]

Desert rock

[edit]

Desert rock combines the psychedelic elements of stoner metal withhard rockcharacteristics.[59][93]Bands of this style include Kyuss,[136]Fu Manchu,[136]Queens of the Stone Age,[137]Earthlings?[136]andYawning Man.[136][137]

Traditional doom

[edit]

Influenced by 70s and 80sheavy metal,[138]traditional doom metal bands more commonly use higher guitar tunings, and do not play as slowly as many other doom bands.[63]Traditional doom bands typically play slow to mid-tempo songs with a thick and heavy sound with the electric bass following the melody line, and sometimes employ the usage of keyboards, although assuming a secondary role on traditional doom metal songs.[9]Vocals are usually clean with the occasional growl or scream.[63]The lyrics in traditional doom usually are eerie and dark like other doom metal divisions. Some bands who play traditional doom metal areOrodruin,[139][140]Reverend Bizarre,[141]Witchcraft,Saint Vitus,[9]andCount Raven.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefWiederhorn, Jon (2 February 2017)."Doom Metal: A Brief Timeline".Bandcamp daily.Retrieved30 June2018.
  2. ^abcdefghij"Doom metal".AllMusic.Retrieved17 January2016.
  3. ^"Doom Metal Music Guide: 11 Doom Metal Bands".MasterClass.1 September 2021.Unlike Sabbath, who initially viewed itself as a blues act, Pentagram is considered a founder of the doom metal genre, along with contemporaries Trouble, Saint Vitus, and Candlemass.
  4. ^Wiederhorn, Jon (4 August 2016)."A Brief History of Post-Metal".Bandcamp.Retrieved14 November2017.
  5. ^Jahdi, Robin (24 June 2015)."The 40 best post-metal records ever made".Fact.Retrieved11 November2017.The truth is post-metal takes in all of these elements without being entirely any one of them. So we'll be featuring nothing totally proggy, like Ayreon; nor pure doom, like Electric Wizard; nor your modern black metal fellows like Leviathan, Wolves in the Throne Room, or Velvet Cacoon, though their peaks certainly coincided with post-metal
  6. ^K. Kahn-Harris,Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge(Berg Publishers, 2007),ISBN1-84520-399-2,p. 31.
  7. ^Rozycki, David (24 August 2021)."Eric Wagner, Lead Singer of Doom Metal Legends Trouble, Has Died from Covid-19".Houston Press.
  8. ^abcdefPiper, Jonathan (2013).Locating experiential richness in doom metal(PhD). UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations.University of California, San Diego.Retrieved14 September2019.
  9. ^abcdeIrwin, William (September 2012).Black Sabbath and Philosophy: Mastering Reality.John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^"Doom Metal Music Guide: 11 Doom Metal Bands".Doom metal lyrics often describe paranoia, despair, political upheaval, and depression. They sometimes touch on witchcraft and pagan themes as well.
  11. ^Classic Rock Magazine, September 2014
  12. ^Hart, Josh; Fanelli, Damian (11 October 2015)."The 50 Heaviest Songs Before Black Sabbath: #40-31".Guitar World.Archived fromthe originalon 24 April 2018.
  13. ^Wiederhorn, Jon & Turman, Katherine (2013).Louder Than Hell: The Definitive Oral History of Metal(loan required). New York: itbooks. p. 103.ISBN978-0-06-195828-1– via the Internet Archive.
  14. ^"Music News, Videos, Photos, Artists, Playlists and More".Rolling Stone.Archived fromthe originalon 8 May 2009.Retrieved21 October2010.
  15. ^"Budgie".AllMusic.Retrieved10 December2012.
  16. ^Ezell, Brice (18 February 2015)."The Album Remains the Same: Led Zeppelin -" No Quarter "".PopMatters.Retrieved19 January2016.
  17. ^"Review: Flower Travellin Band – Satori".Sputnikmusic.Retrieved6 February2016.
  18. ^"Bang".AllMusic.Retrieved10 December2012.
  19. ^"U.S. '70s Proto-Metal Power Trio Bang Returns".Blabbermouth.net.6 January 2014.Retrieved1 August2019.
  20. ^"Sir Lord Baltimore".AllMusic.Retrieved10 December2012.
  21. ^"Heavy Planet Stoner Rock Blog: Album Of The Day-Buffalo-Volcanic Rock (1973)".Retrieved10 December2012.
  22. ^abChriste (2003), pg. 345, "Beginning with the overlooked Lucifer's Friend and Necromandus in the early 1970s, doom crawled through the 1980s with Trouble, Witchfinder General, the Obsessed, Candlemass, Pentagram, and Saint Vitus, then into the 1990s with Cathedral, Sleep, and Burning Witch."
