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Ecbatana

Coordinates:34°48′23″N48°30′58″E/ 34.80639°N 48.51611°E/34.80639; 48.51611
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Ecbatana
Hagmatana
An outdoor excavation site
Ecbatana is located in Iran
Ecbatana
Shown within Iran
Ecbatana is located in Near East
Ecbatana
Ecbatana (Near East)
LocationHamedan,Hamadan Province,Iran
RegionZagros Mountains
Coordinates34°48′23″N48°30′58″E/ 34.80639°N 48.51611°E/34.80639; 48.51611
TypeSettlement
History
BuilderDeioces
Founded11th century BC
Abandoned1220
Periods
CulturesPersian
EventsBattle of Ecbatana
Site notes
ConditionIn ruins
ManagementCultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran
Public accessOpen

Ecbatana/ɛkˈbætənə/(Old Persian:𐏃𐎥𐎶𐎫𐎠𐎴,romanized:HagmatānaorHaŋmatāna,[1]literally "the place of gathering" according toDarius the Great'sinscription atBisotun;Persian:هگمتانه;Middle Persian:𐭠𐭧𐭬𐭲𐭠𐭭;Parthian:𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭕𐭍,romanized:Ahmadān;Late Babylonian Akkadian:𒆳𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡,romanized:ᴷᵁᴿAgamtanu;Elamite:𒀝𒈠𒆪𒈾,romanized:Agmadana;Imperial Aramaic:𐡀𐡇𐡌𐡕𐡀,romanized:Aḥməṯā;Ancient Greek:ἈγβάταναorἘκβάτανα) was an ancient city, the capital of theMedian kingdom,and the first capital inIranian history.It later became the summer capital of theAchaemenidandParthianempires.[2]It was also an important city during theSeleucidandSasanianempires. It is believed that Ecbatana is located in theZagros Mountains,the east of centralMesopotamia,[2]on Hagmatana Hill (Tappe-ye Hagmatāna).[3]Ecbatana's strategic location and resources probably made it a popular site even before the 1st millennium BC.[4]Along withAthensinGreece,RomeinItalyandSusainKhuzestan,Ecbatana is one of the few ancient cities in the world that is still alive and important, representing the current-dayHamadan.[5]

History[edit]

Median kingdom (678 - 550 BC)[edit]

According toHerodotus,Ecbatana was chosen as theMedes' capital in 678 BC byDeioces,the first ruler of the Medes. Herodotus said that it had seven walls.[3]Deioces' intention was to build a palace worthy of the dignity of a king.[6]After choosing Ecbatana as his capital, Deioces decided to build a huge and strong palace in the form of seven nested castles. Herodotus says that each of them was in the color of a planet.[7]The royal palace and the treasury were located inside the seventh castle. The outer perimeter of the castle wall was almost the size of the city wall of Athens.[8]

Goldenrhytonof ram's head, discovered in Ecbatana, kept at theReza Abbasi Museum.

The royal palace, which was built in the last inner fort, had hundreds of rooms and people also built their houses outside of these forts, next to the palace.[9]Some archaeologists have also attributed its construction toPhraortes,the second king of the Medes.[10]Other old legends attribute the origin of Ecbatana to the legendarySemiramisorJamshid.[11][12]Ecbatana has also been mentioned by other Greek historians such asPolybius,Ctesias,JustinandXenophon.[13][14]TheAssyriansdo not seem to mention Ecbatana, and it is likely they never penetrated east of theAlvanddespite two centuries of involvement in Median areas of the centralZagros.[15]

Achaemenid Empire (550 - 330 BC)[edit]

Achaemenidgoldenrhytonin the shape of a lion, from Ecbatana, kept at theNational Museum of Iran.

In 550 BC,Cyrus the GreatdefeatedAstyagesand conquered Ecbatana, forming theAchaemenid Empire.[16]Although Ecbatana lost its former importance, it was located on the royal road, where it connectedPersepolistoSardis,and situated at the foot ofMount Alvand.So it was settled by the Achaemenid rulers. The city became the summer capital and a treasury of the Achaemenids. As mentioned in several sources, the city was also used as a royal archive.[17]

In ancient times, Ecbatana was renowned for its wealth and splendid architecture.[18]In 330 BC whenDarius IIIfacedAlexander,Ecbatana was in ruins, but Darius III ordered the construction of hundreds of hiding places in the middle of the city for treasures and assets.[19]Some weeks before Darius III was killed in a coup in July 330 BC, Ecbatana was conquered, and Persepolis destroyed by Alexander. These events marked the end of the Achaemenid Empire.

