Jump to content

Esports

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromE-sport)
This article is about video game competitions. For simulated sports in video games, seeSports game.For multiplayer games in general, seeMultiplayer video game.

Players competing in aLeague of Legendstournament

Esports(/ˈiːspɔːrts/ⓘ), short forelectronic sports,is a form of competition usingvideo games.[1]Esports often takes the form of organized,multiplayer video gamecompetitions, particularly between professional players, played individually or as teams.[2]

Multiplayer competitions were long a part ofvideo game culture,but were largely between amateurs until the late 2000s, when the advent of onlinestreaming mediaplatforms, particularlyYouTubeandTwitch,enabled a surge in participation by professional gamers and spectators.[3][4]By the 2010s, esports was a major part of the video game industry, with many game developers designing for and funding for tournaments and other events.

Esports first became popular inEast Asia,particularly inChinaandSouth Korea(which first licensed professional players in 2000) but less so inJapan,whose broadanti-gambling lawsprohibit professional gaming tournaments.[5][6]Esports are also popular inEuropeandthe Americas,which host regional and international events.

The most commonvideo game genresassociated with esports aremultiplayer online battle arena(MOBA),first-person shooter(FPS),fighting games,card,battle royales,andreal-time strategy(RTS) games. Popular esports franchises includeLeague of Legends,Dota,Counter-Strike,Valorant,Overwatch,Street Fighter,Super Smash Bros.andStarCraft.Among the most popular tournaments are theLeague of LegendsWorld Championship,Dota 2'sInternational,the fighting game-specificEvolution Championship Series(EVO) andIntel Extreme Masters.Many other competitions use a series of league play with sponsored teams, such as theOverwatch League.Although the legitimacy of esports as a true sporting competition remains in question, they have been featured alongside traditional sports in some multinational events in Asia. TheInternational Olympic Committeehas discussed their inclusion in future Olympic events.

In the early 2010s, viewership was about 85% male and 15% female, with most viewers between the ages of 18 and 34.[7][8][9]By the late 2010s, it was estimated that by 2020, the total audience of esports would grow to 454 million viewers, with revenue increasing to more thanUS$1 billion, with China accounting for 35% of the global esports revenue.[10][11]

History

Early history (1972–1989)

Attendees of the 1981Space InvadersChampionships attempt to set the highest score.

The earliest known video game competition took place on 19 October 1972 atStanford Universityfor the gameSpacewar.Stanford students were invited to an "Intergalactic spacewar olympics" whose grand prize was a year's subscription forRolling Stone,with Bruce Baumgart winning the five-man-free-for-all tournament, and Tovar and Robert E. Maas winning the team competition.[12]

Contemporary esports has roots in competitive face-to-facearcade video gamecompetitions. A forerunner of esports was held bySegain 1974, the All Japan TV Game Championships, a nationwide arcade video game tournament in Japan.[13][14][15]The tournament was intended by Sega to promote the play and sales of video games in the country. There were local tournaments held in 300 locations across Japan, and then sixteen finalists from across the country competed in the final elimination rounds atTokyo's Hotel Pacific. Prizes awarded includedtelevision sets(colorandblack-and-white),cassette tape recordersandtransistor radios.According to Sega, the tournament "proved to be the biggest event ever" in thearcade gameindustry, and was attended by members from leadingJapanese newspapersandleisure industrycompanies.[13]Sega stressed “the importance of such tournaments to foster better business relationships between the maker-location-customer and create an atmosphere of competition on TV amusement games".[14][13]In 1977,Gremlin Industries(a year before being acquired by Sega) held a marketing stunt to promote their early arcadesnake gameHustlein the United States, involving the "Gremlin Girls" who were a duo of professionalfemale arcade playerscalled Sabrina Osment and Lynn Reid.[16][17]The pair travelled across 19 American cities, where players could challenge them inbest-of-threematches for a chance to win money. The duo were challenged by a total of 1,300 players, only about seven of whom managed to beat them.[17]

Thegolden age of arcade video gameswas heralded byTaito'sSpace Invadersin 1978, which popularized the use of a persistenthigh scorefor all players. Several video games in the next several years followed suit, adding other means of tracking high scores such with high score tables that included the players' initials in games likeAsteroidsin 1979. High score-chasing became a popular activity and a means of competition.[18]TheSpace Invaders Championshipheld byAtariin 1980 was the earliest large scale video game competition, attracting more than 10,000 participants across the United States, establishing competitive gaming as a mainstream hobby.[19]It was won byRebecca Heineman.[20]Walter Day,owner of an arcade in Iowa, had taken it upon himself to travel across the United States to record the high scores on various games in 1980, and on his return, foundedTwin Galaxies,a high score record-keeping organization.[21]The organization went on to help promote video games and publicize its records through publications such as the Guinness Book of World Records, and in 1983 it created theU.S. National Video Game Team.The team was involved in competitions, such as running theVideo Game Masters TournamentforGuinness World Records[22][23]and sponsoring the North American Video Game Challenge tournament.[24]A multicity tour in 1983, the "Electronic Circus", was used to feature these players in live challenges before audiences, and draw more people to video games.[18]These video game players and tournaments were featured in well-circulated newspapers and popular magazines includingLifeandTimeand became minor celebrities at the time, such asBilly Mitchell.[25][26]Besides establishing the competitive nature of games, these types of promotional events all formed the nature of the marketing and promotion that formed the basis of modern esports.[18]

In 1984,KonamiandCenturijointly held an internationalTrack & Fieldarcade game competition that drew more than a million players from across Japan and North America.Play Meterin 1984 called it "the coin-op event of the year" and an "event on a scale never before achieved in the industry".[27]As of 2016,it holds the record for the largest organized video game competition of all time, according toGuinness World Records.[28]

Televised esports events aired during this period included the American showStarcadewhich ran from 1982 to 1984 airing a total of 133 episodes, on which contestants would attempt to beat each other's high scores on an arcade game.[29]A video game tournament was included as part of TV showThat's Incredible!,[30]and tournaments were also featured as part of the plot of various films, including 1982'sTron.[31]In the UK, theBBCgame showFirst Classincluded competitive video game rounds featuring the contemporary arcade games, such asHyper Sports,720°andPaperboy.[32][33]In the United States, the Amusement Players Association held its firstU.S. National Video Game Teamcompetition in January 1987, whereVs. Super Mario Bros.was popular among competitive arcade players.[34]

The 1988 gameNetrekwas anInternet gamefor up to 16 players, written almost entirely incross-platformopen-source software.Netrekwas thethird Internet game,the first Internet game to usemetaserversto locate open game servers, and the first to have persistentuser information.In 1993 it was credited byWired Magazineas "the first online sports game".[35]

Growth and online video games (1990–1999)

Players competing the firstQuakeConin 1996

Thefighting gameStreet Fighter II(1991) popularized the concept of direct, tournament-level competition between two players.[36]Previously, video games most often relied onhigh scoresto determine the best player, but this changed withStreet Fighter II,where players would instead challenge each other directly, "face-to-face", to determine the best player,[36]paving the way for the competitivemultiplayeranddeathmatchmodes found in modernaction games.[37]The popularity of fighting games such asStreet FighterandMarvel vs. Capcomin the 1990s led to the foundation of the internationalEvolution Championship Series(EVO) esports tournament in 1996.

Large esports tournaments in the 1990s include the 1990Nintendo World Championships,which toured across the United States, and held its finals atUniversal Studios Hollywoodin California.Nintendoheld a 2nd World Championships in 1994 for theSuper Nintendo Entertainment Systemcalled theNintendo PowerFest '94.There were 132 finalists that played in the finals inSan Diego,California. Mike Iarossi took home 1st prize.Blockbuster Videoalso ran their own World Game Championships in the early 1990s, co-hosted byGamePromagazine. Citizens from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Chile were eligible to compete. Games from the 1994 championships includedNBA JamandVirtua Racing.[38]

Television shows featuring esports during this period include the British showsGamesMasterandBad Influence!;the Australian game showA*mazing,where in the final round contestants competed in a video game face-off; and the Canadian game showVideo & Arcade Top 10.

In the 1990s, many games benefited from increasinginternet connectivity,especiallyPC games.Inspired by the fighting gamesStreet Fighter II,Fatal FuryandArt of Fighting,id Software'sJohn Romeroestablished competitive multiplayer inonline gameswithDoom's deathmatch mode in 1993.[39]Tournaments established in the late 1990s include theCyberathlete Professional League(CPL),QuakeCon,and theProfessional Gamers League.PC games played at the CPL included theCounter-Strikeseries,Quakeseries,StarCraft,andWarcraft.

Global tournaments (2000–present)

TheLeague of Legends World Championshipis an annualLeague of Legendstournament that rotates its venues around the world.

The growth of esports in South Korea is thought to have been influenced by the mass building ofbroadband Internetnetworks following the1997 Asian financial crisis.[40]It is also thought that the highunemployment rateat the time caused many people to look for things to do while out of work.[41]Instrumental to this growth of esports in South Korea was the prevalence of the Komany-styleinternet café/LAN gaming center,known as aPC bang.TheKorean e-Sports Association,an arm of theMinistry of Culture, Sports and Tourism,was founded in 2000 to promote and regulate esports in the country.[42]Minister of Culture, Sports, and TourismPark Jie-woncoined the term "Esports" at the founding ceremony of the 21st Century Professional Game Association (currentlyKorean e-Sports Association) in 2000.[43]

"Evo Moment 37",also known as the" Daigo Parry ", refers to a portion of aStreet Fighter III: 3rd Strikesemi-final match held atEvolution Championship Series 2004(Evo 2004) betweenDaigo Umehara(playingKen Masters) andJustin Wong(playingChun-Li). During this match, Umehara made an unexpectedcomebackby parrying 15 consecutive hits of Wong's "Super Art" move while having only one pixel ofvitality.Umehara subsequently won the match. "Evo Moment #37" is frequently described as the most iconic and memorable moment in the history of competitive video gaming. Being at one point the most-watched competitive gaming moment of all time, it has been compared to sports moments such asBabe Ruth's called shotand theMiracle on Ice.[44]

In April 2006, theG7 teamsfederation were formed by seven prominentCounter-Striketeams. The goal of the organization was to increase stability in the esports world, particularly in standardizing player transfers and working with leagues and organizations. The founding members were4Kings,Fnatic,Made in Brazil,Mousesports,NiP,SK-Gaming,Team 3D.[45]The organization only lasted until 2009 before dissolving.[46]

The 2000s was a popular time for televised esports. Television coverage was best established in South Korea, withStarCraftandWarcraft IIIcompetitions regularly televised by dedicated 24-hour cable TV game channelsOngamenetandMBCGame.[47]Elsewhere, esports television coverage was sporadic. TheGermanGIGA Televisioncovered esports until its shutdown in 2009. The United Kingdomsatellite televisionchannelXLEAGUE.TVbroadcast esports competitions from 2007 to 2009. The online esports only channel ESL TV[48]briefly attempted a paid television model renamed GIGA II from June 2006 to autumn 2007. TheFrenchchannelGame Onebroadcast esports matches in a show calledArena Onlinefor theXfireTrophy.[49]The United States channelESPN2hostedMadden NFLcompetitions in a show calledMadden Nationfrom 2005 to 2008.[50]DirecTVbroadcast theChampionship Gaming Seriestournament for two seasons in 2007 and 2008.[47]CBSaired prerecorded footage of the 2007World Series of Video Gamestournament that was held inLouisville, Kentucky.[51]TheG4 television channeloriginally covered video games exclusively, but broadened its scope to cover technology and men's lifestyle, though has now shutdown.[47]

During the 2010s, esports grew tremendously, incurring a large increase in both viewership and prize money.[52][53]Although large tournaments were founded before the 21st century, the number and scope of tournaments has increased significantly, going from about 10 tournaments in 2000 to about 260 in 2010.[4]Many successful tournaments were founded during this period, including theWorld Cyber Games,theIntel Extreme Masters,andMajor League Gaming.The proliferation of tournaments included experimentation with competitions outside traditional esports genres. For example, the September 2006FUN TechnologiesWorldwide Webgames Championship featured 71 contestants competing incasual gamesfor a $1 million grand prize.[54]

The popularity and emergence ofonline streaming serviceshave helped the growth of esports in this period, and are the most common method of watching tournaments.Twitch,an online streaming platform launched in 2011, routinely streams popular esports competitions. In 2013, viewers of the platform watched 12 billion minutes of video on the service, with the two most popular Twitch broadcasters beingLeague of LegendsandDota 2.[55]During one day of The International, Twitch recorded 4.5 million unique views, with each viewer watching for an average of two hours.[4]

The modern esports boom has also seen a rise in video games companies embracing the esports potential of their products. After many years of ignoring and at times suppressing the esports scene,Nintendohosted Wii Games Summer 2010. Spanning over a month, the tournament had over 400,000 participants, making it the largest and most expansive tournament in the company's history. In 2014 Nintendo hosted an invitationalSuper Smash Bros. for Wii Ucompetitive tournament at the2014Electronic Entertainment Expo(E3) press conference that was streamed online on Twitch.[56]Halodevelopers343 Industriesannounced in 2014 plans to revive Halo as an esport with the creation of theHalo Championship Seriesand a prize pool of US$50,000.[57]BothBlizzard EntertainmentandRiot Gameshave their owncollegiateoutreach programs with their North American Collegiate Championship.[58][59]Since 2013 universities and colleges in the United States such asRobert Morris University Illinoisand theUniversity of Pikevillehave recognized esports players asvarsitylevel athletes and offerathletic scholarships.[60]In 2017,Tespa,Blizzard Entertainment's collegiate esports division, unveiled its new initiative to provide scholarships and prizes for collegiate esports clubs competing in its tournaments worth US$1 million.[61]Colleges have begun granting scholarships to students who qualify to play esports professionally for the school. Colleges such asColumbia College,Robert Morris University,andIndiana Institute of Technologyhave taken part in this.[62]In 2018,Harrisburg University of Science and Technologybegan a tuition scholarship program for esports players.[63]

In 2014, the largest independent esports league,Electronic Sports League,partnered with the local brand Japan Competitive Gaming to try and grow esports in the country.[64]

Physical viewership of esports competitions and the scope of events have increased in tandem with the growth of online viewership.[65]In 2013, theSeason 3 League of Legends World Championshipwas held in a sold-outStaples Center.[66]The2014 League of Legends World ChampionshipinSeoul,South Korea, had over 40,000 fans in attendance and featured the bandImagine Dragons,and opening and closing ceremonies in addition to the competition.[67]

In 2015, the first Esports Arena was launched inSanta Ana, California,as the United States' first dedicated esports facility.[68]

In 2021,Chinaannounced a law which forbade minors from playing video games, which they described as "spiritual opium", for more than three hours a week.[69]With China being a large market, the law raised concerns about the future of esports within the country.[70][71][72]

Classification as a sport

A match ofTekken 7at the2019 Southeast Asian Games.Esports was a medal event at the regional games which featured mostly traditional sports.

