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This article is about the video game series. For the first game in the series, seeDrakengard (video game).

Drakengard
Genre(s)Action role-playing
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Creator(s)Yoko Taro
Platform(s)PlayStation 2,Mobile,PlayStation 3,Xbox 360,PlayStation 4,Microsoft Windows,Xbox One,Nintendo Switch
First releaseDrakengard
September 11, 2003
Latest releaseNier Replicant ver.1.22474487139...
April 22, 2021
Spin-offsNier

Drakengard,known in Japan asDrag-On Dragoon,[a]is a series ofaction role-playing video gamescreated byYoko Taro,originally developed byCaviaand published bySquare Enix.Theeponymous first gamein the series was released in 2003 on thePlayStation 2,and has since been followed by a sequel, a prequel and several spin-offs. A spin-off series titledNier,taking place in analternative timelineset after a different ending to the firstDrakengardthan the one 2005'sDrakengard 2followed, was started in 2010 with theeponymous game.Yoko has directed every game in both series, with the exception ofDrakengard 2in which he only had minor involvement.

The stories of bothDrakengardandNiergenerally focus on the fortunes and personalities of a small group of protagonists either directly or indirectly connected to and affected by the events of the story. Dark or mature plot and character themes andmultiple endingshave become a staple of the series. The setting of theDrakengardgames is aNorthern Europe-likedark fantasyworld where humans and creatures from myth and legends live side by side, while theNiergames are set in the distant future of a different ending to the firstDrakengardfrom the oneDrakengard 2follows, leading to 2017'sNier: Automatataking place in a much different,post-apocalypticscience fictionsetting. Both series have been largely praised for their complex characters and storylines, although the practical gameplay of theDrakengardgames has been criticized.

BothDrakengardand the originalNierhave long been considered popular in Japan, selling well and gaining a cult following, and resulting in multiple adaptations and additional media such as books (including several novelizations), manga, comics, and a stage play. They remained little-known outside of Japan until the 2017 release ofNier: Automata,which was a worldwide commercial and critical hit and led to an increase in interest from western countries, resulting in aremasterof the originalNier,subtitledReplicant ver.1.22474487139...,being released in 2021 to larger attention and substantially better sales than the original.

Games

[edit]
Release timeline
2003Drakengard
2004
2005Drakengard 2
2006–2009
2010Nier
2011–2012
2013Drakengard 3
2014–2016
2017Nier: Automata
2018–2020
2021Nier Reincarnation
Nier Replicant
  • Drakengard,the first installment in the franchise. It released for thePlayStation 2(PS2) in September 2003 in Japan, March and May 2004 in North America and Europe respectively.Square Enixpublished the title in Japan and North America, whileGathering of Developerspublished it in European territories.[1]A Europe-exclusive mobile port was released in August 2004.[2]The mobile version was co-developed and co-published withMacrospace.[3]
    • Drakengard 2,the second installment in the series and direct sequel to the first game.[4]It released on the PS2 in June 2005 in Japan, February 2006 in North America and March of the same year in Europe and Australia.[5][6]For its release in western territories, Square Enix partnered with European game developer and publisherUbisoft.[5]Ubisoft also handled the game's localization.[7]
    • Drakengard 3,the third main installment in the series and a prequel to the first game. It released on the PS3 in December 2013 in Japan and May 2014 in North America and Europe.[8][9]LikeNier,it was published in all regions by Square Enix.[10]
  • Nier,a spin-off from the main series stemming from the last ofDrakengard's five possible endings.Nierwas released on thePlayStation 3(PS3) andXbox 360(asNier Replicantin Japan for PS3 only,Nier Gestaltin Japan for Xbox 360, andNierin North America and Europe) in April 2010 across all regions. It was published by Square Enix across all regions.[11]An updated version titledNier Replicant ver.1.22474487139…was released forPlayStation 4,Xbox One,andMicrosoft Windowsin April 2021.[12]
    • Nier: Automata,a distant sequel toNier,set in the same universe but thousands of years in the future.[13]It was released for PlayStation 4 in February 2017, Microsoft Windows in March 2017, Xbox One in June 2018, and Nintendo Switch October 2022.[14][15][16]
    • Nier Reincarnation,a mainlineNiertitle for mobile platforms, set in theNieruniverse but taking place in a mysterious location known as the Cage. It was released forAndroidandiOSin February 2021.[17][18]

Development

[edit]