Seleucid Empire (312 - 63 BC)[edit]

Coin ofDemetrius I,minted and discovered in Ecbatana.

In 330 BC,Alexander the Greatcaptured the treasury of Ecbatana, and he looted all the gold and silver decorations of the palace.[20]Ecbatana was the site of the assassination of theMacedoniangeneralParmenionby Alexander's order.[3]

Later, in 305 BC, the city was ruled bySeleucus I.TheBattle of Ecbatanawas fought in 129 BC between theSeleucidsled byAntiochus VII Sidetesand theParthiansled byPhraates II,and marked the final attempt on the part of the Seleucids to regain their power in eastern Iran against the Parthians. After their defeat, the territory of the Seleucids was limited to the area of modern-daySyria.[21][22][23]

Parthian Empire (247 BC - 224 AD)[edit]

Coin ofMithridates IIwith a horse depicted on reverse, minted and discovered in Ecbatana.

Ecbatana later became the summer capital of theParthians,[24]and their main mint, producingdrachms,tetradrachms,and assortedbronzedenominations.[25]

The wealth and importance of the city duringclassical antiquityare attributed to its location, a crucial crossroads that made it a staging post on the main east–west highway called High-Road.[26]There was a reputation for horses and wheat in the area (Polybius, 5.44.1).[27]Graphite, gold, platinum, antimony, iron, and various minerals are found there; however, the classics mention oil seeps and flares, and there is no evidence of exploitation of these resources.[28][29][4]

In 130 BC, with the intention of restoring the Seleucid power to Iran,Antiochus VIIstopped in Ecbatana for a short period of time,[30]just asTigranes the Great,who stayed there in the following year to attackMithridates II.[31][32]

Sasanian Empire (224 - 651 AD)[edit]

Ecbatana remained loyal to the Parthians until 226 AD, whenArdashir IdefeatedArtabanus IVand conquered Ecbatana from the north, alongsideAtropatene.[citation needed]There is conflicting evidence as to whether Ecbatana was used as the summer capital for Sasanians or not. According toIbn al-Faqih,buildings were built betweenCtesiphon(The Sassanid capital) and Mount Alvand, but not beyond that.[33]

Destruction[edit]

After thebattle of Nahavandin 642 AD,[34]Ecbatana fell to the Muslims, and around 1220, the city was completely destroyed by theMongol invasion.Ecbatana was sacked in 1386 byTimur,and the population was slaughtered as a result.

Historical descriptions[edit]

Herodotus' description[edit]

Assyrian-erarelief of a Median city built with walls forming concentric circles on a hill, similarly to how Greek authors later described Ecbatana.

The Greeks thought Ecbatana to be the capital of theMedian empireand credited its foundation toDeioces(theDaiukkuof thecuneiforminscriptions). It is alleged that he surrounded his palace in Ecbatana with seven concentric walls of different colors.[35]There are some indications that the walls of this complex might be an ancientziggurat,which was a type of temple tower with multiple stories that were common in theancient Near East.[36]

In the 5th century BC,Herodotuswrote of Ecbatana:

"The Medes built the city now called Ecbatana, the walls of which are of great size and strength, rising in circles one within the other. The plan of the place is, that each of the walls should out-top the one beyond it by the battlements. The nature of the ground, which is a gentle hill, favors this arrangements in some degree but it is mainly effected by art. The number of the circles is seven, the royal palace and the treasuries standing within the last. The circuit of the outer wall is very nearly the same with that ofAthens.On this wall the battlements are white, of the next black, of the third scarlet, of the fourth blue, the fifth orange; all these colors with paint. The last two have their battlements coated respectively with silver and gold. All these fortificationsDeioceshad caused to be raised for himself and his own palace. "

Raquel's reception of Tobias at Ecbatana

Herodotus' description is corroborated in part by stone reliefs from theNeo-Assyrian Empire,depicting Median citadels ringed by concentric walls. Other sources attest to the historical importance of Ecbatana based on the terms used by ancient authors to describe it such asCaput Mediae(capital of Media), the Royal Seat, and the Great City.[26]It is said that Alexander the Great deposited the treasures he took fromPersepolisandPasargadaeand that one of the last acts of his life was to visit the city.[37]

The citadel of Ecbatana is also mentioned in theBibleinEzra 6:2, in the time ofDarius I,as part of the national archives.