Labeling competitive video games as asportis a controversial topic.[73][74][75]Proponents[76]argue that esports are a fast-growing "non-traditional sport" which requires "careful planning, precise timing, and skillful execution".[77]Others claim that sports involve physical fitness and physical training, and prefer to classify esports as amind sport.[78]

FormerESPNpresidentJohn Skipperdescribed esports in 2014 as a competition and "not a sport".[79][80][81][82][83][84]In 2013 on an episode ofReal Sports with Bryant Gumbelthe panelist openly laughed at the topic.[85]In addition, many in the fighting games community maintain a distinction between their competitive gaming competitions and the more commercially connected esports competitions of other genres.[86]In the 2015 World Championship hosted by theInternational Esports Federation,an esports panel of guests from international sports society discussed the future recognition of esports as a legitimate sport.[87]

Russia was the first country that classified "cybersport" as an official sport discipline[88]on 25 July 2001.[89]After a series of reforms in Russian sports, it was classified as a sport again on 12 March 2004.[89][90][91][92]In July 2006, it was removed from a list of sport disciplines because it did not fit the new sport standards.[93][94]On 7 July 2016,The Ministry of Sportdecided to add cybersport into the sport registry[95]and on 13 April 2017, esports become an official sport discipline once again.[citation needed]

China was another one of the first countries to recognize esports as a real sport in 2003,[96]despite concerns at the time that video games were addictive. Through this, the government encouraged esports, stating that by participating in esports, players were also "training the body for China".[97]Furthermore, by early 2019, China recognized esports players as an official profession within theMinistry of Human Resources and Social Security's Occupation Skill Testing Authority recommendations, as well as professional gaming operators, those that distribute and manage esports games.[98]By July 2019, more than 100,000 people had registered themselves as professional gamers under this, with the Ministry stating that they anticipate over 2 million such people in this profession in five years.[99]

In 2013, CanadianLeague of LegendsplayerDanny "Shiphtur" Lebecame the first pro gamer to receive an AmericanP-1A visa,a category designated for "Internationally Recognized Athletes".[100][101]In 2014, Turkey'sMinistry of Youth and Sportsstarted issuing esports licenses to players certified as professionals.[102][103]In 2016, the French government started working on a project to regulate and recognize esports.[104]TheGames and Amusements Boardof the Philippines started issuing athletic licenses to Filipino esports players who are vouched for by a professional esports team in July 2017.[105][106]

To help promote esports as a legitimate sport, several esports events have been run alongside more traditional international sports competitions. The2007 Asian Indoor Gameswas the first notable multi-sport competition including esports as an official medal-winning event, alongside other traditional sports, and the later editions of theAsian Indoor Games,as well as its successor theAsian Indoor and Martial Arts Games,have always included esports as an official medal event or an exhibition event up to now. Moreover, theAsian Games,which is the Asian top-level multi-sport competition, also included esports as a medal event at the2022 edition;esports around games such asHearthstone,Starcraft II,andLeague of Legendswerepresented as an exhibition eventat the2018 Asian Gamesas a lead-in to the 2022 games.[107][108]The2019 Southeast Asian Gamesincluded six medal events for esports.[109]Since 2018,World Sailinghas held aneSailing World Championshipthat showed a main sports federation embracing esports.[110]TheVirtual Regattarace shadowing the2020-2021 Vendee Globewas the first online game believe to have in excess of 1,000,000 unique users[111]

Ahead ofThe International 2021,which was originally set to take place inStockholmin 2020, theSwedish Sports Confederationvoted in June 2021 to deny recognition of esports as a sporting event, which jeopardized plans for how Valve had arranged the event in regards to travel visas for international players. Valve had tried to work with Sweden to accommodate players, but eventually rescheduled the event to Romania instead.[112][113]

The2022 Commonwealth Gamesfeatured esports competitions as a pilot ahead of being a potential full medal event for 2026.[114]

InGreece,in March 2022 a law entered into force recognising and regulating esports[115]and in June 2023, the relevant federation for esports has been officially given recognition[116]and included in the list of sports federations.[117]

Olympic Games recognition

TheOlympic Gamesare also seen as a potential method to legitimize esports. A summit held by theInternational Olympic Committee(IOC) in October 2017 acknowledged the growing popularity of esports, concluding that "Competitive 'esports' could be considered as a sporting activity, and the players involved prepare and train with an intensity which may be comparable to athletes in traditional sports" but would require any games used for the Olympics fitting "with the rules and regulations of the Olympic movement".[118]Another article by Andy Stout suggests that 106 million people viewed the2017 Worlds Esports competition.[119]International Olympic Committee (IOC) presidentThomas Bachhas noted that the IOC is troubled by violent games and the lack of a global sanctioning body for esports.[120][108]Bach acknowledged that many Olympic sports originated from violent combat, but stated that "sport is the civilized expression about this. If you have egames where it's about killing somebody, this cannot be brought into line with our Olympic values."[108]Due to that, the IOC suggested that they would approve more esports centered around games that simulate real sports, such as theNBA 2KorFIFAseries.[121]

The issues around esports have not prevented the IOC from exploring what possibilities there are for incorporation into future Olympics. In July 2018, the IOC and theGlobal Association of International Sports Federations(GAISF) held a symposium and invited major figures in esports, includingEpic Games'Mark Rein,Blizzard Entertainment'sMike Morhaime,and esports players Dario "TLO" Wünsch,Jacob "Jake" Lyon,andSe-yeon "Geguri" Kim,for these organizations "to gain a deeper understanding of esports, their impact and likely future development, so that [they] can jointly consider the ways in which [they] may collaborate to the mutual benefit of all of sport in the years ahead".[122][123]The IOC has tested the potential for esports through exhibition games. With support from the IOC,Intelsponsored exhibition esports events forStarCraft IIandSteepprior to the2018 Winter OlympicsinPyeongchang,and five South Korean esports players were part of theOlympic Torchrelay.[124][125]A similar exhibition showcase, theeGames,was held alongside the2016 Summer OlympicsinRio de Janeiro,though this was not supported by the IOC.

During the Eighth Olympic Summit in December 2019, the IOC reiterated that it would only consider sports-simulating games for any official Olympic event, but it would look at two paths for such games in the future: those that promoted good physical and mental health lifestyles, andvirtual realityandaugmented realitygames that included physical activity.[126]

In the late 2010s, leaders in Japan became involved in helping bring esports to the2020 Summer Olympicsand beyond, given the country's reputation as a major video game industry centre. Esports in Japan had not flourished due to the country's anti-gambling laws that also prevent paid professional gaming tournaments, but there were efforts starting in late 2017 to eliminate this issue.[6]At the suggestion of theTokyo Olympic Games Committeefor the 2020 Summer Olympics, four esports organizations have worked with Japan's leadingconsumer organizationto exempt esports tournaments from gambling law restrictions.Takeo Kawamura,a member of theJapanese House of Representativesand of the rulingLiberal Democratic Party,led a coalition of ruling and opposing politicians to support esports, called the Japan esports Union, or JeSU.[127]Kawamura said that they would be willing to pass laws to further exempt esports as needed so that esports athletes can make a living playing these sports. So far, this has resulted in the ability of esports players to obtain exemption licenses to allow them to play, a similar mechanism needed for professional athletes in other sports in Japan to play professionally.[6]The first such licenses were given out in mid-July 2018, via a tournament held by several video game publishers to award prizes to many players but with JeSU offering these exemption licenses to the top dozen or so players that emerge, allowing them to compete in further esports events.[127]The Tokyo Olympic Committee has also planned to arrange a number of esports events leading up to the 2020 games.[6]With the IOC, five esports events were set as part of an Olympic Virtual Series from May 13 to June 23, 2021, ahead of the games. Each event in auto racing, baseball, cycling, rowing and sailing will be managed by an IOC-recognized governing body for the sport along with a video game publisher of a game for that sport. For example, the auto racing event will be based on theGran Turismoseries and overseen by theInternational Automobile Federationalong withPolyphony Digital.The baseball, cycling, andesailingevents will be based oneBaseball Powerful Pro Baseball 2020,Zwift,andVirtual Regatta,respectively.[128]

The organization committee for the2024 Summer Olympicsin Paris were in discussions with the IOC and the various professional esports organizations to consider esports for the event, citing the need to include these elements to keep the Olympics relevant to younger generations.[129]Ultimately, the organization committee determined esports were premature to bring to the 2024 Games as medal events, but have not ruled out other activities related to esports during the Games.[130]

In September 2021, the Olympic Council of Asia announced eight esports games will officially debut as medal sports for the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou, China.[131]

In December 2021, the IOC confirmed its Olympic Virtual Series (OVS) will return in 2022. The first edition of the OVS which ran from 13 May to 23 June, featured nearly 250,000 participants and had more than two million entries.[132]

In January 2022, the IOC announced the appointment of the organization's first ever head of virtual sport, tasked with the development of virtual sport for the global Olympic body, increasing the organization's engagement with gaming communities, and overseeing the Olympic Virtual Series, IOC's first licensed non-physical sports event. The inaugural series included virtual baseball, cycling, rowing,esailingand motorsports events.[133]

In February 2022, theCommonwealth Games Federationannounced that esports would be included in the2022 Commonwealth Gamesas a pilot event, with the possibility of it being a medal event in the2026 Games.[134]The inaugural Commonwealth Esports Championship had separate branding, medals, and organization and included both men and women'sDota 2,eFootball,andRocket Leagueevents.[135]

As a follow-up to 2021's Olympic Virtual Series, the IOC and theSingapore National Olympic Councilheld the inauguralOlympic Esports Weekin Singapore in June 2023.[136]Games featured at the event included:[137][138][139]

In June 2024, the IOC Executive Board announced the proposal to establish the Olympic Esports Games during the142nd IOC Sessionheld prior to the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, with the inaugural event to take place in 2025 at Saudi Arabia following a new partnership withtheir National Olympic Committee.[140][141]The proposal was ultimately approved by a unanimous vote on July 23rd, 2024.[142]

Games

Main article:List of esports games

A number of games are popular among professional competitors. The tournaments which emerged in the mid-1990s coincided with the popularity offighting gamesandfirst-person shooters,genres which still maintain a devoted fan base. In the 2000s,real-time strategygames became overwhelmingly popular in South Koreaninternet cafés,with crucial influence on the development of esports worldwide. Competitions exist for many titles and genres, though the most popular games[citation needed]as of the early 2020s areCounter-Strike: Global Offensive,Call of Duty,League of Legends,Dota 2,Fortnite,Rocket League,Valorant,Hearthstone,Super Smash Bros. Melee,StarCraft IIandOverwatch.[143]Hearthstonehas also popularized thedigital collectible card game(DCCG) genre since its release in 2014.[144]

Video game design

See also:Video game design

While it is common for video games to be designed with the experience of the player in game being the only priority, many successful esports games have been designed to be played professionally from the beginning. Developers may decide to add dedicated esports features, or even make design compromises to support high level competition. Games such asStarCraft II,[145]League of Legends,[146]andDota 2[147]have all been designed, at least in part, to support professional competition.

Spectator mode

In addition to allowing players to participate in a given game, many game developers have added dedicated observing features for the benefit of spectators. This can range from simply allowing players to watch the game unfold from the competing player's point of view, to a highly modified interface that gives spectators access to information even the players may not have. The state of the game viewed through this mode may tend to be delayed by a certain amount of time in order to prevent either teams in a game from gaining a competitive advantage. Games with these features includeCounter-Strike: Global Offensive,Call of Duty,[148]StarCraft II,[149][150]Dota 2,[151]andCounter-Strike.[152]League of Legendsincludes spectator features, which are restricted to custom game modes.[153][154]

In response to the release ofvirtual reality headsetsin 2016, some games, such asDota 2,were updated to include virtual reality spectating support.[155]

Online

A very common method for connection is theInternet.Game servers are often separated by region, but high quality connections allow players to set up real-time connections across the world. Downsides to online connections include increased difficulty detectingcheatingcompared to physical events, and greaternetwork latency,which can negatively impact players' performance, especially at high levels of competition. Many competitions take place online, especially for smaller tournaments andexhibition games.

