EUMETSAT
 Logo since 2020 | |
 Headquarters | |
 Member states Cooperating states | |
| Formation | 1986 |
|---|---|
| Headquarters | Darmstadt,Germany |
| Coordinates | 49°51′54″N8°37′37″E/ 49.86500°N 8.62694°E |
Membership | 30 member states |
Official language | English,GermanandFrench |
| Website | www |
TheEuropean Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites(EUMETSAT) is anintergovernmental organisationcreated through aninternational conventionagreed by a current total of 30 European Member States.
EUMETSAT's primary objective is to establish, maintain and exploit European systems of operationalmeteorologicalsatellites.EUMETSAT is responsible for the launch and operation of thesatellitesand for delivering satellite data to end-users as well as contributing to the operational monitoring ofclimateand the detection ofglobal climate changes.
The activities of EUMETSAT contribute to a globalmeteorological satelliteobserving system coordinated with other space-faring states.
Satellite observations are an essential input to numericalweather predictionsystems and also assist the human forecaster in the diagnosis of potentially hazardous weather developments. Of growing importance is the capacity of weather satellites to gather long-term measurements from space in support of climate change studies.
EUMETSAT is not an institution or agency of theEuropean Union,although the majority of its members areEU member states.The organisation became a signatory to theInternational Charter on Space and Major Disastersin 2012, thus providing for the global charitable use of its space assets.[1]
Member and cooperating states[edit]
The national mandatory contributions of member states are proportional to theirgross national income.However, the cooperating countries contribute only half of the fee they would pay for full membership. The convention establishing EUMETSAT was opened for signature in 1983 and entered into force on 19 June 1986.
Satellite programmes[edit]
There are two types of programmes:
- Geostationarysatellites, providing a continuous view of the Earth disc from a stationary position in space.
- Polar-orbitingsatellites, flying at a much lower altitude, sending back more precise details about atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, although with less frequent global coverage.
High-level, stationary in space (Geostationary satellites)[edit]
The current provision of geostationary satellite surveillance is enabled by the Meteosat series of satellites operated by EUMETSAT, generating images of the full Earth disc and data for forecasting.
The first generation of Meteosat, launched in 1977, provided continuous, reliable observations to a large user group. In response to demand for more frequent and comprehensive data, Meteostat Second Generation (MSG) was developed with key improvements in swift recognition and prediction of thunderstorms, fog, and the small depressions which can lead to dangerous wind storms. MSG was launched in 2004. To capture foreseeable user needs up to 2025, a Meteostat Third Generation (MTG) is in active preparation.
Low-level orbiting (Polar satellites)[edit]
EUMETSAT Polar System[edit]
 |
The lack of observational coverage in certain parts of the globe, particularly thePacific Oceanand continents of thesouthern hemisphere,has led to the increasingly important role for polar-orbiting satellite data innumerical weather predictionand climate monitoring.
EUMETSAT Polar System(EPS) Metop mission consists of three polar orbiting Metop satellites, to be flown successively for more than 14 years. The first, Metop-A, was launched by aRussianSoyuz-2.1arocket fromBaikonuron October 19, 2006, at 22:28 Baikonur time (16:28 UTC). Metop-A was initially controlled byESOCfor theLEOPphase immediately following launch, with control handed over to EUMETSAT 72 hours after lift-off. EUMETSAT's first commands to the satellite were sent at 14:04 UTC on October 22, 2006.
The second EPS satellite, Metop-B, was launched from Baikonur on 17 September 2012,[2]and the third, Metop-C, was launched fromCentre Spatial GuyanaisinKourou,French Guianaon 7 November 2018 byArianespaceusing aSoyuz ST-Blaunch vehicle with aFregat-Mupper stage.[3]
Positioned at approximately 817 km (508 mi) abovethe Earth,special instruments on board Metop-A can deliver far more precise details about atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles than a geostationary satellite.
The satellites also ensure that the more remote regions of the globe, particularly in Northern Europe as well as the oceans in the Southern hemisphere, are fully covered.
The EPS programme is also the European half of a joint program withNOAA,called the International Joint Polar System (IJPS). NOAA has operated a continuous series of low earth orbiting meteorological satellite since April 1960. Many of the instruments on Metop are also operated on NOAA/POESsatellites, providing similar data types across the IJPS.
Instruments on Metop[edit]
- A/DCS (Advanced Data Collection System)
- AMSU-A1 and AMSU-A2
- ASCAT AdvancedScatterometer
- AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)
- GOME-2(Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) — instrument to monitorozonelevels
- GRAS (GNSSReceiver for Atmospheric Sounding: global navigation satellite systemsradio occultation)
- HIRS (High ResolutionInfraredSounder)
- IASI (Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer)
- MHS (MicrowaveHumiditySounder)
- SARP-3 and SARR (Search And Rescue Processor and Search And Rescue Repeater)
- SEM (Space Environment Monitor,to measure the intensity of the Earth'sradiation beltsand theproton/electronflux.)