History

[edit]
The original Japanese series logo

The idea forDrakengardoriginated in 1999 between Takamasa Shiba and Takuya Iwasaki. The gameplay was conceived as a blend of elements fromAce CombatandDynasty Warriors 2.[19][20]The team developing the game went under the moniker "Project Dragonsphere".[21]The game was developed byCaviaand directed byYoko Taro,who was the main drive behind the game's dark atmosphere.[19][22]It was Shiba's first project as a producer.[20]As Yoko was told there would not be a sequel, multiple endings were created.[23]When it was localized and released in the west, references to things such as sexual taboos were censored.[24]In addition, the title was changed, asDrag-On Dragoonwas considered wrong for a western audience.[21][25]Drakengardwas considered enough of a success that a sequel was commissioned.[26]Multiple staff members returned for the creation of the second game, although Yoko was mostly tied up with other projects and was replaced as director by Akira Yasui. Yoko still had a role in development, and he and Yasui had creative clashes during development. Yasui ended up makingDrakengard 2the thematic opposite of the previous game, employing a lighter tone and broader color palette.[27]

Nieroriginated when Yoko and Shiba teamed up to create a thirdDrakengardgame. As the project continued, it became more detached from the main continuity and eventually developed into an entirely new spin-off.[28][29]Despite what it became, Yoko has stated that he considersNierto be the trueDrakengard 3.[29]It was the last game developed by Cavia.[30]After its release, Cavia closed down and was absorbed byAQ Interactive,[30]then Yoko Taro left to pursue a wider range of projects.[31]A stalled attempt to begin production of further games in the series atAQ Interactivewas blamed by Shiba on a prevalent trend at the time for light-weight games for the general gaming community.[32]Later, Yoko and Shiba came together again to create a proper second sequel toDrakengard,with the intention of creating a hard core RPG for the fanbase.[33]Unlike the previous games in the series,Drakengard 3was developed byAccess Games,a developer whose noted games includedDeadly Premonition,and brought in team members used to create action games.[20][34]During the run-up toDrakengard 3's release, both Yoko and Shiba expressed their willingness to continue the series on thePlayStation 4if the latest game was enough of a success.[24][35]Speaking in 2014 after the game's release, Yoko stated that the series was on hold due to lack of funds.[35]A newNiergame was revealed to be in development at Square Enix andPlatinumGames.[36]

Writing and character design

[edit]

The stories of the original game's characters were written by Yoko, Shiba and Iwasaki, while the main game script was written by Sawako Natori, who would go on to co-write the main scenarios for futureDrakengardgames.[28][37][38]Yoko designed the darker elements to both contrast and actively compete with the likes ofDragon QuestandFinal Fantasy.[21][19]Yoko conceived the "insane" characters around the premise that people who killed hundreds of people in pursuit of their goals and took satisfaction from it were naturally insane. During the production ofNier,his focus changed to writing a story where everyone believed they were in the right whatever their actions. Through the series, Yoko has also been attempting to answer the question of why people are driven to kill.[39]Although some of the dark narrative themes were kept forDrakengard 2,many of the other narrative elements were made more mainstream.[40][41]Drakengard 3was intended to return to a dark aesthetic, but also to include moments of humor and tie in withNier.[24]

The character designer for theDrakengardgames is Kimihiko Fujisaka. Initially a minor staff member at Cavia, the team were impressed by his skill as an amateur artist and he was recommended for the post of character designer for the game.[21]The designs for both the characters and the world were influenced by armor and clothing ofMedieval Europe.[25]He returned in the same capacity forDrakengard 2,and later forNier.Disliking some of his initial designs forDrakengard,he took the opportunity to remodel them more to his liking for the arcade gameLord of Vermilion.[42]InDrakengard 3,Fujisaka designed the protagonistZeroaround the dark themes of the game, although some unusual elements were nearly cut.[29]The other female characters were inspired byPuella Magi Madoka Magica,while the male characters, considered a low priority, were designed around male archetypes and approved quickly.[42]

The character designs forNierwere handled by an artist under the moniker D.K.[43]ForNier's international release, the protagonist was redesigned from a teenager to an adult character. This was because the publishers felt an older character would appeal more to western players.[44][45]ForNier: Automata,the main character designs were handled byAkihiko Yoshida,an artist noted for his work on theFinal Fantasyseries. While he was initially expected to refuse, he agreed as several staff members at his company CyDesignation were fans ofNier.For his designs, Yoko requested he focus on smooth outlines and black coloring.[13][46]Other characters were designed by Yuya Nagai and Toshiyuki Itahana.[47][48]