Since the 1990s, professional teams or organizedclanshave set up matches viaInternet Relay Chatnetworks such asQuakeNet.As esports have developed, it has also become common for players to use automated matchmaking clients built into the games themselves. This was popularized by the 1996 release ofBlizzard'sBattle.net,which has been integrated into both theWarcraftandStarCraftseries. Automated matchmaking has become commonplace in console gaming as well, with services such asXbox Liveand thePlayStation Network.After competitors have contacted each other, the game is often managed by agame server,either remotely to each of the competitors, or running on one of the competitor's machines.

Local area network

Further information:LAN Party

Additionally, competitions are also often conducted over alocal area networkor LAN. The smaller network usually has very littlelagand higherquality.Because competitors must be physically present, LANs help ensure fair play by allowing direct scrutiny of competitors. This helps prevent many forms of cheating, such as unauthorized hardware or softwaremodding.The physical presence of competitors helps create a more social atmosphere at LAN events. Many gamers organizeLAN partiesor visitInternet cafés,and most major tournaments are conducted over LANs.

Individual games have taken various approaches to LAN support. In contrast to the originalStarCraft,StarCraft IIwas released without support for LAN play, drawing some strongly negative reactions from players.[156]League of Legendswas originally released for online play only, but announced in October 2012 that a LAN client was in the works for use in major tournaments.[157]In September 2013, Valve added general support for LAN play toDota 2in a patch for the game.[158]

Players and teams

General players and teams

Professional gamers are often associated with esports teams or broader gaming and entertainment organizations. Teams such asFaZe Clan,Cloud9,Fnatic,T1,G2 Esports,andNatus Vincerehave become successful within esports and now sponsor esports players around the world.[159][160]These teams often cover multiple esports games within tournaments and leagues, with various team makeups for each game. They may also represent single players for one-on-one esports games like fighting games withinEvolution Championship Series,orHearthstonetournaments. In addition to prize money from tournament wins, players in these teams and associations may also be paid a separate team salary. Team sponsorship may cover tournament travel expenses or gaming hardware. Prominent esports sponsors include companies such asLogitechandRazer.[161]Teams feature these sponsors on their website, team jerseys and on their social media, in 2016 the biggest teams have social media followings of over a million.[162]Associations include theKorean e-Sports Association(KeSPA), theInternational e-Sports Federation(IeSF), theBritish esports Association,and theWorld esports Association(WESA).

Some traditional sporting athletes have invested in esports, such asRick Fox's ownership ofEcho Fox,[163]Jeremy Lin's ownership ofTeam VGJ,[164]andShaquille O'Neal's investment inNRG Esports.[165]Some association football teams, such asFC Schalke 04in Germany,[166]Paris Saint-Germain esportsin France;[167]Besiktas JK,Fenerbahce S.K.,andGalatasarayin Turkey;Panathinaikos F.C.in Greece either sponsor or have complete ownership in esports teams.[168]

Competitive Esports tournaments in the most popular games pay hundreds to thousands of dollars to players for winning tournaments.[169]Dota 2's 2021 tournamentThe Internationalhad a prize pool over $40 million and is projected to keep growing.Counter-Strike: Global Offensivehad a 2021 prize pool of around $22 million.[170]However, financial security in the industry is largely limited to players in top performing teams. One study found that only 1 in 5 professional gamers have careers that last longer than two years.[171]Team rosters are extremely volatile, sometimes changing players or rosters within a season.[172]

While different from the regimens of traditional sports, esports athletes still have extensive training routines.Team Liquid,a professional League of Legends team, practice for a minimum of 50 hours per week and most play the game far more.[173]In April 2020, researchers from theQueensland University of Technologyfound that some of the top esports players showed similar aspects ofmental toughnessasOlympicathletes.[174][175]This training schedule for players has resulted in many of them retiring an early age. Players are generally in competition by their mid- to late-teens, with most retiring by their late-20s.[176]

Unique players and teams

There is a long history of different esports teams or certain players in leagues that aren't exactly the same as most players. For example, there are many esports organizations or teams that are entirely made up of players that havephysical disabilities.PermastunnedandParaEsportsare great examples of this where ParaEsports is completely composed of professionalCSGOplayers that have cerebral palsy. Whilst these teams aren't in many cases very successful in the major leagues of their respective esports, there are certain leagues or tournaments that are restricted to only have teams or players like these be able to compete. Although these teams or tournaments don't get nearly as much attention, budget, or prize pool as the main leagues of popular esports, it is still important to recognize these amazing players that have overcome their unfortunate positions and strive to succeed.

Leagues and tournaments

See also:List of esports leagues and tournaments

Promotion and relegation leagues

In most team-based esports, organized play is centered around the use ofpromotion and relegationto move sponsored teams between leagues within the competition's organization based on how the team fared in matches; this follows patterns of professional sports in European and Asian countries. Teams will play a number of games across a season as to vie for top positioning in the league by the end of that season. Those that do well, in addition to prize money, may be promoted into a higher-level league, while those that fare poorly can be regulated downward. For example, until 2018 Riot Games ran severalLeague of Legendsseries, with theLeague of Legends Championship Seriesbeing the top-tier series. Teams that did not do well were relegated to theLeague of Legends Challenger Series,replaced by the better performing teams from that series. This format was discontinued when Riot opted to use the franchise format in mid-2018, but the promotion and relegation format still exists within Southeast Asia'sPacific Championship Seriesand in North America's new tier 2 league, the North American Challengers Series, as of 2024.

Franchised leagues

A match from the second season of the Overwatch League, occurring at Blizzard Arena in Los Angeles

With rising interest in viewership of esports, some companies sought to create leagues that followed the franchise approach used inNorth American professional sports,in which all teams, backed by a major financial sponsor to support the franchise, participate in a regular season of matches to vie for top standing as to participate in the post-season games. This approach is more attractive for larger investors, who would be more willing to back a team that remains playing in the esport's premiere league and not threatened to be relegated to a lower standing.[177]Though the details vary from league to league, these leagues generally require all signed player to have a minimum salary with appropriate benefits, and may share in the team's winnings. While there is no team promotion or relegation, players can be signed onto contracts, traded among teams, or let go as free agents, and new players may be pulled from the esports' equivalentminor league.

The first such league to be formed was theOverwatch League,established byBlizzard Entertainmentin 2016 based on itsOverwatchgame.[178]Initially launched in 2018 with 12 teams, the league expanded to twenty teams in 2019. Though the first two seasons were played atBlizzard Arenain Los Angeles, the Overwatch League's third season in 2020 will implement the typical home/away game format at esports arenas in the teams' various home cities or regions.[179]The OWL would fold in 2023 and would be replaced by a more open esports structure for Overwatch known as the Overwatch Champions Series.[180][181]

Take-Two Interactivepartnered with theNational Basketball Association( NBA ) to create theNBA 2K League,using theNBA 2Kgame series. It is the first esports league to be operated by a professional sports league, and the NBA sought to have a League team partially sponsored by each of the 30 professional NBA teams. Its inaugural season started in May 2018 with 17 teams and the league has since expanded to 25 teams, including teams owned by Gen.G and Australia'sNational Basketball League.[182][183]

Similar to the NBA 2K League,EA SportsandMajor League Soccer(MLS) established the eMLS in 2018, a league using EA'sFIFA(Now known as EA Sports FC) series.[184]EA would later establish esports leagues with other professional football leagues, ranging from theEnglish Premier Leagueto theSaudi Pro League,which would feed into qualification for theFIFAe World Cupand later the EA Sports FC Pro World Championship.

Activisionlaunched its 12-teamCall of Duty Leaguein January 2020, following the format of the Overwatch League but based on theCall of Dutyseries.[179]

Cloud9 and Dignitas, among others, developed a franchise-basedCounter-Strike: Global Offensiveleague, Flashpoint, in February 2020. This was the first such esports league to be owned by the teams rather than any single organization.[185]Due to theCOVID-19 pandemicand other complications, Flashpoint would be discontinued by 2022.[186]

Tournaments

Casual players at the 2013Intel Extreme MastersinKatowice,Poland

Esports are also frequently played in tournaments, where potential players and teams vie to be placed through qualification matches before entering the tournament. From there, the tournament formats can vary fromsingleordouble elimination,sometimes hybridized withgroup stage.[187]Esports tournaments are almost always physical events in which occur in front of a live audience, with referees or officials to monitor for cheating. The tournament may be part of a larger gathering, such asDreamhack,or the competition may be the entirety of the event, like theWorld Cyber Gamesor theFortnite World Cup.Esports competitions have also become a popular feature at gaming and multi-genreconventions.[citation needed]

Although competitions involving video games have long existed, esports underwent a significant transition in the late 1990s. Beginning with theCyberathlete Professional Leaguein 1997, tournaments became much larger, andcorporate sponsorshipbecame more common. Increasing viewership both in person and online brought esports to a wider audience.[3][188]Major tournaments include theWorld Cyber Games,the North AmericanMajor League Gamingleague, the France-basedElectronic Sports World Cup,and theWorld e-Sports Gamesheld inHangzhou, China.

The average compensation for professional esports players does not compare to those of the top classical sports organizations in the world. According to Julian Krinsky Camps & Programs website, the top Esports player in the world earned around $2.5 million in 2017.[189][better source needed]The highest overall salary by any esports professional at the time was around $3.6 million. While prizes for esports competitions can be very large, the limited number of competitions and large number of competitors ultimately lowers the amount of money one can make in the industry. In the United States, Esports competitions have prizes that can reach $200,000 for a single victory. Dota 2 International hosted a competition where the grand-prize winning team walked home with almost $10.9 million.[189]

For well established games, total prize money can amount to millions of U.S. dollars a year.[190][191]As of 10 September 2016,Dota 2has awarded approximately US$86 million in prize money within 632 registered tournaments, with 23 players winning over $1 million.League of Legendsawarded approximately $30 million within 1749 registered tournaments, but in addition to the prize money,Riot Gamesprovides salaries for players within theirLeague of LegendsChampionship Series.[192]Nonetheless, there has been criticism to how these salaries are distributed, since most players earn a fairly low wage but a few top players have a significantly higher salary, skewing the average earning per player.[193]In August 2018,The International 2018,Valve's annual premierDota 2tournament, was held and broke the record for holding the largest prize pool to date for any esports tournament, amounting to over US$25 million.[194]

Often, game developers provide prize money for tournament competition directly,[190]but sponsorship may also come from third parties, typically companies sellingcomputer hardware,energy drinks,orcomputer software.Generally, hosting a large esports event is not profitable as a stand-alone venture.[195]For example, Riot has stated that their headlineLeague of LegendsChampionship Series is "a significant investment that we're not making money from".[196]

There is considerable variation and negotiation over the relationship betweenvideo game developersand tournament organizers and broadcasters. While the originalStarCraftevents emerged in South Korea largely independently of Blizzard, the company decided to require organizers and broadcasters to authorize events featuring the sequelStarCraft II.[197]In the short term, this led to a deadlock with theKorean e-Sports Association.[198]An agreement was reached in 2012.[199]Blizzard requires authorization for tournaments with more than US$10,000 in prizes.[200]Riot Gamesoffers in-game rewards to authorized tournaments.[201]

Collegiate and school leagues

Main article:College esports in the United States

In addition to professional and amateur esports, esports have drawn attention of colleges and high schools since 2008.

Along with the bursting popularity of esports over the last two decades came a demand for extended opportunities for esports athletes. Universities across the world (mostly China and America) began offering scholarship opportunities to incoming freshmen to join their collegiate esports teams. According to Schaeperkoetter (2017) and others, the potential impact that an esports program could have on a university, coupled with the growing interest that universities are showing in such a program, combine to make this line of research relevant in sport literature.[202]

As of 2019, over 130 colleges have esports-based varsity programs.[203]

Governing bodies

While game publishers or esports broadcasters typically act in oversight roles for specific esports, a number of esportsgoverning bodieshave been established to collectively represent esports on a national, regional or global basis. These governing bodies may have various levels of involvement with the esport, from being part of esports regulation to simply acting more as atrade groupand public face for esports.