Chronicle of Nabonidus description[edit]

TheNabonidus Chronicle,an ancient Babylonian text from the 5th century BC, describes howAstyages,the last Median king, was dethroned and howCyrusconquered Ecbatana.

"KingAstyagescalled up his troops and marched againstCyrus,king ofAnšan[i.e., Persis], in order to meet him in battle. The army of Astyages revolted against him and delivered him in fetters to Cyrus. Cyrus marched against the country of Ecbatana; the royal residence he seized; silver, gold, other valuables of the country Ecbatana he took as booty and brought to Anšan. "[36]

Polybius of Megalopolis description[edit]

Raguel's Blessing of her Daughter Sarah before Leaving Ecbatana with Tobias, byAndrea Vaccaro.

In the 2nd Century BC,Polybiusmentions writes about Ecbatana. He mentioned that the wealth and magnificence of its buildings make it stand out among all other cities. It has no walls but an artificial citadel with amazing fortifications. Underneath this is the palace which is about seven stories in circumference, and its magnificence shows the wealth of its founders. During his time, no parts of the woodwork were left exposed. There were silver or gold-plated rafters, compartments in the ceiling, and columns in the porticos and colonnades, and silver tiles were used throughout the structure. In the invasion byAlexander,most precious metals were stripped, while the remainder were stripped duringAntigonus' andSeleucus' reigns. However, Antiochus found that the columns of the temple of Aene were still gilded and that several silver tiles were piled up around the temple along with some gold bricks (Polybius, 10.27).[38]

Archaeology[edit]

Artabanus II
Phraates III
Vonones I
Osroes I
Phraates V
Vologases V
Mithridates V
Phraates Vand his motherMusa
Vologases VI
Roundel with winged lion, Achaemenid gold

Topographically, Hamadan is characterized by three hills, Mosalla (place of prayer), Tell Hagmatana (Tappa-ye Hagmatana), Sang-e Sir, and the Alusjerd river, which flows from north to south, separates the city into two parts.[4]

The summit of the Moṣallā, an 80 m (260 ft)-high rock hill in the southeast sector, contains stone and brick remnants of a rectangularcitadelmarked by towers. It is believed to be the Median citadel, which dates back no earlier than the Parthian era.[39][4]

The Tell Hagmatana, also called Tepe Hegmataneh (thought to correspond to the ancient citadel of Ecbatana) has a circumference of 1.4 km (0.87 mi) and an area of about 40 hectares, which corresponds to a report fromPolybius,although the ancient Greek and Roman accounts likely exaggerate Ecbatana's wealth, splendor, and extravagance.[3]

Relatively few finds thus far can be firmly dated to the Median era. There is a "small, open-sided room with four corner columns supporting a domed ceiling, similar to a Median-era structure fromTepe Nush-i Jan,interpreted as aZoroastrianfire temple.[40]Excavations have revealed a massive defensive wall made of mud-bricks, and dated to the Median period based on a comparison to Tepe Nush-i Jan andGodin Tepe.There are also two column bases from the Achaemenid period, and some mud-brick structures thought to be from the Median or Achaemenid periods. A badly-damaged stone lion sculpture is of disputed date: it may be Achaemenid or Parthian. Numerous Parthian-era constructions attest to Ecbatana's status as a summer capital for the Parthian rulers.[3]In 2006, excavations in a limited area of Hagmatana hill failed to discover anything older than the Parthian period, but this does not rule out older archaeological layers existing elsewhere within the 35-hectare site.[41]

Ecbatana was first excavated in 1913 byCharles Fossey.[42]Fossey discovered fragments of column bases adorned with arabesques and inscriptions, glazed bricks, and faience tiles during the course of the six-week excavation of Mosalla. Based on his chance discoveries, it looks like the 30 m (98 ft)-high mound, Tell Hagmatana, is the site of the Median citadel and the Achaemenid royal construction. The sculptured head of a prince was found during the three months-long excavation of the eastern section.[42]

Excavations have been limited due to the modern town covering most of the ancient site.[43]In 1969, the Ministry of Culture and Art began buying property on thetellin support of archaeology, though excavation did not begin until 1983. By 2007, 12 seasons of excavation had occurred.[44]In 1974, the Iranian Centre for Archeological Research performed some excavation in the Parthian cemetery located at southeast of Hamedan.[45]The work on the tell is ongoing.[46]