Music

[edit]
Main article:Music of the Drakengard series

The first game's soundtrack was created byNobuyoshi Sanoand Takayuki Aihara. The two created the score using samples from well-known classical composers.[49]The second game's soundtrack was composed by Ryoki Matsumoto and Aoi Yoshiki, who had never before been involved with video game soundtracks.[50]The game's Japanese theme song,Hitori,was sung byMika Nakashima.[51]The music forNierwas composed by Keiichi Okabe, who composed the soundtrack as something different from the main series, and to directly reflect the sombre tone of the game's setting and story.[52]Singer Emi Evans (Emiko Rebecca Evans) wrote and sung the vocal tracks,[52]and performed many tracks in an invented language dubbed "Chaos Language". "Chaos Language" is less a language and more a writing style, as each individual song has a different language based on a real-world language. The one exception to this is "Song Of The Ancients" which is sung in a language based upon multiple different languages, instead of a single language.[53]Okabe returned to compose the soundtrack forDrakengard 3:in an interview, he stated that, in composing the music, he tried to emulate the work of the earlier composer without imitating them. He also commented that the result was very unlike the traditional Square Enix game.[54]The game features two theme songs: "Black Song", performed byEir Aoi,[55]and "This Silence is Mine", the game's theme song proper, written and sung byChihiro Onitsuka.[56]Okabe is again providing the music forNier: Automata,with singer Emi Evans also returning.[13]

Common elements

[edit]

Setting

[edit]
Midgard, the setting of the mainDrakengardgames, as it appears inDrakengard 3.The world has been described byAnime News Networkas "a warped version of medieval Europe".[57]

TheDrakengardgames take place in a dark fantasy version ofMedieval Europecalled Midgard.[57][58]Humans appear to be the predominant species, although races such asdragons,fairiesandelvesare shown to exist. The setting, mythos, and landscape borrow extensively from the lore ofNorthern Europe.[21]The world is overseen by a group of unnamed gods who have yet to make a personal appearance.[59][b]The gods are served by beings known as the Watchers,[c]entities created to destroy humanity because they are considered a failure.[58]The Watchers are kept from entering the world with the seals, which act to keep the world in balance: should the seals be destroyed, the Watchers would enter the world and destroy humanity. At the core of the seals is the Goddess of the Seal, a mortal virgin female chosen and branded with the final seal: if all the seals are destroyed, all that stands between the Watchers and the world is the death of the Goddess herself. A core element of theDrakengarduniverse is the ability for humans and beasts to form a Pact,[d]a magical bond which links their souls and grants the human partner great power at the cost of some physical ability or personal trait (their voice, singing abilities, etc.). Pacts are normally entered into by beasts so they can feed offnegative emotions,but sometimes they will enter a pact for other reasons.[58]A recurring element across the series is the representation of magic using theCelestial Alphabet,with a common letter arrangement representing the human gene.[60]

The universe of theDrakengardseries is split between multiple timelines. Events in those timelines are separate, but they can overlap. The core timeline is formed fromDrakengardand its sequel.Drakengard 3acts as the first game's prequel, but most of its events take place in separate timelines leading to different outcomes.[61]InDrakengard 3,a malevolent flower uses servants called the Intoners, women gifted with the power to use magic through song, as instruments of humanity's destruction. InDrakengard,which succeeds the fifth version ofDrakengard 3's events detailed in a supplementary novel,[62]the Watchers use a group known as the Cult of Watchers[e]to spark a religious war and destroy the seals.[63]InDrakengard 2,the Watchers continue to use the former head of the cult to destroy the new seals, while the dragons prepare to usurp the gods and rule over the world.Nieris set in an alternative reality created by events stemming fromDrakengard's fifth ending: in this reality, our modern world was decimated by a plague created by the magical beings who came through the portal, bringing humanity to the brink of extinction.[64]Nier: Automatatakes place after the fourth ending ofNier,featuring appearances and mentions of characters from bothNierand theDrakengardgames.[13]

Gameplay

[edit]