TheInternational Esports Federation(IESF) was one of the first such bodies. Originally formed in 2008 to help promote esports in the Southeast Asian region, it has grown to include over 140 member countries from across the globe. The IESF has managed annual World Esports Championships for teams from its member countries across multiple games.[204]

The European Esports Federation was formed in April 2019 and includes UK, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Hungary, France, Russia, Slovenia, Serbia, Sweden, Turkey, and Ukraine. This body was designed more to be a managing partner for other esports, working to coordinate event structures and regulations across multiple esports.[205]

Additionally, trade groups representing video games have also generally acted as governing bodies for esports. Notably, in November 2019, five major national trade organizations – theEntertainment Software Associationin the United States, theEntertainment Software Association of Canada,The Association for UK Interactive Entertainment,Interactive Software Federation of Europe, and theInteractive Games and Entertainment Associationof Australian and New Zealand – issued a joined statement for supporting the promotion and participation of esports to respect player safety and integrity, respect and diversity among players, and enriching game play.[206]

Health concerns

See also:Video game addictionandVideo game–related health problems

Most esports generally require participants to sit and/or move little while playing, which raises concerns about asedentary lifestyleby players. A research led by Ingo Froböse, a professor at theGerman Sports University in Cologne,for over eight years found professional and also amateur esports gamers play on average 24–25 hours per week and even physical activities after hours of playing are not able to compensate the damage of oversitting. Players in China may train for almost 14 hours a day. A study conducted in 2022 of CS:GO players found that total hours played were about 31.2 hours each week.[207]Sitting for long periods at a computer could lead to eyefatigueand lower back pain from poor posture. Gamers with poor posture sit inforward head posturewhich can cause symptoms such as decreased arm or shoulder mobility and tension headaches.[208]Thesesedentary behaviorsof sitting for too long concerns public health researchers because spending more than 6–8 hours per day has been linked to increased risk ofcardiovascular diseaseand all-cause mortality.[209]As a result, teams likeT1have partnered with Nike to encourage exercise and provide training that helps improve gaming skills.[210]Recent research has also shown that structured esports activities can foster teamwork, problem-solving skills, and promote digital literacy among participants, though concerns about sedentary behavior and mental health risks persist.[211]

In addition to sedentary behaviors, players' mental health is a concern for scientists. One study found that competitors in esports are often under psychological and physical stress, and the amateur ones are the most affected, since they frequently aim at greater wins without enough preparation, though no clear training guidelines are set to become professional players.[212][213]Researchers have found that high levels of stress lead to mental illness and poor decision making.[214]The Esports sector has a high rate of burnout due to mental health and stress. A study found a correlation between depression and training time leading to sleep disturbances.[215]Teams are starting to incorporate mental health support for players.Misfitshas hired a psychologist to ensure players are equipped with methods to deal with stress and anxiety.[216]

Ethical issues

Esports athletes are usually obligated to behave ethically, abiding by both the explicit rules set out by tournaments, associations, and teams, as well as following general expectations of goodsportsmanship.For example, it is common practice and considered good etiquette to send a "gg" (good game) message to opponents when defeated.[217]Many games rely on competitors having limited information about the game state. In a prominent example of good conduct, during a 2012IEMStarCraft IIgame, players Feast and DeMusliM voluntarily offered information about their strategies to negate the influence of outside information inadvertently leaked to Feast during the game.[218]Players in some leagues have been reprimanded for failing to meet expectations of good behavior. In 2012, professionalLeague of Legendsplayer Christian "IWillDominate" Riviera was banned from competing for one year following a history of verbal abuse.[219]In 2013,StarCraft IIprogamerGreg "Idra" Fieldswas fired fromEvil Geniusesfor insulting his fans on theTeam Liquidinternet forums.[220]League of Legendsplayers Mithy and Nukeduck received similar penalties in 2014 after behaving in a "toxic" manner during matches.[221]

The formation of Team Siren, an all-femaleLeague of Legendsteam, in June 2013 was met with controversy and dismissed as a "gimmick" to attract men's attention.[222][223]The team disbanded within a month due to negative publicity from their promotional video and the team captain's poor attitude towards her teammates.[224][225]In 2018,Team Vaevictisattempted to field an all-female roster in theLCL,the top esports league in Russia,[226]but faced similar criticism.[227]Vaevictis went 0–14 in both splits, and in February 2020, the LCL announced their disbandment due to a failure to field a competitive roster.[228][229][230]The LCL stated, "The results of the 2019 season showed a huge difference in Vaevictis Esports' results compared to other LCL teams, which is an unacceptable level of competitiveness in a franchised league."

There have been serious rule violations in certain esports. In 2010, elevenStarCraft: Brood Warplayers were found guilty offi xing matches for profitand were fined and banned from future competition.Team CurseandTeam Dignitaswere denied prize money for collusion during the2012 MLG Summer Championship.[231]In 2012,League of Legendsteam Azubu Frost was fined US$30,000 for cheating during a semifinal match of the world playoffs.[232]Dota 2player Aleksey "Solo" Berezin was suspended from several tournaments for intentionally throwing a game to collect $322 from online gambling.[233]In 2014, four high-profile North AmericanCounter-Strikeplayers from iBuyPower were suspended from official tournaments after being found guilty of match-fi xing, allegedly profiting over US$10,000 through betting on their fixed matches.[234]Gambling on esports usingCounter-Strike: Global Offense"skins",worth an estimated US$2.3 billion in 2015, came under criticism in June and July 2016 after several questionable legal and ethical aspects were discovered.[235]

Performance-enhancing drugs

Main article:Cheating in esports § Doping

Reports of widespread use ofperformance-enhancing drugs(PEDs) in esports are not uncommon, with players discussing their own, their teammates' and their competitors' use as well as officials acknowledging the prevalence of the issue.[236][237][238]Players often turn tostimulantssuch asRitalin,AdderallandVyvanse,drugs which can significantly boost concentration, improve reaction time, and prevent fatigue.[236]Selegiline,a drug used to treatParkinson's disease,is reportedly popular, because like stimulants, it enhances mood and motivation. Conversely, drugs with calming effects are also sought after. Some players takepropranolol,which blocks the effects ofadrenaline,orValium,which is prescribed to treatanxiety disorder,in order to remain calm under pressure.[237]According to Bjoern Franzen, a formerSK Gamingexecutive, it is second nature for someLeague of Legendsplayers to take as many as three different drugs before competition.[239]In July 2015 Kory "Semphis" Friesen, an ex-Cloud9player, admitted that he and his teammates were all using Adderall during a match againstVirtus.proin theESL One Katowice 2015Counter-Strike: Global Offensivetournament, and went on to claim that "everyone" atESEA Leaguetournaments uses Adderall.[238]In 2020, former Call of Duty champion Adam "KiLLa" Sloss toldThe Washington Postthat one of the major reasons he stopped competing in esports was the "rampant" use of Adderall in the competitive scene.[240]

The unregulated use of such drugs poses severe risks to competitors' health, includingaddiction,overdose,serotonin syndromeand, in the case of stimulants,weight loss.[236][237]Accordingly, Adderall and other such stimulants are banned and their use penalized by many professional sporting bodies and leagues, includingMajor League Baseballand theNational Football League.AlthoughInternational e-Sports Federation(IeSF) is a signatory of theWorld Anti-Doping Agency,the governing body has not outlawed any PEDs in its sanctioned competitions.[236]Action has been taken on the individual league level, however, as at least one major league, theElectronic Sports League,has made use of any drugs during matches punishable by expulsion from competition.[241]Although not all players use drugs, the use of over-the-counterenergy drinksis common. These energy drinks are often marketed specifically toward gamers, and have also faced media and regulatory scrutiny due to their health risks.[242]

Player exploitation

There has been some concern over the quality of life and potential mistreatment of players by organizations, especially in South Korea. Korean organizations have been accused of refusing to pay competitive salaries, leading to a slow exodus of Korean players to other markets. In an interview,League of Legendsplayer Bae "Dade" Eo-jin said that "Korean players wake up at 1 pm and play until 5 am", and suggested that the 16-hour play schedule was a significant factor in causingburnout.[243]Concerns over themental healthof players intensified in 2014 whenLeague of Legendsplayer Cheon "Promise" Min-Ki attempted suicide a week after admitting tomatch fi xing.[244]

To combat the negative environment, KoreanLeague of Legendsteams were given new rules for the upcoming 2015 season by Riot Games, including the adoption of minimum salaries for professional players, requiring contracts and allowing players to stream individually for additional player revenue.[245]

Since esports games often requires many actions per minute, some players may getrepetitive straininjuries, causing hand or wrist pain.[246]During the early development of the esports industry, sports medicine and gaming-related injuries were ignored by players and organizations, leading to some early player retirements.[247]

Economics

TheLeague of LegendsChampionship SeriesandLeague of LegendsChampions Koreaoffer guaranteedsalariesfor players.[248]Despite this, online streaming is preferred by some players, as in some cases, streaming can be more profitable than competing with a team, and streamers have the ability to determine their own schedule. The International tournament awards US$10 million to the winners, however teams that do not have the same amount of success often do not have financial stability and frequently break up after failing to win.[249]

In 2015 it was estimated by SuperData Research, that the global esports industry generated revenue of around US$748.8 million that year. Asia is the leading esports market with over $321 million in revenue, with North America at around $224 million, and Europe at $172 million. For comparison, the rest of the world combines for approximately $29 million.[250]Global esports revenue is estimated to reach $1.9 billion by 2018. During theCOVID-19 pandemic,the video gaming industry bypassed many economic sectors by providing a means of compensating for the physical isolation imposed by the lockdown, transforming it into an increasingly important economic sector within the global economy.[251]

The number of female viewers has been growing in esports, with an estimated 30% of esports viewers being female in 2013, a significant increase from 15% the previous year.[citation needed]However, despite the increase in female viewers, there is not a growth of female players in high level competitive esports.[citation needed]The top female players that are involved in esports mainly get exposure in female-only tournaments, most notablyCounter-Strike,Dead or Alive 4,andStarCraft II.Current all-female esports teams includeFrag DollsandPMS Clan.[citation needed]

Gambling

Main article:Esports betting

Gambling on esports matches have historically been illegal or unregulated by major markets. This created ablack marketvia virtual currency. In places where esports gambling is not officially recognized, the lack of regulation has resulted in match-fi xing by players or third parties, and created issues with underage gambling due to the draw of video games. Some games allow bets in theirin-game currency,[252]while third-party gambling platforms will often take bets placed using virtual items earned in games.[253]In esports gambling, most bets and odds are structured in the same way as traditional sports. Most gambling sites offering the booker service allow users to bet based on the outcome of tournaments, matches or special esports titles. On the other hand, due to the nature of esports, there are numerous innovative ways to make bets, which are based on in-game milestones.[254]For example,League of Legendbettors may place their money on which team/champion will take the "First Blood".[255]

Esports gambling in the United States has been illegal under the federalProfessional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992(PASPA). The Act prevented all but five states from allowing gambling on sporting events.[253]However, regulation of esports betting still depended on state law. Some betting houses in Nevada, where sports betting has been already exempted under PASPA, classify esports as non-competitive "other events" similar to the selection of theHeisman Trophywinner orNFL Draftwhich are considered as legal.[253]Other companies established in the United States allow betting on esports to international users but are restricted to Americans. Nevada legalized esports gambling in June 2017, classifying esports along with competitive sports and dog racing.[256]With theSupreme Court of the United States's ruling inMurphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Associationin May 2018, PASPA was recognized as unconstitutional, as the Court claimed that the federal government cannot limit states from regulatingsports betting.This created the potential for legalized esports-based betting in the United States.[257]However, New Jersey, the state at the center of the Supreme Court case, passed its bill to legalize sports gambling but restricted gambling on esports to only international competitions where most players are over 18 years of age.[258]Without PASPA, interstate gambling on esports would be still be limited by theFederal Wire Act,preventing users from betting on national esports events outside of the state.[253]

In 2019, the countries where esports gambling is legal include the UK, New Zealand, Australia, China, Spain, Canada, South Korea, and Japan, and many of them are the international hosts for gaming tournaments.[259]By the end of 2019, the state ofNew Jerseyapproved esports betting, just in time for the finals of the LoL Worlds Cup 2019 final match, which had over 4.000.000 spectators.[260]

The esportsgambling industryhas attracted criticism because of its target audience. As a large part of the esports audience is underage, governments and regulators have expressed skepticism regarding the market and the possibility of underage gambling. Additionally, gambling platforms have received criticism for their integration with the larger esports industry.[261]Esports platforms regularly sponsor professional esports teams, as happened with the contract betweenBetwayandPSG.LGDteam (Dota 2) in August 2019.[262]

Data analytics and machine learning

With the growing popularity ofmachine learningin data analytics,[citation needed]esports has been the focus of several software programs that analyze the plethora of game data available. Based on the huge number of matches played on a daily basis globally (League of Legendsalone had a reported 100 million active monthly players worldwide in 2016[263]and an average of 27 million League of Legends games played per day reported in 2014[264]), these games can be used for applying big-data machine learning platforms. Several games make their data publicly available, so websites aggregate the data into easy-to-visualize graphs and statistics. In addition, several programs use machine learning tools to predict the win probability of a match based on various factors, such as team composition.[265]In 2018, theDotAteamTeam Liquidpartnered with a software company to allow players and coaches to predict the team's success rate in each match and provide advice on what needs to be changed to improve performance.[266]

Game cancellations

As more esports competitions and leagues are run entirely or in portion by the video game publisher or developer for the game, the ongoing viability of that game's esports activities is tied to that company. In December 2018, Blizzard announced that it was reducing resources spent on the development ofHeroes of the Stormand canceling its plans for tournaments in 2019. This caused several professionalHeroesplayers and coaches to recognize that their career was no longer viable, and expressed outrage and disappointment at Blizzard's decision.[267][268]

Media coverage

As with traditional sporting events, larger esport events, such asThe International,usually feature live pre- and post-game discussion by a panel of analysts (top), with in-match casting being done byplay-by-playandcolor commentators(bottom).