Jason / Sentinel-6[edit]
The Jason-2 programme is an international partnership across multiple organisations, including EUMETSAT, CNES, and the US agencies NASA and NOAA. Jason-2 was launched successfully fromVandenberg Air Force Baseaboard aDelta-II rocketon 20 June 2008, 7:46 UTC.EUMETSAT – What We Do – Jason-2 – Launch Description
Jason-2 reliably delivers detailed oceanographic data vital to our understanding of weather forecasting and climate change monitoring. Jason-2 provides data on the decadal (10-yearly) oscillations in large ocean basins, such as the Atlantic Ocean; mesoscale variability, and surface wind and wave conditions. Jason-2 measurements contribute to theEuropean Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) satellite data assimilation, helping improve global atmosphere and ocean forecasting.
Altimetric data from Jason-2 have also helped create detailed decade-long global observations and analyses of theEl NiñoandLa Niñaphenomena, opening the way to new discoveries about ocean circulation and its effects on climate, and providing new insights into ocean tides, turbulent ocean eddies and marine gravity.
Jason-3 was Launched on 17 January 2016, Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, on a SpaceX Falcon 9 launcher. It is operational since 14 October 2016. Jason-3 is on a non-Sun-synchronous low Earth orbit at 66° inclination and 1336 km altitude, optimised to eliminate tidal aliasing from sea surface height and mean sea level measurements. Jason-2, flies on the same orbit but at 162°. It is built on the same cooperation as Jason-2, involving EUMETSAT, NOAA, CNES and NASA, with Copernicus expected to support the European contribution to operations, as part of its HPOA activity, which also covers contributions to the Jason-CS programme.[4]
The Jason satellites were succeeded by the Sentinel-6 for the radar altimeter mission, part of theEuropean Union'sCopernicus Programmefor Earth observation, with the objective of providing an operational service for high-precision measurements of global sea-level. This mission is implemented as a multi-partner cooperation between theEuropean CommissionandEUMETSAT,ESA,NOAAandNASA,with support from the French space agency,CNES.
The mission, implemented through the two Sentinel-6/Jason-CS satellites (Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich and Sentinel-6B), aims to continue high precision ocean altimetry measurements in the 2020–2030 time-frame. A secondary objective is to collect high resolution vertical profiles of temperature, using the GNSS Radio-Occultation sounding technique, to assess temperature changes in the troposphere and stratosphere and to support Numerical Weather Prediction.[5]
The launch of the first satellite – Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich – occurred successfully on 21 November 2020 from Vandenberg AFB in California, USA on aSpaceXFalcon-9launch vehicle. The satellite was named in honour ofMichael Freilich (oceanographer),an oceanographer and former director ofNASA's Earth Science Division. Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich succeeded Jason-3 as the reference mission for satellite ocean altimetry in April 2022.
The launch of Sentinel-6B is foreseen for late-2025, also on aSpaceXFalcon-9.
See also[edit]
- EUMETNET
- theEuropean Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)
- the FrenchCentre National d'Etudes Spatiales(CNES)
- the USNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA), the US equivalent of EUMETSAT
- the USNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), the US equivalent of theESA
References[edit]
- ^"The International Charter: Space & Major Disasters"(PDF).Disasterscharter.org.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 11 November 2013.Retrieved20 August2017.
- ^"At 18:28 CEST (22:28 Baikonur time), Metop-B was successfully launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on a Soyuz 2.1a rocket".EUMETSAT. Archived fromthe originalon 24 October 2020.Retrieved7 September2016.
- ^"Metop is a series of three polar orbiting meteorological satellites which form the space segment component of the overall EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS)".EUMETSAT. Archived fromthe originalon 22 October 2020.Retrieved31 October2023.
- ^"Jason-3 altimeter data is part of the Copernicus programme and is used by the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS)".eumetsat.int.Archived fromthe originalon 26 October 2020.
- ^"SENTINEL-6".eumetsat.int.Archived fromthe originalon 28 October 2020.
External links[edit]
- Official website
- EUMETSAT weather satellite viewerOnline EUMETSAT weather satellite viewer with 2 months of archived data.
| Africa |
| ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Americas |
| ||||||||||||
| Asia |
| ||||||||||||
| Europe |
| ||||||||||||
| Oceania | |||||||||||||
| World | |||||||||||||
| Former | |||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
- European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
- European space programmes
- Satellite meteorology
- Meteorological organizations
- Space organizations
- Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
- International organisations based in Germany
- 1986 establishments in Europe
- Scientific organizations established in 1986