Ecbatana/Hagmatana[edit]

Historians and archaeologists now believe "the identification of Ecbatana with Hamadān is secure." Earlier, a lack of significant archaeological remains from the Median and Achaemenid periods had prompted suggestions of other sites for Ecbatana.[3]

Assyriansources never mention Hagmatana/Ecbatana. Some scholars believed the problem can be resolved by identifying the Ecbatana/Hagmatana mentioned in later Greek and Achaemenid sources with the city Sagbita/Sagbat frequently mentioned in Assyrian texts, since theIndo-Iraniansound /s/ became /h/ in manyIranian languages.The Sagbita mentioned by Assyrian sources was located in the proximity of the cities Kishesim (Kar-Nergal) and Harhar (Kar-Sharrukin).[47][48]

It is now proposed that the absence of any mention of Ecbatana in Assyrian sources can be explained by the possibility that Assyria never became involved as far east as theAlvandmountains, but only in the westernZagros.[3]

Sir Henry Rawlinsonattempted to prove that there was a second and older Ecbatana inMediaAtropateneon the site of the modernTakht-i-Suleiman.However, the cuneiform texts imply that there was only one city of the name, and thatTakht-i Suleimanis theGazacaof classical geography. There is also the claim that Ecbatana used to be the city ofTabriz,[49]which is one of the historical capitals of Iran and the present capital ofEast Azerbaijan province.The city, which was previously called Tauris, was put forward by John-Thomas Minadoi, who cited that his identification of the city was based on data collected from modern and ancient geographers, recent travel accounts, and local informants.[50]This theory was also promoted by other historians, such as Sir William Jones and the chief French orientalists.[51][37]

Ecbatana is the supposed capital ofAstyages(Istuvegü), which was taken by the Persian emperorCyrus the Greatin the sixth year of the reign ofNabonidus(550/549 BC).

Ecbatana Museum[edit]

Two Achaemenidcuneiforminscriptions, kept at the Ecbatana Museum.

Ecbatana Museum was opened in 1994. The museum is open all days of the week except Monday evening.[52]Located in the east of Ecbatana hill, the museum building used to be a nursery school,[53]but it has been put into changes and repairs to create a temporary museum. With an area of over 600 square meters, a significant amount of the findings from Ecbatana are kept at this museum today, with some others at theNational Museum of IranandReza Abbasi Museum.[54][55]

Noushijan Fire Temple[edit]

The Noushijan Fire Temple, near Ecbatana

The Noushijanfire templeis one of the most important and oldest fire temples in the world,[56][57]which is near Ecbatana. It is also the oldest adobe temple in the world.[citation needed]In 1967, the excavations of this place began under the supervision ofDavid Stronach,which led to the identification of three historical periods in three separate floors. The third floor belongs to theParthians,the second floor belongs to theAchaemenids,and the first floor belongs to theMedes.[58][59]This place was the most important fire temple of the Medes from the second half of the 8th century to the first half of the 6th century BC,[60]and it is now one of the most important structures left from the time of the Medes.

Gallery[edit]

  • Details of Ecbatana (1)
    Details of Ecbatana (1)
  • Details of Ecbatana (2)
    Details of Ecbatana (2)
  • Details of Ecbatana (3)
    Details of Ecbatana (3)
  • The outer part of Ecbatana (1)
    The outer part of Ecbatana (1)
  • The outer part of Ecbatana (2)
    The outer part of Ecbatana (2)
  • The adjacent street of Ecbatana
    The adjacent street of Ecbatana
  • Details of Ecbatana (4)
    Details of Ecbatana (4)
  • Details of Ecbatana (5)
    Details of Ecbatana (5)
  • Ecbatana under restoration (1)
    Ecbatana under restoration (1)
  • Ecbatana under restoration (2)
    Ecbatana under restoration (2)
  • Details of Ecbatana (6)
    Details of Ecbatana (6)
  • A panoramic view of Ecbatana
    A panoramic view of Ecbatana
  • Ecbatana's main site
    Ecbatana's main site
  • Details of Ecbatana (7)
    Details of Ecbatana (7)
  • The entrance to Ecbatana
    The entrance to Ecbatana

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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Sources[edit]

  • Brown, Stuart C. (1997)."Ecbatana".Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1.pp. 80–84.
  • Stausberg, Michael;Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna (2015).The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism.John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

External links[edit]

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