  23. ^^ Sleazegrinder (March 2007). "The Lost Pioneers of Heavy Metal". Classic Rock.
  24. ^Kaufman, Spencer (March 2019)."Northwest Terror Fest 2019 lineup: Pig Destroyer, Wolfbrigade, Cirith Ungol, and more to crush Seattle".Consequence of Sound.Retrieved30 March2019.
  25. ^Lackey Shaffer, Nancy D. (4 October 2018)."OUT WITH A BANG | Robert Garven and Jarvis Leatherby talk Frost and Fire IV before the metalfest takes its final bow".Ventura County Reporter.Retrieved30 March2019.
  26. ^Ludwig, Jamie."Swedish doom-metal pioneers Candlemass celebrate their epic sounds in Chicago".Chicago Reader.Retrieved21 December2023.
  27. ^abcdefDerRozzengarten."Swallow The Sun interview (10/2005)".Metal Storm.Retrieved6 January2013.
  28. ^Vladimir Kozlov."Russian doom, Finnish-style".The Moscow News.Archived fromthe originalon 10 January 2014.Retrieved6 January2013.
  29. ^DerRozzengarten."SPIRITUS MORTIS".MusicMight.Archived fromthe originalon 10 January 2014.Retrieved6 January2013.
  30. ^ab"Spiritus Mortis interview".Fémforgács.6 October 2009.Retrieved6 January2013.
  31. ^Marsicano, Dan."Best Finnish Heavy Metal Bands".About.Archived fromthe originalon 24 May 2016.Retrieved6 January2013.
  32. ^"The Second Ring of Power – CD&DVD edition coming in October".Peaceville Records's Official site.Retrieved6 January2013.
  33. ^Fensterstock, Alison."Axe to Grind: Heavy Metal in New Orleans".BestofNewOrleans.Archived fromthe originalon 25 July 2010.Retrieved19 May2010.
  34. ^abcdeHuey, Steve."Eyehategod biography".AllMusic.Retrieved28 June2009.
  35. ^abcTorreano, Bradley."Exhorder".AllMusic.Retrieved28 June2009.
  36. ^abYork, William."Eyehategod –In the Name of Suffering".AllMusic.Retrieved28 June2009.
  37. ^York, William."Eyehategod –Take as Needed for Pain".AllMusic.Retrieved28 June2009.
  38. ^abcdeHuey, Steve."Crowbar".AllMusic.Retrieved21 July2008.
  39. ^abPrato, Greg."Down biography".AllMusic.Retrieved28 June2009.
  40. ^York, William."Soilent Green biography".AllMusic.Retrieved28 June2009.
  41. ^"Modern hardcore music scene".Metalhammermagazine No.32.
  42. ^Mahoney, Steve (30 March 1995)."Acid Bath's not famous but it is one hot band".jsonline,Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.
  43. ^abcPamfilos, Themis (23 July 2004)."Review: V/A – Doom Capital Maryland / DC".Metal Invader.Archived fromthe originalon 10 November 2006.
  44. ^abcdHenderson, Alex."Doom Capital: Maryland DC Heavy Rock Underground".AllMusic.Retrieved22 May2013.
  45. ^abcTschetter, Michelle."Pentagram".Farmageddon Records.Archived fromthe originalon 19 March 2022.Retrieved23 May2013.
  46. ^abBrandon, Wu (November 2010)."For Northern Virginia Metal Band Salome, Not All Hope Lies in Doom".Washington City Paper.Retrieved23 May2013.
  47. ^abcdef"Hellhound Records Archives – The Obelisk".The Obelisk.Retrieved19 April2018.
  48. ^"New Jersey Doom Metal".Rock Show Magazine.Archived fromthe originalon 25 January 2014.Retrieved20 January2014.
  49. ^"Sludge Special - Part 2".Terrorizer.No. 188. September 2009. pp. 40–57.ISSN1350-6978.
  50. ^abLevin, Hannah (10 August 2011)."The Mix: A Pacific Northwest Metal Goldmine".NPR.
  51. ^"Crushing Cascadia: Earworthy Metal of the Pacific Northwest -".28 January 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 15 June 2015.Retrieved12 June2015.
  52. ^Bukszpan, Daniel (2012).The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal.Sterling, New York. pp. 192–193.ISBN978-1402792304.
  53. ^"Reward in Purpose, by Astrakhan".
  54. ^abVanhorn, Teri."Queens Of The Stone Age At Home In Desert".mtv.MTV. Archived fromthe originalon 2 January 2015.Retrieved22 December2014.