News reporting

The main medium for esports coverage is theInternet.In the mid-2010s, mainstream sports and news reporting websites, such asESPN,Yahoo!,Sport1,Kicker,andAftonbladetstarted dedicated esports coverage.[269][270]esports tournaments commonly use commentators or casters to provide live commentary of games in progress, similar to a traditionalsports commentator.For popular casters, providing commentary for esports can be a full-time position by itself.[271]Prominent casters forStarCraft IIincludeDan "Artosis" StemkoskiandNick "Tasteless" Plott.However, the impact ofCOVID-19 pandemicaffected how esports were covered in addition to the sports themselves. Notably,ESPN'sdedicated esports coverage was shuttered in November 2020 as the network refocus on more traditional sports, though said they would still have some coverage of esports events.[272]

In 2018, theAssociated Press'AP Stylebookofficially began spelling the word as "esports", dropping support for both the capital "S" and the dash between "e" and "sports" styles, similar to how "e-mail"transformed with common usage to" email ".[273][274]Richard Tyler Blevins, better known as "Ninja",became the first professional gamer to appear in a cover story for a major sports magazine when he appeared in the September 2018 issue ofESPN The Magazine.[275]

Internet live streaming

Many esports events arestreamedonline to viewers over the internet. With the shutdown of the Own3d streaming service in 2013,Twitchis by far the most popular streaming service for esports, competing against other providers such as Hitbox.tv, Azubu, andYouTube Gaming.[276][277]Dreamhack Winter 2011 reached 1.7 million unique viewers on Twitch.[278]While coverage of live events usually brings in the largest viewership counts, the recent popularization of streaming services has allowed individuals to broadcast their own gameplay independent of such events as well. Individual broadcasters can enter an agreement with Twitch or Hitbox in which they receive a portion of the advertisement revenue from commercials which run on the stream they create.[279]

Another major streaming platform wasMajor League Gaming's MLG.tv.[280]The network, which specializes inCall of Dutycontent but hosts a range of gaming titles, has seen increasing popularity, with 1376% growth in MLG.tv viewership in Q1 of 2014.[281]The 2014Call of Duty: Ghostsbroadcast atMLG's X Games event drew over 160,000 unique viewers.[282]The network, like Twitch, allows users to broadcast themselves playing games, though only select individuals can use the service. For several years, MLG.tv was the primary streaming platform for theCall of Dutyprofessional scene; famous players such asNaDeSHoTandScumphave signed contracts with the company to use its streaming service exclusively.[283]In January 2016, MLG was acquired byActivision Blizzard.[284]

YouTubealso relaunched its livestreaming platform with a renewed focus on live gaming and esports specifically.[285]ForThe International 2014,coverage was also simulcast onESPN's streaming serviceESPN3.[286]In December 2016,Riot Gamesannounced a deal withMLB Advanced Media's technology division BAM Tech for the company to distribute and monetize broadcasts ofLeague of Legendsevents through 2023. BAM Tech will pay Riot at least $300 million per-year, and split advertising revenue.[287][288]

Television

StarCraftmatch televised onMBCGameinSeoul,South Korea

Especially since the popularization of streaming in esports, organizations no longer prioritize television coverage, preferring online streaming websites such asTwitch.Ongamenetcontinues to broadcast as an esports channel in South Korea, butMBCGamewas taken off the air in 2012. Riot Games' Dustin Beck stated that "TV's not a priority or a goal",[289]and DreamHack's Tomas Hermansson said "esports have [been proven] to be successful on internet streaming [services]."[290]

On the night before the finals ofThe International 2014in August,ESPN3broadcast a half-hour special profiling the tournament.[286]In 2015, ESPN2 broadcastHeroes of the Dorm,the grand finals of theHeroes of the Stormcollegiate tournament. The first-place team from theUniversity of California, Berkeleyreceived tuition for each of the team's players, paid for by Blizzard and Tespa.[291]The top four teams won gaming equipment and new computers. This was the first time an esport had ever been broadcast on a major American television network. The broadcast was an attempt to broaden the appeal of esports by reaching viewers who would not normally come across it. However, the broadcast was met with a few complaints. Those living outside of the United States were unable to view the tournament. Additionally, the tournament could not be viewed online via streams, cutting off a large portion of viewers from the main demographic in the process.[292]

In September 2015,Turner Broadcastingpartnered withWME/IMG.In December 2015, the partnered companies announced two seasons of theELeague,aCounter-Strike: Global Offensiveleague based in North America including 15 teams from across the world competing for a $1,200,000 prize pool each 10-week season. The tournament, filmed at Turner's studios inAtlanta, Georgia,was simultaneously streamed on online streaming websites andTBSon Friday nights.[293]

In January 2016,Activision Blizzard,publishers of theCall of DutyandStarCraftseries, acquiredMajor League Gaming.In an interview withThe New York Timesabout the purchase, Activision Blizzard CEOBobby Kotickexplained that the company was aspiring to create a U.S. cable network devoted to esports, which he described as "the ESPN of video games". He felt that higher quality productions, more in line with those of traditional sports telecasts, could help to broaden the appeal of esports to advertisers. Activision Blizzard had hired former ESPN andNFL NetworkexecutiveSteve Bornsteinto be CEO of the company's esports division.[284]

TV 2,the largest private television broadcaster inNorway,broadcasts esports across the country. TV 2 partnered with local Norwegian organization House of Nerds to bring a full season of esports competition with an initial lineup ofCounter-Strike: Global Offensive,League of Legends,andStarCraft II.[294][295]

In April 2016,Big Ten Networkannounced a collaboration with Riot to hold an invitationalLeague of Legendscompetition between two universities from the collegiateBig Ten Conference,as part of Riot's collegiate championships atPAX East.[296]On 17 January 2017, Big Ten Network and Riot announced that it would hold a larger season of conference competition involving 10 Big Ten schools.[297]

Nielsen Holdings,a global information company known for tracking viewership for television and other media, announced in August 2017 that it would launch Nielsen esports, a division devoted to providing similar viewership and other consumer research data around esports, forming an advisory board with members fromESL,Activision Blizzard,Twitch,YouTube,ESPN,andFIFAto help determine how to track and monitor audience sizes for esports events.[298]

In July 2018, on the first day of the inaugural2018 Overwatch League seasonplayoffs, Blizzard andDisneyannounced a multi-year deal that gave Disney and its networksESPNandABCbroadcast rights to the Overwatch League andOverwatch World Cup,starting with the playoffs and continuing with future events.[299]

