Dysphoria
Dysphoria(fromAncient Greekδύσφορος(dúsphoros)'grievous'; fromδυσ-(dus-)'bad, difficult', andφέρω(phérō)'to bear') is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. It is thesemantic oppositeofeuphoria.In a psychiatric context, dysphoria may accompanydepression,anxiety,or agitation.[1]
In psychiatry
[edit]Intense states of distress and unease increase the risk ofsuicide,as well as being unpleasant in themselves. Relieving dysphoria is therefore a priority of psychiatric treatment. One may treat underlying causes such asdepression(especiallydysthymiaormajor depressive disorder) orbipolar disorderas well as the dysphoric symptoms themselves.[citation needed]
The11th revisionof theInternational Classification of Diseases(ICD-11) defines dysphoria as "an unpleasant mood state, which can include feelings of depression, anxiety, discontent, irritability, and unhappiness."[2]
TheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-5) categorizes specific dysphorias in theobsessive–compulsive spectrum.
Dissatisfaction with being able-bodied can be diagnosed asbody integrity dysphoriain the ICD-11.[3]
Gender dysphoria
[edit]Gender dysphoria is discomfort, unhappiness or distress due to theprimaryandsecondary sex characteristicsof one'ssex observed at birth.The current edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,DSM-5,uses the term "gender dysphoria" where it previously referred to "gender identity disorder." Other dysphoria may include body dysmorphic or dysphoria that may be based on social constructs likenationalism.
Related conditions
[edit]The following conditions may include dysphoria as a symptom:
- Major depressive disorder(unipolar) anddysthymia
- Bipolar disorder[4]andcyclothymia
- Borderline personality disorder
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- Dysphoric milk ejection reflex
- Stress
- Adjustment disorderwith depressed mood
- Anxiety disorderssuch aspost-traumatic stress disorder
- Dysphoricrumination[5]
- Dissociative disorderssuch asdissociative identity disorder,dissociative amnesiaanddepersonalization-derealization disorder.
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,defined as emotional deregulation or unbearable RSD "rejection sensitivity dysphoria"
- Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder
- Gender dysphoria
- Personality disorderssuch asborderline personality disorder,dependent personality disorder,histrionic personality disorder,andantisocial personality disorder
- Substancewithdrawal
- Body dysmorphic disorder
- Akathisia
- Schizophrenia
- Sexual dysfunction
- Body integrity dysphoria
- Insomnia[6]
- Chronic pain[7]
- Disease
Drug-induced (dysphoriants)
[edit]Somedrugscan produce dysphoria, includingκ-opioid receptoragonistslikesalvinorin A(the active constituent of thehallucinogenicplantSalvia divinorum),butorphanolandpentazocine,[8]μ-opioid receptorantagonistssuch asnaltrexoneandnalmefene,[9]andantipsychoticslikehaloperidolandchlorpromazine(via blockade ofdopamine receptors),[10]among others.Depressogenicand/oranxiogenicdrugs may also be associated with dysphoria.
In popular culture
[edit]Against Me!released the albumTransgender Dysphoria Bluesin which the lead singerLaura Jane Graceshares her experiences of gender dysphoria.[11]
Shane Neilsonreleased a book of poetry entitledDysphoria(Erin, ON: The Porcupine's Quill, 2017) in which he explores the experience of dysphoria.[12]
References
[edit]- ^"Dysphoria definition | Psychology Glossary".Alleydog.Retrieved21 December2023.
- ^"MB24.7 Dysphoria".ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version 01/2023).World Health Organization (WHO).Retrieved2 August2023.
An unpleasant mood state, which can include feelings of depression, anxiety, discontent, irritability, and unhappiness
- ^"ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics".icd.who.int.Retrieved2018-11-11.
- ^Abbess, John F."Glossary of terms in the field of psychiatry and neurology".Archived fromthe originalon 2007-07-18.Retrieved2006-11-18.
- ^Lyubomirsky, S.; Kasri, F.; Zehm, K. (2003). "Dysphoric rumination impairs concentration on academic tasks".Cognitive Therapy and Research.27(3): 309–330.doi:10.1023/A:1023918517378.S2CID14204781.
- ^Rosa RR, Bonnet MH (2000). "Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography".Psychosom Med.62(4): 474–82.doi:10.1097/00006842-200007000-00004.PMID10949091.S2CID24557015.
- ^Chapman CR, Gavrin J (June 1999). "Suffering: the contributions of persistent pain".Lancet.353(9171): 2233–7.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01308-2.PMID10393002.S2CID32348469.
- ^Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David A. (24 January 2012).Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 682–683.ISBN978-1-60913-345-0.
- ^Lowinson, Joyce H. (2005).Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 648–.ISBN978-0-7817-3474-5.
- ^Wu, Hanjing Emily; Okusaga, Olaoluwa O. (2014). "Antipsychotic Medication-Induced Dysphoria: Its Meaning, Association with Typical vs. Atypical Medications and Impact on Adherence".Psychiatric Quarterly.86(2): 199–205.doi:10.1007/s11126-014-9319-1.ISSN0033-2720.PMID25164199.S2CID6831656.
- ^Thompson, Stephen. "First Listen: Against Me!, 'Transgender Dysphoria Blues'"NPR. NPR, 12 Jan. 2014. Web. 27 May 2014
- ^"Dysphoria".The Porcupine's Quill.
External links
[edit]
- Read, Kimberly (2006)."What is dysphoria?".Your Guide to Bipolar Disorder.About. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-09-27.Retrieved2006-11-19.