  55. ^Prato, Greg."Normadic Pursuits – Yawning Man".AllMusic.Retrieved18 December2014.
  56. ^Steve Appleford (22 October 2014)."Queens of the Stone Age's Josh Homme Is Our Last Real Rock Star".L.A. Weekly.
  57. ^"News: StonerRock and MeteorCity Part Ways".Bravewords. 19 May 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 9 October 2012.Retrieved26 August2011.
  58. ^Morris, Chris (15 January 1994), "Kyuss lands on its feet and keeps climbing",Billboard,p. 1
  59. ^abLynskey, Dorian (25 March 2011)."Kyuss: Kings of the stoner age".The Guardian.Retrieved18 December2014.
  60. ^Fessier, Bruce (30 June 2014)."Zach Huskey offering variety show of desert sound".The Desert Sun.Archived fromthe originalon 2 April 2015.
  61. ^"Slo Burn".allmusic. Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  62. ^Dome, Malcolm (16 October 2016)."10 Essential Stoner Rock Albums".Metal Hammer.Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2018.Retrieved21 May2017.
  63. ^abcdefghijEbner, Arne (25 July 2010).Ästhetik des Doom(PDF)(Bachelor) (in German). Macromedia University of Applied Sciences for Media and Communication – Cologne. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved18 August2018.
  64. ^abNewshound, Terrorizer."ITALIAN BLACKENED DOOMSTERS FORGOTTEN TOMB PLAN RELEASE".Terrorizer Online.Archived fromthe originalon 1 August 2014.Retrieved29 January2009.
  65. ^Marsicano, Dan."Ordo Obsidium – Orbis Tertius Review".About.Archived fromthe originalon 24 March 2012.Retrieved29 January2012.
  66. ^abcdefgZahn, Thorsten; Schurer, Petra (1 June 2003)."Emotionen in Zeitlupe".Rolling Stone(in German). Archived fromthe originalon 12 November 2014.Retrieved18 August2018.
  67. ^"Reviews".Archived fromthe originalon 28 January 1999.Retrieved18 August2018.
  68. ^Newshound, Terrorizer."WOODS OF YPRES RELEASE DISCUSS THE GREEN ALBUM".Terrorizer Online.Archived fromthe originalon 7 January 2014.Retrieved29 January2009.
  69. ^"DEINONYCHUS: 'You Will Get A Pure Black/Doom Metal Album'".Blabbermouth.Retrieved8 January2018.
  70. ^Patterson, Dayal (2013).Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult.Feral House.ISBN978-1936239757.Retrieved1 August2018.
  71. ^Obstkrieg, Dan (12 January 2018)."Nortt – Endeligt Review".Last Rites.Retrieved1 August2018.
  72. ^"BETHLEHEM REPLACE LIFELOVER ON BILL FOR KINGS OF BLACK METAL FESTIVAL".Brave Words.Retrieved1 August2018.
  73. ^"Katatonia: 'Brave Murder Day'".Decibel Magazine.Archived fromthe originalon 9 July 2012.Retrieved27 June2012.
  74. ^abcdefgYavuz, Mehmet Selim (September 2015).Dead is dead: Perspectives on the Meaning of Death in Depressive Suicidal Black Metal Music through Musical Representations(MMus).Royal Holloway, University of London.doi:10.17613/M67D4Z.Retrieved18 August2018.
  75. ^abcSil, Janet (2013). Ishmael, Amelia; Price, Zareen; Stephanou, Aspasia; Woodward, Ben (eds.)."Open a Vein: Suicidal Black Metal and Enlightenment".Helvete: A Journal of Black Metal Theory(1). Brooklyn: Punctum Books: 5–19.ISBN9780615758282.ISSN2326-683X.
  76. ^abcPatterson, Dayal (2013).Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult.Port Townsend: Feral House. p. 351.ISBN9781936239757.
  77. ^Luedtke, Christopher (2 February 2016)."Essential Black Metal Listening: XASTHUR Nocturnal Poisoning".Metal Injection.Retrieved12 June2017.
  78. ^abcdefKelly, Kim (29 March 2017)."Morast Expertly Synthesize Black, Death, and Doom Metal on 'Ancestral Void'".Noisey Vice.Retrieved18 August2018.
  79. ^Mattia, A. (7 February 2017)."DON'T LOOK BELOW: HARVEST GULGALTHA – 'ALTARS OF DEVOTION' REVIEW + STREAM".Cvlt Nation.Retrieved18 August2018.
  80. ^Falzon, Denise (31 October 2012)."Dragged Into Sunlight 'Widowmaker' (album stream)".Exclaim!.Retrieved18 August2018.