TheDrakengardgames feature a mix of action-based hack-and-slash combat during ground-based battles and aerial combat mixed in with RPG leveling mechanics. In the original, the player guides the characters around ground-based battles to combat small groups of enemy units. In aerial combat, the player takes control of the protagonist's dragon partner. In these situations, the dragon can either lock onto a target and unleash a barrage of small fireballs, or the player can manually aim and fire large bursts of flame, which do more damage but do not home in on a target.[65]Basic gameplay changed little forDrakengard 2,but there are some differences and additions, such as weapon types being tied to the character they are associated with, with changing them also swapping the character.[66]The dragon gameplay remained virtually unchanged, apart from the ability, during air-ground missions, for the dragon to swoop down on a group of enemies in a special attack depicted in a short cutscene.[67]

InNierandDrakengard 3,the player controls the main protagonist with two other characters acting as AI-controlled supports.[68][69]Drakengard 3was designed to be a faster experience than the previous games, with the protagonist being given a special hyper-mode and the ability to freely switch between weapons without pausing the action.[70]Aerial gameplay was also changed, with the dragon now capable of ground combat.[71]Nier,while featuring similar hack-and-slash combat, also includes other gameplay types such as a top-down view for puzzle areas, 2D style areas for buildings or similar structures. Side-quests were also added, which often involved fetch quests, fishing and farming.[72]

Themes and influences

[edit]

One of the running narrative themes for the main series is Immorality, which also became the key character theme and was expressed through their personalities and actions.[28][40]The second game also focused on themes of war and death.[40]The theme for the world ofDrakengard 3,as described by composer Keiichi Okabe, is "the sense of contrast".[73]Multiple anime series have influenced the series' characters over the years, includingNeon Genesis Evangelion,Sister PrincessandPuella Magi Madoka Magica.[21][19][42]The series writer, Sawako Natori, drew inspiration for her writing fromshōnen manga.[74]The original game world was designed aroundCelticandNorsemyths, together with Japanese-stylerevisionism.[21]The team for the original game were influenced by Asian epic movies and western action-adventure films such as the 1999 remake ofThe MummyandDragonheart.[25]While developingNier,the team drew inspiration from theGod of Warseries,[72]while the narrative structure was inspired by theSeptember 11 attacksand theWar on Terror.[75]The central theme ofNier: Automatais struggling out of a bad situation, defined by the game's staff using the Japanese word "agaku".[76]

[edit]

The games received multiple adaptations and additional story content in the form of novelizations,mangaand supplementary material. The first game received two novelizations:Drag-On Dragoon: Side Storyon November 28, 2003, andDrag-On Dragoon: Magnitude "Negative"on January 23, 2004. The first book was written by Emi Nagashima, writing under her pen name of Jun Eishima, and the second by Takashi Aizawa.[77][78]The novelization ofDrakengard 2,written again by Nagashima, was released on September 30, 2005.[79]

Nagashima wrote character stories and manga forDrakengard 3leading up to that game's release. The manga wasDrag-On Dragoon: Utahime Five,a prequel following the game's main antagonists, andDrag-On Dragoon: Shi ni Itaru Aka,which acts as a sequel, although for Branch A, as it along with Branches B, C, D, and E lead to alternative timelines.[80]A book detailing the narrative connection betweenDrakengard 3andDrakengard,titledDrag-On Dragoon 3 Story Side,which serves as the fifth branch similar to the events of B and D, narrated by Brother One, was released on 28 August 2014.[81]Drag-On Dragoon 3 Complete Guide + Setting,a complete guide to the game with extra features explaining the game chronology and a novella set after the events ofShi ni Itaru Aka,was published byASCII Media Worksin 2014.[82]

Nierwas expanded after release with a CD drama which told of events immediately after the events ofDrakengard's fifth ending,[83]and a supplementary book titledGrimoire Niercontaining extra stories and concept art alongside a fifth ending for the game.[74]Square Enix also paired up withWildStormto create a digital comic, which detailed the backstories of the game's characters and world.[84]

The Japanese girl bandYorhaperformed on the Drakengard 3 soundtrack, and in 2015 performed a stage production written byYoko Tarothat is directly related to the plot ofNier: Automata.The band's fictional backstory places them as military androids similar to the playable characters inAutomata.[85][86]

Reception

[edit]
Aggregate review scores
Game Metacritic
Drakengard 63/100 (PS2)[87]
Drakengard 2 58/100 (PS2)[88]
Nier
Drakengard 3 61/100 (PS3)[91]
Nier: Automata
Nier Reincarnation 58/100 (iOS)[96]
Nier Replicant ver.1.22474487139...