References

  1. ^Hamari, Juho; Sjöblom, Max (2016)."What is eSports and why do people watch it?".Internet Research.27(2): 211–232.doi:10.1108/IntR-04-2016-0085.S2CID35814803.SSRN2686182.
  2. ^Werder, Karl (June 2022)."Esport".Business & Information Systems Engineering.64(3): 393–399.doi:10.1007/s12599-022-00748-w.S2CID255613366.
  3. ^abTassi, Paul (20 December 2012)."2012: The Year of eSports".Forbes.Retrieved15 August2013.
  4. ^abcBen Popper (30 September 2013)."Field of Streams: How Twitch Made Video Games a Spectator Sport".The Verge.Retrieved9 October2013.
  5. ^Andrew Groen (14 May 2013)."Why gamers in Asia are the world's best eSport athletes".PC World.Retrieved7 October2013.
  6. ^abcdYuji Nakamura; Emi Nobuhiro; Takako Taniguchi (18 January 2018)."Shinzo Abe's Party Wants Japan Ready for Video Games in Olympics".Bloomberg Businessweek.Retrieved19 January2018.
  7. ^"Major League Gaming reports COWS GO MOO 334 percent growth in live video".GameSpot.14 November 2012.Retrieved8 October2013.
  8. ^John Gaudiosi (28 April 2012)."Team Evil Geniuses Manager Anna Prosser Believes More Female Gamers Will Turn Pro".Forbes.Retrieved8 October2013.
  9. ^John Gaudiosi (29 July 2012)."Taipei Assassins Manager Erica Tseng Talks Growth Of Female Gamers In League Of Legends".Forbes.Retrieved8 October2013.
  10. ^"Newzoo: Global esports will top $1 billion in 2020, with China as the top market".VentureBeat.25 February 2020.
  11. ^"Global esports revenues to top $1 billion in 2019: report".Reuters.12 February 2019.Retrieved21 May2019.
  12. ^Owen Good (19 October 2012)."Today is the 40th Anniversary of the World's First Known Video Gaming Tournament".Kotaku.Retrieved1 August2013.
  13. ^abc"Sega Sponsors All Japan TV Game Championships".Vending Times.December 1974.
  14. ^abBorowy, Michael; Jin, Dal Yong; Pluda, Alessandra (15 October 2013)."Pioneering eSport: The Experience Economy and the Marketing of Early 1980s Arcade Gaming Contests".International Journal of Communication.7:1–21 (9).ISSN1932-8036.
  15. ^Zhouxiang, Lu (19 September 2021)."Competitive Gaming".In Phillips, Murray G.; Booth, Douglas; Adams, Carly (eds.).Routledge Handbook of Sport History.Routledge.p. 337.ISBN978-1-000-44166-6.
  16. ^Johnson, Ethan (16 November 2018)."The Sega-Gremlin Marketing Video Archive: Nearly a decade before they did what Nintendon't, Sega's marketing still managed to break new ground…even when it was really cheesy".Video Game History Foundation.Retrieved26 September2021.
  17. ^abDrewis, Deena (15 March 2018)."The Little-Known Female Duo That Obliterated The Gaming Scene In The '70s".Girl Boss.Retrieved26 September2021.
  18. ^abcBorowy, Michael; Jin, Dal Yong (2013). "Pioneering E-Sport: The Experience Economy and the Marketing of Early 1980s Arcade Gaming Contests".International Journal of Communication.7:2254–2274.ISSN1932-8036.
  19. ^"Players Guide To Electronic Science Fiction Games".Electronic Games.1(2): 35–45 [36]. March 1982.Retrieved1 February2012.
  20. ^Marie, Meagan (4 December 2018).Women in Gaming: 100 Professionals of Play.Dorling Kindersley.pp. 32–33.ISBN9780241395066.
  21. ^Bramwell, Tom (8 March 2010)."Walter Day leaves Twin Galaxies".EuroGamer.Retrieved18 September2013.
  22. ^Carless, Simon (20 October 2006)."World's Oldest Competitive Gamer Passes On".GameSetWatch.Archived fromthe originalon 28 June 2017.Retrieved18 September2013.
  23. ^Caoili, Eric (4 May 2009)."Walter Day: Twin Galaxies and the Two Golden Domes".GameSetWatch.Archived fromthe originalon 5 March 2016.Retrieved18 September2013.
  24. ^"Video champ tourney bound".Sunday Star-News.23 December 1984. p. 6F.Retrieved20 September2013.
  25. ^Ramsey, David."The Perfect Man: How Billy Mitchell became a video-game superstar and achieved Pac-Man bliss".Oxford American.Archived fromthe originalon 29 February 2008.
  26. ^Michael Borowy (2012)."3"(PDF).Public Gaming: eSport and Event Marketing in the Experience Economy(Thesis).Archived(PDF)from the original on 6 January 2014.Retrieved18 September2013.
  27. ^Sharpe, Roger C. (December 1984)."1984—Every Which Way But Up".Play Meter.Vol. 10, no. 23. pp. 39, 49–51.
  28. ^Baker, Chris (16 August 2016)."How 'Track & Field' Launched World's Biggest Video Game Tournament".Rolling Stone.Retrieved6 October2021.
  29. ^Plunkett, Luke (14 June 2011)."Arcades Don't Make for Good TV (But Starcades do)".Kotaku.Retrieved17 September2013.
  30. ^Biggs, John (29 July 2009)."The That's Incredible! Video Game Invitational: This is what we used to watch".Tech Crunch.Retrieved30 September2013.
  31. ^Ebert, Roger (1 January 1982)."TRON".Retrieved20 September2013.
  32. ^"First Class".TV Cream.May 2009.Retrieved14 June2018.
  33. ^Weaver, Iain."Weaver's Week 2012-08-12: First Class".UK Gameshows.Labyrinth Games.Retrieved14 June2018.
  34. ^Horowitz, Ken (30 July 2020).Beyond Donkey Kong: A History of Nintendo Arcade Games.McFarland & Company.p. 156.ISBN978-1-4766-4176-8.
  35. ^Kevin Kelly (December 1993)."The First Online Sports Game".Wired.wired.Retrieved1 July2013.
  36. ^abPatterson, Eric L. (3 November 2011)."EGM Feature: The 5 Most Influential Japanese Games Day Four: Street Fighter II".Electronic Gaming Monthly.Archived fromthe originalon 14 March 2017.Retrieved17 April2012.
  37. ^Matt Barton; Bill Loguidice (2009).Vintage games: an insider look at the history of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the most influential games of all time.Boston: Focal Press/Elsevier. pp. 239–255.ISBN978-0-240-81146-8.Retrieved17 April2012.
  38. ^Blockbuster Video World Game Championship Guide,GamePro Magazine, June 1994
  39. ^Consalvo, Mia (2016).Atari to Zelda: Japan's Videogames in Global Contexts.MIT Press.pp. 201–3.ISBN978-0262034395.
  40. ^Mozur, Paul (19 October 2014)."For South Korea, E-Sports Is National Pastime".The New York Times.Retrieved13 June2015.
  41. ^Jin, Dal Yong (2010).Korea's Online Gaming Empire.MIT Press.
  42. ^"History of Korea e-Sports Association 1999–2004"(in Korean). KeSPA.Retrieved7 October2013.
  43. ^Jin, Dal-yong (19 June 2020)."Historiography of Korean Esports: Perspectives on Spectatorship".International Journal of Communication.14:19.ISSN1932-8036.Retrieved23 August2021.
  44. ^Narcisse, Evan (14 April 2014)."Someone Wrote A Book About Street Fighter's Greatest Match".Kotaku.
  45. ^G7 Federation (20 April 2006)."G7 teams launched".Fnatic.Archived fromthe originalon 23 December 2016.Retrieved12 June2015.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. ^Taylor, TL (2013).Raising the Stakes: E-Sports and the Professionalization.
  47. ^abcKim, Ryan (11 June 2007)."League beginning for video gamers".Sfgate.Retrieved4 June2012.
  48. ^"ESL TV".Archived fromthe originalon 4 May 2012.Retrieved16 September2013.
  49. ^"Xfire Trophy CC3 @ Arena Online on Gameone TV".SK Gaming.Archived fromthe originalon 4 November 2017.Retrieved17 September2013.
  50. ^Steve_OS (15 September 2008)."ESPN2's Madden Nation to Begin Fourth Season".Operation Sports. Archived fromthe originalon 3 December 2013.Retrieved16 September2013.
  51. ^Schiesel, Seth (28 July 2007)."Video Game Matches to Be Televised on CBS".The New York Times.Retrieved4 December2013.
  52. ^Patrick Miller (29 December 2010)."2011: The Year of eSports".PCWorld.Retrieved15 August2013.
  53. ^Gaudiosi, John (12 February 2014)."'Ender's Game' Blu-ray gets ESports tournament ".Chicago Tribune.Archived fromthe originalon 26 February 2014.Retrieved20 February2014.
  54. ^Tim Surette (11 September 2006)."Casual gamer gets serious prize".GameSpot.
  55. ^Patrick Howell O'Neill (16 January 2014)."Twitch dominated streaming in 2013, and here are the numbers to prove it".The Daily Dot.Retrieved9 November2014.
  56. ^Alex R (29 April 2014)."Nintendo Announces Super Smash Bros. Invitational at E3 2014".eSports Max. Archived fromthe originalon 9 November 2014.Retrieved9 November2014.
  57. ^Jasmine Henry (7 September 2014)."Microsoft Launching 'Halo Championship Series' eSports League".Game Rant.Retrieved9 November2014.
  58. ^SteveJawsJaworski (1 July 2014)."Announcing the North American Collegiate Championship".Riot Games.Retrieved9 November2014.
  59. ^Emanuel Maiberg (8 February 2014)."Blizzard eSports initiative will support your college gaming club".Game Spot.Retrieved9 November2014.
  60. ^Tassi, Paul."Second US College Now Offering 'League of Legends' Scholarship".forbes.Retrieved22 February2015.
  61. ^"Tespa to expand collegiate esports with $1 million in scholarships and prizes".ESPN.Retrieved21 September2017.
  62. ^"List of varsity esports programs spans North America".ESPN.Retrieved10 May2018.
  63. ^"Harrisburg University hosts international esports tryout".ESPN.Retrieved14 May2018.
  64. ^"ESL to bring world class eSports to Japan with new local partner".4 September 2014.Retrieved9 November2014.
  65. ^Tassi, Paul."ESPN Boss Declares eSports 'Not A Sport'".Forbes.Retrieved15 December2017.
  66. ^"One World Championship, 32 million viewers".Archived fromthe originalon 2 January 2018.Retrieved2 September2015.
  67. ^Magrino, Tom."Welcome to the League of Legends 2014 World Championship!".Retrieved20 August2014.
  68. ^Esports arena is coming to the Luxor Hotel in Las VegasRetrieved 2 October 2017
  69. ^Goh, Brenda (31 August 2021)."Three hours a week: Play time's over for China's young video gamers".Reuters.Retrieved28 December2021.
  70. ^Klein, Frankfurt Kurnit; Jensen, Selz PC-Frances (4 October 2021)."The Chinese Government Bans PUBG Esports Among Stricter Regulations for Video Games".Lexology.Retrieved28 December2021.
  71. ^Standaert, Michael."Will teen gaming clampdown deal a knockout to China's esports?".aljazeera.Retrieved28 December2021.
  72. ^"Chinese Esports Powerhouses Struggle as New Gaming Hours Ban Hits".Esports Grizzly.9 September 2021.Retrieved28 December2021.
  73. ^"eSports, sport or business?".Johan Cruyff Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 18 September 2017.
  74. ^Ivo v. Hilvoorde & Niek Pot (2016)Embodiment and fundamental motor skills in eSports,Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 10:1, 14–27,doi:10.1080/17511321.2016.1159246
  75. ^Ivo van Hilvoorde (2016)Sport and play in a digital world,Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 10:1, 1–4,doi:10.1080/17511321.2016.1171252
  76. ^Tjønndal, Anne (23 September 2020).""What's next? Calling beer-drinking a sport?!": virtual resistance to considering eSport as sport ".Sport, Business and Management.11(1): 72–88.doi:10.1108/SBM-10-2019-0085.ISSN2042-678X.S2CID224973999.
  77. ^Tom Burns (26 July 2014)."'E-Sports' can now drop the 'e'".Al Jazeera.Retrieved20 September2015.
  78. ^"E-Sports and Other Games".World Mind Sports Federation. Archived fromthe originalon 8 December 2015.Retrieved23 August2015.
  79. ^Schwartz, Nick (6 September 2014)."ESPN's president says that eSports are not 'real sports,' and he's wrong".USA Today.
  80. ^Hillier, Brenna (8 September 2014)."ESPN Boss says eSports are not" real sports "".VG247.
  81. ^Reahard, Jef (8 September 2014)."ESPN Boss: E-sports aren't sports".Engadget.
  82. ^Tassi, Paul (7 September 2014)."ESPN Boss Declares eSports 'Not A Sport'".Forbes.
  83. ^Gera, Emily (1 October 2014)."Does eSports need ESPN before the mainstream accepts it?".Polygon.
  84. ^Emanuel Maiberg (6 September 2014)."ESPN Says eSports Isn't a Sport – What Do You Think?".GameSpot.Retrieved9 November2014.
  85. ^Sarkar, Samit (18 December 2013)."HBO's 'Real Sports' debates the merits of eSports".Polygon.Retrieved13 May2015.
  86. ^Graham, David Philip (12 December 2011)."Guest Editorial – Momentum Matters: A Historical Perspective on the FGC and eSports".Shoryuken. Archived fromthe originalon 2 August 2017.Retrieved6 June2012.
  87. ^[2015 IESF] e-Sports Summit with International Sports Society -EsportsTV.3 December 2015 – via YouTube.
  88. ^"Как Россия первой в мире признала киберспорт"(in Russian).Retrieved23 October2017.
  89. ^abПриказ Госкомспорта РФ от 25.07.2001 № 449 «О введении видов спорта в государственные программы физического воспитания»
  90. ^Утв. приказом Госкомспорта РФ от 14.04.2003 № 225 «О перечне видов спорта, признанных федеральным органом исполнительной власти в области физической культуры и спорта» с последующими изменениями.
  91. ^Приказ Федерального агентства по физической культуре и спорту от 4 июля 2006 г № 414 «О компьютерном спорте»
  92. ^Положение «О Всероссийском реестре видов спорта (ВРВС)» (утв. Приказом Федерального агентства по физической культуре, спорту и туризму от 28 сентября 2004 г № 273)
  93. ^"ProPlay / Новости / Киберспорт более не имеет официального статуса".proplay.ru.
  94. ^См. Приказ Федерального агентства по физической культуре и спорту от 4 июля 2006 г № 414 «О компьютерном спорте»; Положение «О Всероссийском реестре видов спорта (ВРВС)» (утв. Приказом Федерального агентства по физической культуре, спорту и туризму от 28 сентября 2004 г № 273).
  95. ^"Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации".publication.pravo.gov.ru. Archived fromthe originalon 11 June 2016.Retrieved8 June2016.
  96. ^Lu, Zhouxiang (11 December 2016)."From E-Heroin to E-Sports: The Development of Competitive Gaming in China".The International Journal of the History of Sport.33(18): 2186–2206.doi:10.1080/09523367.2017.1358167.ISSN0952-3367.S2CID148906225.
  97. ^Yu, Haiqing (2018)."Game On: The Rise of the eSports Middle Kingdom".Media Industries.5(1).doi:10.3998/mij.15031809.0005.106.
  98. ^Gera, Emily (1 February 2019)."China to Recognize Gaming as Official Profession".Variety.Retrieved24 September2019.
  99. ^Ren, Shuli (19 July 2019)."Chinese governments hand out cash, subsidies to encourage esports development".Bloomberg L.P.– viaLos Angeles Times.
  100. ^Paresh Dave (7 August 2013)."Online game League of Legends star gets U.S. visa as pro athlete".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved4 December2013.
  101. ^"P-1A Internationally Recognized Athlete".US Citizenship and Immigration Services.Retrieved7 October2013.
  102. ^"Sizler de lisanslı E-Sporcu olabilirsiniz".8 February 2014.Retrieved17 January2018.
  103. ^"E-Spor Nedir?".Archived fromthe originalon 29 January 2018.Retrieved17 January2018.
  104. ^"French government announces plans to legalize and regulate esports industry".VentureBeat.3 May 2016.Retrieved14 September2016.
  105. ^Sheldon, David (22 October 2017)."Philippines Officially Recognizes eSports As A Real Sport".Casino Org.Retrieved22 October2017.
  106. ^Regalado, Pia (10 October 2017)."The Philippines' new athletes: eSports gamers".ABS-CBN.Retrieved22 October2017.