  81. ^Moore, Doug (31 August 2016)."The Black Market: The Month In Metal – August 2016".Stereogum.Retrieved18 August2018.
  82. ^Whelan, Kez (11 June 2014)."Soulburn: Band Of The Day".Terrorizer.Retrieved18 August2018.
  83. ^ab"Doom Metal Special: Doom/Death",Terrorizer #142.
  84. ^abcdPurcell, Nathalie J. (2003).Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a Subculture.McFarland & Company. p. 23.ISBN0-7864-1585-1.
  85. ^"Novembers Doom Biography, Songs, & Albums".AllMusic.
  86. ^Davis, Cody."Funeral Doom Friday: FUNERAL MOURNING's Blackened, Deadly Inertia of Dissonance (A Sermon in Finality)".Metal Injection.Retrieved29 July2018.
  87. ^Bloodaxe, Mathias (27 July 2011)."Mournful Congregation –The Unspoken Hymns".VoltageMedia.Archived fromthe originalon 26 November 2012.Retrieved24 August2017.
  88. ^Hinchcliffe, James (April 2006). "Funeral Doom / Dron Doom: Hearse Play",Terrorizer#143, pp.44–45.
  89. ^James Minton, Kim Kelly, and Jenn Selby, "Filth Parade",Terrorizer#188, September 2009, p. 56.
  90. ^abcdefJohn Wray, "Heady Metal",New York Times,28 May 2006.[1]Access date: 18 August 2008.
  91. ^Jan Tumlir, "Primal dirge",Artforum,April 2006.[2]Access date: 22 August 2008.
  92. ^Brandon Stosuy, "Heavy Metal: It's Alive and Flourishing",Slate,19 August 2005.[3]Access date: 22 August 2008.
  93. ^abcdBurke, David (2018).Political Expression in Doom Metal(MA). University of Southampton.Retrieved24 December2020.
  94. ^Jason Jackowiak,"Earth: Hex: Or Printing in the Infernal Method"Archived27 September 2008 at theWayback Machine,Splendid,14 September 2005. Access date: 23 August 2008.
  95. ^Hayes, Craig."Witch Mountain – Cauldron Of The Wild Review".About.Archived fromthe originalon 9 June 2012.Retrieved6 June2012.
  96. ^abHenderson, Alex."Fear of Infinity".AllMusic.Retrieved6 June2012.
  97. ^Rivadavia, Eduardo."Candlemass".AllMusic.Retrieved6 June2012.
  98. ^Santos, José Carlos (2012). "Epicus Doomicus Metallicus". InTerrorizer'sSecret History of Doom Metal,pp. 60–62,ISSN2041-2142
  99. ^VIRTANEN, MIIKA (27 June 2011)."SOLSTICE ANNOUNCE NEW VOCALIST".Zero Tolerance.Retrieved22 July2018.
  100. ^"DOOMSWORD To Release New Album In June".Blabbermouth.1 May 2007.Retrieved12 August2018.
  101. ^abcdSauciuc, Gabriela; Talpalariu, Dan-Radu."Doom-gothic metal – its perception and interpretation by fans".limbistraine.Retrieved11 August2018.
  102. ^abcRamirez, Carlos (12 October 2012)."THE FORESHADOWING CRAFT GOTHIC DOOM MASTERPIECES".Noise Creep.Retrieved11 August2018.
  103. ^"Singing In A Gothic-Doom Metal Band".Voice Council Magazine.5 June 2016.Retrieved11 August2018.
  104. ^Kelly, Kim (30 April 2018)."Grave Lines Blur the Boundary Between Doom Metal and Gothic Folk".Noisey Vice.Retrieved11 August2018.
  105. ^Arancio, Dennis."In the Flowers ShadeReview ".Soniccathedral. Archived fromthe originalon 25 December 2008.Retrieved6 May2008.
  106. ^van der Wal, Kim."The SilhouetteReview ".Lordsofmetal.nl.Retrieved6 May2008.
  107. ^Fox, Erin."Interview with Anders Jacobsson of Draconian".Thegauntlet.Retrieved6 May2008.
  108. ^Pratt, Greg (15 April 2010)."Type O Negative's Peter Steele Dies at 48".Exclaim!.Retrieved26 October2013.
  109. ^ab"The 9 albums that inspired King Goat's progressive doom sound".Metal Hammer.
  110. ^"Full Album Stream: Below The Sun".Decibel Magazine.23 May 2017.
  111. ^"Canada's purveyors of progressive doom metal issue new video".AXS.
  112. ^"6 New Metal Albums That Set a Strong Mood".Pitchfork.30 March 2018.