TheDrakengardseries has received mixed to positive reviews over the years. So far, the originalDrakengardhas received the most positive response of the main series games.[87][100]Drakengard 2andDrakengard 3have received lower scores.[88][91][101][102]Each title in the series has received favorable review scores from Japanese gaming magazineFamitsu.[103][104][105][106]

The common point of praise for the series through most of its life has been the story. While individual aspects have come in for criticism, the dark atmospheres, unconventional characters and general scenarios have been cited as one of each game's strengths.[107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114]Despite some mixed feelings from reviewers either for the story as a whole or certain aspects of it, the characters and plot ofDrakengard 3have also been praised.[68][115][116][117][118][119]The major exception isDrakengard 2:the story's lighter tone and more traditional narrative were noted and sometimes criticized for being overly simplistic or too similar to other games in the genre.[120][121][122][123]TheDrakengardcharacters have remained popular in Japan, withDengekiholding a popularity contest for those characters to celebrate the series' tenth anniversary and the announcement ofDrakengard 3.[124]Among the most popular characters were the first game's main protagonists, Caim and Angelus (the former having earned the nickname Prince(Vương tử,ouji)among fans).[125]The characters ofDrakengard 3have also proved to be highly popular.[126]

The gameplay has so far come in for major criticism, with the original title's aerial and ground-based gameplay being seen as repetitive and dull, although some reviewers found it entertaining.[107][108][109][110]Drakengard 2also came in for such criticism, although minor improvements were cited.[120][121][122][123]In contrast, the gameplay ofDrakengard 3was generally praised or seen as an improvement upon the previous two entries, though the dragon-riding segments came in for criticisms for difficult controls.[68][115][116][117][118][119]Opinions were divided onNier's unconventional mix of gameplay styles from multiple game genres, with some praising the variety and others seeing it as poorly executed.[111][112][113][114]The series as a whole has gained a cult following in Japan.[74]

Each game has sold relatively well in its home market. The original game was a commercial success, selling over 120,000 units in the first week of release[127]and eventually selling over 240,000 copies in Japan.[128]Drakengard 2's first-week sales were similarly impressive, selling 100,000 units.[5]It sold over 203,000 copies by the end of 2005.[129]Drakengard 3sold just under 115,000 units in its first week,[130]and over 150,000 units by May 2014.[131]The two versions ofNier—GestaltandReplicant—sold roughly 12,500 and 60,000 copies in their first week respectively.[132][133]Replicanteventually sold over 121,000 in Japan by the end of May 2010.[134]The series has sold over 770,000 units in Japan as of May 2014.[f]Sales figures for western regions are unavailable. The first two games in the main series have both been included inSquare Enix'sUltimate Hitsseries, re-releases of popular titles developed or published by them.[135]Nier: Automatabecame a worldwide success, shipping over 4 million copies by June 2019, becoming the best-selling title in the franchise.[136]As of July 2021,Automatahas sold over6 millionunits worldwide.[137]Less than two months after its release, the remaster ofReplicanthad shipped over one million copies worldwide,[138]two times the estimated sales of the original game.[139]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Japanese:ドラッグ オン ドラグーン,Hepburn:Doraggu On Doragūn,commonly abbreviated asDOD
  2. ^In the Japanese version, the world is ruled by a single eponymous deity referred to as "God"(Thần,Kami),and are also referred to in the English version ofDrakengard 2as "the Nameless".
  3. ^Watchers; Angels(Thiên sứ,Tenshi)in the Japanese version and the English version ofDrakengard 3;also referred to as "Grotesqueries" inDrakengard.
  4. ^Pact; Contract(Khế ước,Keiyaku)in the Japanese version.
  5. ^Cult of Watchers; Church of Angels(Thiên sứ の giáo hội,Tenshi no Kyōkai)in the Japanese version.
  6. ^Drakengardseries:
    • Sales as of April 2014:
      • Drakengard:241,014 units[128]
      • Drakengard 2:203,336 units[129]
      • Nier:181,000 units (60,000 plus forGestalt,[132]121,000 plusReplicant)[134]
      • Drakengard 3:150,866 units[131]

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[edit]
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Taro, Yoko (2021). "Yoko Taro-hen".Game Creators of Biography(in Japanese). Tokyo:Cycomi.Manga biography.
  • Turcev, Nicolas (2019).The Strange Works of Taro Yoko: From Drakengard to Nier: Automata.Foreword by Yoko Taro. Toulouse, France:Third Éditions.ISBN978-23-7784-048-9.OCLC1103898244.
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