  107. ^Myers, Maddy (18 April 2017)."Esports Will Become A Medal Event At The 2022 Asian Games".Kotaku.Retrieved18 April2017.
  108. ^abcWade, Stephen (1 September 2018)."Bach: No Olympic future for esports until 'violence' removed".Associated Press.Retrieved3 September2018.
  109. ^Brown, Fraser (28 November 2018)."Esports is an official medal event at the Southeast Asian Games".PC Gamer.Retrieved28 November2018.
  110. ^"Velista71 wins eSailing World Championship title".sailing.org.
  111. ^"Vendée Globe: A digital twist?".4 February 2021.
  112. ^Peters, Jay (22 June 2021)."Dota 2's The International might not take place in Sweden after all".The Verge.Retrieved22 June2021.
  113. ^Bailey, Dustin (7 July 2021)."Dota 2's The International gets new dates after Sweden says no to esports".PCGamesN.Retrieved8 July2021.
  114. ^Kennedy, Victoria (9 February 2022)."Esports coming to 2022 Commonwealth Games".Eurogamer.Retrieved9 February2022.
  115. ^Law 4908/2022,articles 28-35, published and entered into force on 11 March 2022.
  116. ^"Ανάρτηση Πράξεων στο Διαδίκτυο | Πρόγραμμα Δι@ύγεια - Απόφαση χορήγησης ειδικής αθλητικής αναγνώρισης στην" ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΟΜΟΣΠΟΝΔΙΑ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝΙΚΟΥ ΑΘΛΗΤΙΣΜΟΥ "για τα ηλεκτρονικά αθλήματα (e-sports)".diavgeia.gov.gr.Retrieved15 June2023.
  117. ^"ΟΜΟΣΠΟΝΔΙΕΣ".gga.gov.gr.Retrieved15 June2023.
  118. ^Grohmann, Karolos (28 October 2017)."E-sports just got closer to being part of the Olympics".Reuters.Retrieved5 November2017.
  119. ^Andy Stout2017-11-10T11:51:00+00:00."How big is the eSports opportunity?".IBC.Retrieved9 November2022.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  120. ^Good, Owen (30 August 2017)."If esports come to the Olympics, don't expect to see 'violent' titles".Polygon.Retrieved30 August2017.
  121. ^Orland, Kyle (13 March 2018)."Violent video games not welcome for Olympic esports consideration".Ars Technica.Retrieved14 March2018.
  122. ^Frisk, Adam (19 July 2018)."Video gaming as an Olympic sport? IOC hosting eSports forum to better understand competitive gaming".Global News.Retrieved20 July2018.
  123. ^Dominaco, Michael (20 July 2018)."Overwatch Players Involved In Talks With Olympic Committee To Discuss Esports Opportunities".IGN.Retrieved20 July2018.
  124. ^Zaccardi, Nick (3 November 2017)."Esports event in PyeongChang before Olympics supported by IOC".NBC News.Retrieved5 November2017.
  125. ^Pham, Phuc (9 February 2018)."ESPORTS ZERG-RUSH THE OLYMPICS—BUT CAN THEY BECOME OFFICIAL EVENTS?".Wired.Retrieved10 February2018.
  126. ^"IOC to form 'two-speed' esports strategy".Sports Business.9 December 2019.Retrieved10 December2019.
  127. ^abNakamura, Yuri; Furikawa, Yuki (10 July 2018)."You Can Now Officially Play Esports for Money in Japan".Bloomberg L.P.Retrieved13 July2018.
  128. ^Bieler, Des (22 April 2021)."IOC announces inaugural slate of Olympic-licensed esports events".The Washington Post.Retrieved23 April2021.
  129. ^"Paris Olympic bid committee is open to esports on 2024 Olympic program".Associated Press.9 August 2017.Retrieved9 August2017.
  130. ^Morris, Chris (10 December 2018)."Video Games Won't Be Part of the Paris Olympics".Fortune.Retrieved10 December2018.
  131. ^Daniels, Tom (8 September 2021)."LoL, Dota 2, and Street Fighter V among 2022 Asian Games medal events".Esports Insider.Retrieved15 November2021.
  132. ^"IOC's Olympic Virtual Series to return in 2022".Sports Pro.13 December 2021.
  133. ^"IOC hires Vincent Pereira as first ever head of virtual sport".Sports Pro.17 January 2022.
  134. ^"Esports to be included as pilot event at 2022 Commonwealth Games".ESPN.Reuters.9 February 2022.Retrieved17 April2022.
  135. ^Freeman, Jay (22 March 2022)."Esports: Commonwealth Games trial an 'opportunity to show it is more than just a game'".BBC.Retrieved17 April2022.
  136. ^"The Olympic Esports Series will feature 'Just Dance,' 'Gran Turismo' and chess".Engadget.March 2023.Retrieved2 March2023.
  137. ^"IOC announces Olympic Esports Series 2023 with winners to be crowned at live finals in Singapore from 22 to 25 June"(Press release).International Olympic Committee.1 March 2023.
  138. ^Fingas, Jon (5 May 2023)."The Olympic Esports Series will feature 'Just Dance,' 'Gran Turismo' and chess".Engadget.Retrieved5 May2023.
  139. ^"Ticket details released for first-ever Olympic Esports Week, with sport shooting joining the competition line-up".International Olympic Committee.5 May 2023.Retrieved3 November2023.
  140. ^Goodfellow, Melanie (12 July 2024)."Saudi Arabia Proposed As Host For Inaugural Olympic Esports Games".Deadline Hollywood.Retrieved13 July2024.
  141. ^"IOC announces Olympic Esports Games to be hosted in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia".International Olympic Committee.12 July 2024.Retrieved23 July2024.
  142. ^"IOC enters a new era with the creation of Olympic Esports Games – first Games in 2025 in Saudi Arabia".International Olympic Committee.Retrieved23 July2024.
  143. ^robzacny (31 December 2012)."2012 in eSports: the battle for momentum between League of Legends, StarCraft 2, and Dota 2".PC Games N.Retrieved15 November2013.
  144. ^Clark, Tim (20 August 2014)."What I learned from playing with a professional Hearthstone coach".pcgamer.Retrieved22 February2015.
  145. ^Michael McWhertor (4 March 2011)."The Sacrifices of StarCraft II Made In The Name of Sports".Kotaku.Retrieved8 October2013.
  146. ^robzacny (24 October 2012)."How Riot Games are building a better League of Legends, and catching up to their own success".PC GamesN.Retrieved8 October2013.
  147. ^Alan LaFleur (21 June 2012)."Valve show developers how to support eSports with Dota 2".Esports Business. Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2013.Retrieved8 October2013.
  148. ^Steve Smith (15 August 2012)."Black Ops 2 CoDCaster System".Gamma Gamers. Archived fromthe originalon 12 August 2014.Retrieved28 June2014.
  149. ^Jeremy Peel (16 January 2013)."StarCraft 2's new observer UI mod tool should make for better eSports broadcasts".PC GamesN.Retrieved3 November2013.
  150. ^Michael McWhertor (29 July 2013)."StarCraft 2 update adds new eSports features, color blind mode".Polygon.Retrieved3 November2013.
  151. ^Tom Senior (17 August 2011)."Dota 2 tournament showcases Valve's e-sports spectator package".PC Gamer.Retrieved3 November2013.
  152. ^Jordan Devore (10 November 2013)."The latest Counter-Strike: GO update is for spectators".Destructoid.Archived fromthe originalon 15 November 2013.Retrieved3 November2013.
  153. ^"Spectator FAQ".Riot Games. Archived fromthe originalon 28 July 2017.Retrieved22 January2014.
  154. ^Lucas Sullivan (17 June 2011)."The full breakdown on League of Legends' Spectator Mode".PC Gamer.Retrieved3 November2013.
  155. ^Thursten, Chris (28 July 2016)."Dota 2 Battle Pass update adds crazy new VR spectator mode".PC Gamer.Retrieved9 August2016.
  156. ^Jason Schreier(20 June 2012)."Why StarCraft II Still Doesn't Support Local Multiplayer".Kotaku.Retrieved7 September2013.
  157. ^Michael McWhertor (12 October 2012)."League of Legends LAN version in development at Riot Games, Mac client news coming".Polygon.Retrieved7 September2013.
  158. ^Xairylle (20 September 2013)."DOTA 2 update: Why the LAN feature is something worth being excited about".TechInAsia.Retrieved23 September2013.
  159. ^Knight, Brett."The Most Valuable Esports Companies 2022".Forbes.Retrieved27 March2023.
  160. ^Chalk, Andy (12 March 2022)."Ukrainian esports team Na'Vi says it is 'not going to leave the country'".PC Gamer.Retrieved27 March2023.
  161. ^Brent Ruiz (3 February 2013)."Interview with Razer's global e-sports manager: The business behind sponsoring teams".ESFI World. Archived fromthe originalon 22 August 2013.Retrieved10 September2013.
  162. ^"OpTic Gaming™ (@OpTicGaming) | Twitter".twitter.Retrieved27 January2016.
  163. ^Soshnick, Scott (18 December 2015)."Former NBA Player Rick Fox Buys eSports Team Gravity".Bloomberg.Bloomberg News.Retrieved18 December2015.
  164. ^Van Allen, Eric (18 September 2016)."Jeremy Lin endorses new Dota 2 team VGJ".ESPN.Retrieved5 October2016.
  165. ^"Shaq, NRG Esports pick up Overwatch team".ESPN. 3 August 2016.
  166. ^"Sources: Soccer org Schalke 04 finalizes League Championship Series roster, picks up Fox".espn.15 May 2016.
  167. ^Johnson, Jonathan (20 October 2016)."PSG unveil first three signings in ambitious eSports venture".ESPN.Retrieved5 November2016.
  168. ^"Espor nedir? Bora Koçyiğit Fanatik'e anlattı!".Retrieved17 January2018.
  169. ^Fang, Ben Westcott, Nanlin (31 December 2019)."They train 14 hours a day, 7 days a week, chasing million-dollar paydays. Meet China's new breed of esports athletes | CNN Business".CNN.Retrieved13 February2023.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  170. ^"5 Highest Paying Esports Games in 2022 - Gaming.net".gaming.net.Retrieved25 February2023.
  171. ^Ward, Michael R.; Harmon, Alexander D. (December 2019)."ESport Superstars".Journal of Sports Economics.20(8): 987–1013.doi:10.1177/1527002519859417.ISSN1527-0025.S2CID219387589.
  172. ^Justice, Glen (3 March 2023)."Professional Video Gaming".CQ Researcher.33(8): 1–19.Retrieved27 March2023.
  173. ^"Here's the insane training schedule of a 20-something professional gamer".Business Insider.Retrieved5 April2018.
  174. ^Queensland University of Technology(11 June 2020)."Elite gamers share mental toughness with top athletes, study finds – The influence of mental toughness in elite esports".EurekAlert!.Retrieved11 June2020.
  175. ^Poulus, Dylan; et al. (23 April 2020)."Stress and Coping in Esports and the Influence of Mental Toughness".Frontiers in Psychology.11:628.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00628.PMC7191198.PMID32390900.
  176. ^"Inside an eSports training regimen".ESPN.Retrieved5 April2018.
  177. ^Snider, Jake (26 July 2018)."What's Overwatch? Why is it on ESPN? 8 things to know about competitive gaming".Associated Press.Retrieved29 July2018– viaChicago Tribune.
  178. ^Hill, Nathan (7 December 2017)."The Overwatch Videogame League Aims to Become the New NFL".Wired.Retrieved7 December2017.
  179. ^abHume, Mike (25 September 2019)."New Call of Duty esports league will begin play in home markets in 2020, start with 12 teams".The Washington Post.Retrieved28 September2019.
  180. ^Esguerra, Tyler (8 November 2023)."Blizzard confirms Overwatch League is officially dead".Dot Esports.Retrieved8 November2023.
  181. ^Gardner, Matt (23 January 2024)."'Overwatch 2' Esports Returns With All-New Champions Series For 2024 ".Forbes.Retrieved23 January2024.
  182. ^Needleman, Sarah (9 February 2017)."NBA, Take-Two to Create Professional Videogame League".The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved14 December2017.
  183. ^"NBL Launches NBA 2K League Team".NBL.7 October 2022.Retrieved7 October2022.
  184. ^Sarkar, Samit (12 January 2018)."MLS launching esports league for FIFA 18 World Cup".Polygon.Retrieved12 January2018.
  185. ^Taylor, Haydn (6 February 2020)."Major esport organisations launch new team-owned CS:GO league".GamesIndustry.biz.Retrieved6 February2020.
  186. ^Wolf, Jacob."Flashpoint dead as members walk away from competitive Counter-Strike".The Jacob Wolf Report.Retrieved13 February2024.
  187. ^"GotFrag eSports – All Games News Story – TF2 Referees Wanted".Gotfrag. 10 October 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 28 May 2012.Retrieved4 June2012.
  188. ^Goodale, Gloria (8 August 2003)."Are video games a sport?".CS Monitor.Retrieved4 December2013.
  189. ^ab"How Much Do Pro Gamers & Esports Players Make?".Julian Krinsky Camps and Programs. 5 June 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 8 April 2020.Retrieved29 April2020.
  190. ^abGoldfarb, Andrew (1 May 2012)."League of Legends Season 2 Championship Announced".IGN.Archived fromthe originalon 8 May 2012.Retrieved22 August2012.
  191. ^Schmidt, David (16 July 2012)."NASL S3 Finals push SC2 earnings over $5m".ESFI World. Archived fromthe originalon 12 December 2013.Retrieved22 August2012.
  192. ^"Comparing the potential earnings of LCS PLayers to Professional Streamers".GAMURS.27 October 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 6 October 2016.Retrieved4 July2016.
  193. ^"KeSPA Responds to KOCCA Pro Gamer Salary Data… 10 Players Over $85,241".LCK Translation Archive.24 December 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 6 April 2016.Retrieved10 September2016.
  194. ^"The 2017–2018 Dota 2 Hub".ESPN.26 August 2018.Retrieved31 January2019.
  195. ^Popper, Ben (30 September 2013)."Field of streams: how Twitch made video games a spectator sport".TheVerge.Retrieved4 December2013.
  196. ^robzacny (21 August 2013)."LCS" a significant investment that we're not making money from ", but Riot love it anyway".PCGamesN.Retrieved14 September2013.
  197. ^Edge Staff (11 November 2010)."The battle for StarCraft II".Edge-Online.Retrieved14 September2013.
  198. ^Simon "Go0g3n" (2009)."Blizzard VS. Kespa, the Ultimate fight".Gosu Gamers.Retrieved18 September2013.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  199. ^Jeroen Amin (2 May 2012)."KeSPA, OGN, Blizzard and GOMtv Join Horses for StarCraft II".PikiGeek. Archived fromthe originalon 7 November 2017.Retrieved14 September2013.
  200. ^"Tournament Guidelines Document"(PDF).Blizzard. 6 June 2013.Archived(PDF)from the original on 31 December 2013.Retrieved14 September2013.
  201. ^"Prized Events".Riot. Archived fromthe originalon 13 July 2015.Retrieved4 December2013.
  202. ^Schaeperkoetter, Claire C.; Mays, Jonathan; Hyland, Sean Thomas; Wilkerson, Zach; Oja, Brent; Krueger, Kyle; Christian, Ronald; Bass, Jordan R. (2017)."The" New "Student-Athlete: An Exploratory Examination of Scholarship eSportsPlayers ".Journal of Intercollegiate Sport.10:1–21.doi:10.1123/jis.2016-0011.
  203. ^"List of varsity esports programs spans North America".ESPN.Retrieved31 January2020.
  204. ^Rowbottom, Mike (28 February 2019)."Seoul to host 2019 Esports World Championships".Inside the Games.Retrieved20 December2019.
  205. ^Ashton, Graham (18 April 2019)."European Esports Federation to Form With 12 National Members".The Esports Observer.Retrieved20 December2019.
  206. ^Valentine, Rebekah (5 November 2019)."Games industry international trade bodies unite on universal esports principles".GamesIndustry.biz.Retrieved20 December2019.