  113. ^Blabbermouth.net Review
  114. ^abYork, William."Buzzov*en".AllMusic.Retrieved21 July2008.
  115. ^York, William."Eyehategod –Dopesick".AllMusic.Retrieved12 September2008.
  116. ^York, William."Acid Bath".AllMusic.Retrieved21 June2008.
  117. ^Henderson, Alex."Grief".AllMusic.Retrieved21 June2008.
  118. ^Pearson, David (2020). "Ch3-The Dystopian Sublime of Extreme Hardcore Punk".Rebel Music in the Triumphant Empire: Punk Rock in the 1990s United States.Oxford University Press. p. 121.ISBN978-0197534885.
  119. ^Rosenberg, Axl; Krovatin, Chris (2017).Hellraisers: A Complete Visual History of Heavy Metal Mayhem.Race Point Publishing. p. 239.ISBN978-1-63106-430-2.
  120. ^Sharpe-Young, Garry (2005).New Wave of American Heavy Metal.Zonda. p. 137.ISBN978-0958268400.
  121. ^Heilman, Max (3 March 2021)."Album Review: BLACK SHEEP WALL Songs for the Enamel Queen".Metal Injection.Retrieved3 October2023.
  122. ^Sharpe-Young, Garry (2005).New Wave of American Heavy Metal.Zonda. p. 97.ISBN978-0958268400.
  123. ^Kelly, Kim (19 April 2017)."10 Stoner Metal Albums Ranked by a Metalhead Who Doesn't Smoke Weed".Noisey Vice.Retrieved12 August2018.
  124. ^"10 ESSENTIAL STONER-METAL ALBUMS".Revolver Magazine. 20 April 2018.Retrieved12 August2018.
  125. ^Ellis, Iain (2008).Rebels Wit Attitude: Subversive Rock Humorists.Soft Skull Press. p. 258.ISBN978-1-59376-206-3.[permanent dead link]
  126. ^"Stoner age: Priestess marries metal and melody".Buffalo News.Archived fromthe originalon 13 February 2012.Retrieved27 July2010.
  127. ^Sharpe-Young, Garry."MusicMight – Kyuss biography".MusicMight. Archived fromthe originalon 3 March 2016.Retrieved10 December2007.[Kyuss] almost single handed invented the phrase 'Stoner Rock'. They achieved this by tuning way down and summoning up a subterranean, organic sound...
  128. ^"Stoner Metal".AllMusic.Retrieved22 May2009.Stoner metal could be campy and self-aware, messily evocative, or unabashedly retro.
  129. ^Rivadavia, Eduardo."Kyuss biography".AllMusic.Retrieved10 December2007....they are widely acknowledged as pioneers of the booming stoner rock scene of the 1990s...
  130. ^Rivadavia, Eduardo."Sleep biography".AllMusic.Retrieved21 July2008.
  131. ^abTerich, Jeff; Blyweiss, Adam (20 April 2017)."10 Essential Stoner Rock Albums".Treblezine.Retrieved21 May2017.
  132. ^Dare, Tom (18 April 2015)."Lori from Acid King on Desertfest, doom and David Bowie".Metal Hammer.Retrieved2 February2017.Stoner metal pioneers Acid King emerged when the subgenre didn't really exist yet.
  133. ^Kelly, Kim (20 April 2017)."10 Stoner Metal Albums Ranked by a Metalhead Who Doesn't Smoke Weed".Vice.Retrieved21 May2017.
  134. ^abDistefano, Alex (2 April 2014)."The Top 10 Stoner Metal Bands".OC Weekly.Retrieved21 May2017.
  135. ^Anderson, Jason."Sons of Otis Biography".AllMusic.Retrieved2 February2017.
  136. ^abcdMettler, Mike (28 March 2014)."A Desert Soundtrack".palmspringslife.Palm Springs Life.Retrieved30 April2015.
  137. ^abLinn, Robin; Lalli, Mario (19 July 2013)."The strange births of Desert Rock".The Sun Runner, Journal of the Real Desert. Archived fromthe originalon 19 September 2015.Retrieved30 April2015.
  138. ^Voutiriadou, Maria."Crowned In Earth".Metal Temple.Archived fromthe originalon 9 July 2023.Retrieved19 May2013.
  139. ^Nixon, Josh (4 November 2019)."Orodruin – Ruins of Eternity".BMA Magazine.Retrieved17 July2022.
  140. ^"ORODRUIN To Release Debut".Blabbermouth.net.10 January 2003.Retrieved17 July2022.
  141. ^"Reverend Bizarre".Decibel Magazine.Retrieved20 May2013.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toDoom metal.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doom_metal&oldid=1235195685"