  207. ^Pluss, Matthew A.; Novak, Andrew R.; Bennett, Kyle J. M.; McBride, Ignatius; Panchuk, Derek; Coutts, Aaron J.; Fransen, Job (1 December 2022)."Examining the game-specific practice behaviors of professional and semi-professional esports players: A 52-week longitudinal study".Computers in Human Behavior.137:107421.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107421.ISSN0747-5632.S2CID251260420.
  208. ^Migliore, Lindsey; McGee, Caitlin (2021), Migliore, Lindsey; McGee, Caitlin; Moore, Melita N. (eds.),"Neck and Back Disorders in Esports",Handbook of Esports Medicine: Clinical Aspects of Competitive Video Gaming,Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 71–118,doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73610-1_3,ISBN978-3-030-73610-1,S2CID236650862,retrieved25 February2023
  209. ^Patterson, Richard; McNamara, Eoin; Tainio, Marko; de Sá, Thiago Hérick; Smith, Andrea D.; Sharp, Stephen J.; Edwards, Phil; Woodcock, James; Brage, Søren; Wijndaele, Katrien (September 2018)."Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis".European Journal of Epidemiology.33(9): 811–829.doi:10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1.ISSN0393-2990.PMC6133005.PMID29589226.
  210. ^Hao, Dexter Tan Guan (16 January 2020)."T1 signs global partnership with Nike".Dot Esports.Retrieved15 February2023.
  211. ^Choi, Wonjun; Jang, Wooyoung (William); Song, Hyunseok; Kim, Min Jung; Lee, Wonju; Byon, Kevin K. (9 July 2024)."Esports for development? Exploring esports player profiles and their development and well-being outcomes".International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship.25(3): 684–704.doi:10.1108/IJSMS-08-2023-0160.ISSN1464-6668.
  212. ^"Are esports good for your health? – DW – 02/08/2019".dw.Retrieved19 January2023.
  213. ^eSportwissen.de; Tholl, Chuck (21 June 2018)."[:de]Leistung im eSport[:en]Performance in eSport[:]".esportwissen.de.Retrieved19 January2023.
  214. ^Wattanapisit, Apichai; Wattanapisit, Sanhapan; Wongsiri, Sunton (May 2020)."Public Health Perspectives on eSports".Public Health Reports.135(3): 295–298.doi:10.1177/0033354920912718.ISSN0033-3549.PMC7238713.PMID32237971.
  215. ^Lee, Sangha; Bonnar, Daniel; Roane, Brandy; Gradisar, Michael; Dunican, Ian C.; Lastella, Michele; Maisey, Gemma; Suh, Sooyeon (January 2021)."Sleep Characteristics and Mood of Professional Esports Athletes: A Multi-National Study".International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.18(2): 664.doi:10.3390/ijerph18020664.ISSN1660-4601.PMC7830734.PMID33466788.
  216. ^Stubbs, Mike."Why Esports Team Misfits Is Prioritizing Mental Health For Players And Staff".Forbes.Retrieved15 February2023.
  217. ^David Daw (21 January 2012)."Web Jargon Origins Revealed".TechHive. Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2015.Retrieved22 September2013.
  218. ^Victor Meulendijks (8 February 2012)."IEM Sao Paolo: Manner Bear Conflict".Cadred. Archived fromthe originalon 8 October 2013.Retrieved8 October2013.
  219. ^"IWillDominate Tribunal Permaban & eSports Competition Ruling".4 December 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 26 October 2017.Retrieved9 November2014.
  220. ^Alexander Garfield (10 May 2013)."Evil Geniuses Releases Greg" IdrA "Fields".TeamLiquid.Retrieved8 January2014.
  221. ^"League of Legends Pro Players Banned for" Toxic Behavior "".3 June 2014.Retrieved22 February2015.
  222. ^"Introducing Team Siren – YouTube".YouTube.30 May 2013.
  223. ^"Why Team Siren Matters".10 June 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2015.Retrieved27 December2014.
  224. ^"Siren broke up (with proof) – Page 16 – League of Legends Community".19 June 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 11 March 2017.Retrieved27 December2014.
  225. ^"League of Legends Team Siren Disbands: Valuable Lessons Learned – League of Legends".26 June 2013.Retrieved27 December2014.
  226. ^Vaevictis eSports [@VaevictisTeam] (10 February 2019)."We're proud to present you Vaevictis eSports roster for LCL Spring 2019!"(Tweet).Retrieved3 June2019– viaTwitter.
  227. ^"All-female Russian LoL team Vaevictis Esports lose 52–2 in the LCL: Is this really about giving women a platform or is it just an unfair publicity stunt?".Esports News UK.17 February 2019.Retrieved3 June2019.
  228. ^"League of Legends: Vaevictis eSports removed from LCL due to poor results".Millenium US.18 February 2020.Retrieved25 November2020.
  229. ^"Vaevictis female roster removed from LCL".EarlyGame.Retrieved25 November2020.
  230. ^"League of Legends: All-female team Vaevictis kicked out of LCL due to poor performance; CrowCrowd, owned by former player Likkrit joins the league".InvenGlobal.17 February 2020.Retrieved25 November2020.
  231. ^Jeremy Peel (27 August 2012)."League of Legends' Curse NA and Team Dignitas disqualified from MLG Summer Championship, no first or second place awarded".PC GamesN.Retrieved22 September2013.
  232. ^Laura Parker (10 October 2012)."Riot fines League of Legends cheaters $30,000".GameSpot.Retrieved22 September2013.
  233. ^Sun_tzu (21 June 2013)."Solo out of Rox.KIS".joinDota.Retrieved3 July2014.
  234. ^"Valve Bans Pro Counter-Strike Teams For Match Fi xing".GameSpot.Retrieved2 September2015.
  235. ^"Valve tackles Counter Strike gambling sites".BBC.21 July 2016.Retrieved21 July2016.
  236. ^abcdParkin, Simon (8 April 2015)."Winners might use drugs".Eurogamer.Retrieved19 July2015.
  237. ^abcHodson, Hal (18 August 2014)."Esports: Doping is rampant, industry insider claims".New Scientist.Retrieved19 July2015.
  238. ^abSummers, Nick (17 July 2015)."Top 'Counter-Strike' player admits eSports has a doping problem".Engadget.Retrieved19 July2015.
  239. ^Franzen, Bjoern (14 August 2014)."Doping in eSports – The almost invisible Elephant in the room".BjoernFranzen.Archivedfrom the original on 22 April 2021.Retrieved19 July2015.
  240. ^Hamstead, Coleman (13 February 2021)."'Nobody talks about it because everyone is on it': Adderall presents esports with an Enigma ".Washington Post.Retrieved23 September2021.
  241. ^"ESL Major Series One Rulebook"(PDF).Electronic Sports League.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 July 2015.Retrieved19 July2015.
  242. ^Stout, Hilary (19 May 2015)."Selling the Young on 'Gaming Fuel'".The New York Times.Retrieved19 July2015.
  243. ^Frank 'Riot Mirhi' Fields (5 November 2014)."KOREA'S PRO EXODUS MAY SPELL BAD NEWS FOR THE GAME'S TOP REGION".Riot Games.Retrieved9 November2014.
  244. ^Owen S. Good (18 March 2014)."Top Korean League of Legends player fixed matches before attempting suicide, says eSports league".Polygon.Retrieved9 November2014.
  245. ^Travis Gafford (27 October 2014)."Major changes heading to Korea for the 2015 season".OnGamers. Archived fromthe originalon 10 December 2015.Retrieved9 November2014.
  246. ^Luke Winkie (31 May 2016)The eSports Injury CrisisArchived10 January 2018 at theWayback MachineVocativ, Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  247. ^Leporati, Gregory."Aching wrists, early retirement and the surprising physical toll of esports".Washington Post.Retrieved21 March2022.
  248. ^Caymus (11 November 2014)."Official 2015 Season LoL eSports League Reform Plan Announced (Final Version)".News of Legends.Archived fromthe originalon 18 May 2015.Retrieved28 April2015.
  249. ^"Dota 2 is the richest of the big esports, but its players are the poorest".The Daily Dot.13 August 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 18 May 2015.Retrieved2 May2015.
  250. ^Gaudiosi, John (28 October 2015)."Global esports revenues are nearing 2 billion".Fortune.Retrieved9 November2015.
  251. ^"Resolving Video Games and eSports Disputes: How Can WIPO Alternative Dispute Resolution Options Help?".WIPO Magazine.
  252. ^"Dota 2 Now Lets You Bet In-Game Currency On Pro Tournaments".Kotaku.22 March 2019.Retrieved31 January2020.
  253. ^abcdSmith, Noah (6 April 2018)."Esports bookmaking? Globally, it's already a billion-dollar gambling industry".The Washington Post.Retrieved8 June2018.
  254. ^"Betting is esports' biggest and most underappreciated opportunity".VentureBeat.3 June 2019.Retrieved31 January2020.
  255. ^"LoL esports bets explained ➠ Best esports advice".LoLBettingSites.Retrieved31 January2020.
  256. ^Wolf, Jacob (2 June 2017)."Nevada governor approves esports betting bill".ESPN.Retrieved8 June2018.
  257. ^Jones, Ali (17 May 2018)."Esports betting may soon become legal in several American states".PCGamesN.Retrieved8 June2018.
  258. ^Myers, Maddy (8 June 2018)."New Jersey Added A Last-Minute Esports Betting Ban And No One Knows Why".Kotaku.Retrieved8 June2018.
  259. ^"Esports Betting Laws & Country Restrictions 2019 | Gamopo Esports Hub".Gamopo.Retrieved5 September2019.
  260. ^"New Jersey Allows Esports Betting in Time for League of Legends Final".Esports.net.12 November 2019.Retrieved31 January2020.
  261. ^Bräutigam, Thiemo (24 September 2015)."Is it a problem that esports betting sites are sponsoring teams? – ARCHIVE - The Esports Observer".Esports Observer.Retrieved21 March2022.
  262. ^Kuchefski, Kathryn (14 August 2019)."Betway Partners With PSG.LGD And Gains Control Over Team Branding".Medium.Retrieved31 January2020.
  263. ^"Number of players of selected eSports games worldwide as of August 2017 (in million)".Rift Herald.13 September 2016.Retrieved12 August2018.
  264. ^Sheer, Ian (27 January 2014). "Player Tally for 'League of Legends' Surges". Wsj. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  265. ^Hodge, Victoria; Devlin, Sam; Sephton, Nick; Block, Florian; Drachen, Anders; Cowling, Peter (17 November 2017). "Win Prediction in Esports: Mixed-Rank Match Prediction in Multi-player Online Battle Arena Games".arXiv:1711.06498[cs.AI].
  266. ^"'DOTA analytics': Big data meets e-sports in software giant deal with Team Liquid ".ABS-CBN News.10 May 2018.Retrieved12 August2018.
  267. ^Shah, Saqid (14 December 2018)."Blizzard cancels 'Heroes of the Storm' eSports plans".Engadget.Retrieved16 December2018.
  268. ^McWhertor, Michael (14 December 2018)."Heroes of the Storm pros vent sadness, anger after Blizzard kills game's esports future".Polygon.Retrieved16 December2018.
  269. ^Dave, Paresh."ESPN to cover e-sports with same 'rigor' as it does the big leagues".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved13 July2016.
  270. ^"Yahoo Launches New Experience Dedicated to Esports".Yahoo.Retrieved13 July2016.
  271. ^Tracey Lien (16 July 2013)."How two StarCraft commentators became stars".Polygon.Retrieved11 September2013.
  272. ^Smith, Noah (16 February 2021)."The rise, fall and resonance of ESPN Esports".The Washington Post.Retrieved18 October2021.
  273. ^Justin Binkowski (25 March 2017)."Goodbye eSports: The 2017 AP Style Guide will settle the esports spelling debate once and for all".Dot Esports. Archived fromthe originalon 19 May 2017.Retrieved26 April2017.
  274. ^Taylor Cocke (24 March 2017)."It's official: The AP Style guide spells it 'esports', not 'eSports', 'e-sports', or 'Esports'".Yahoo Esports.
  275. ^Nunnelley, Stephany (18 September 2018)."Fortnite streamer Ninja graces cover of latest ESPN magazine – a first for professional gaming".VG247.Retrieved18 September2018.
  276. ^Jon Partridge (29 October 2014)."How Hitbox plans to take on Twitch".RedBull.Retrieved29 October2014.
  277. ^Erik Cloutier (29 January 2013)."Own3D is Shutting Down. Twitch Declared Winner".GamingSoul.Retrieved1 July2013.
  278. ^"Dreamhack and Twitch Announce Record-Breaking Online Viewership".Dreamhack. 16 April 2021.
  279. ^Paul Tassi (2 May 2013)."Talking Livestreams, eSports and the Future of Entertainment with Twitch".Forbes.Retrieved16 September2013.
  280. ^"MLG Streaming Platform".Major League Gaming. Archived fromthe originalon 9 July 2014.Retrieved28 July2014.
  281. ^"1376% Growth in MLG.tv Viewership in Q1".Major League Gaming. 10 April 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 13 July 2017.Retrieved28 June2013.
  282. ^"MLG Championship 2014 – Anaheim, CA".Esports Maxl. 22 June 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 27 June 2014.Retrieved28 June2013.
  283. ^"Video Game Super Star" Nadeshot "Signs Exclusive Deal with Major League Gaming".Major League Gaming. 10 April 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 13 July 2017.Retrieved28 June2013.
  284. ^abWingfield, Nick (4 January 2016)."Activision Buys Major League Gaming to Broaden Role in E-Sports".The New York Times.Retrieved5 January2016.
  285. ^Lewis, Richard (24 March 2015)."YouTube to relaunch livestreaming service with focus on esports and gaming".The Daily Dot.Archived fromthe originalon 14 April 2015.Retrieved4 May2015.
  286. ^ab"The International Dota 2 championships will be watchable on ESPN3".Polygon.17 July 2014.Retrieved21 July2014.
  287. ^"League of Legends' maker inks rich broadcast contract, with an eye on premium content".Polygon.Vox Media. 18 December 2016.Retrieved18 December2016.
  288. ^Needleman, Sarah E. (16 December 2016)."'League of Legends' E-Sports Contests Lure Newest Fan: Major League Baseball ".The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved18 December2016.
  289. ^Daniel Tack (4 September 2013)."Riot Games, 'League of Legends', And The Future Of eSports".Forbes.Retrieved8 October2013.
  290. ^Radoslav "Nydra" Kolev (25 September 2013)."DreamHack partners with MTG for eSports studio in Stockholm".Gosu Gamers.Retrieved12 November2013.
  291. ^Molina, Brett."Blizzard unveils" Heroes of the Storm "tournament".USA Today.Retrieved24 January2016.
  292. ^Marks, Tom (27 April 2015)."Heroes of the Dorm finals were a success story for esports".PCGamer.Retrieved4 May2015.
  293. ^"ELeague Official Website".Archived fromthe originalon 22 August 2016.Retrieved27 January2016.
  294. ^Commercial broadcast company TV 2 is partnering with local Norwegian organization House of Nerds to bring a full season of esports competition to domestic airwaves.
  295. ^Wynne, Jared (18 February 2015)."Esports are coming to television in Norway".The Daily Dot.Archived fromthe originalon 14 April 2015.Retrieved7 April2015.
  296. ^"Riot Games and Big Ten Network partner for televised Ohio State vs. Michigan State League of Legends match".SB Nation.14 April 2016.Retrieved18 April2016.
  297. ^Tracy, Marc (19 January 2017)."Big Ten Universities Entering a New Realm: E-Sports".The New York Times.Retrieved27 January2017.
  298. ^Jones, Ali (18 August 2017)."The company that governs TV ratings just started an esports organisation".PCGamesN.Retrieved18 August2017.
  299. ^"Overwatch League comes to ESPN, Disney and ABC".ESPN.11 July 2018.Retrieved11 July2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toElectronic sports.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esports&oldid=1240375156"