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Eday

Coordinates:59°11′N2°47′W/ 59.183°N 2.783°W/59.183; -2.783
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For other uses, seeEday (disambiguation).

Eday
ScotsnameAidee[1]
Old NorsenameEiðøy[2]
Meaning of nameOld Norse for "isthmusisland "[2][3]
One of Eday's beaches, with sea caves adjacent to the southern end of Calf Sound
One of Eday's beaches, with sea caves adjacent to the southern end of Calf Sound
Location
Eday is located in Orkney Islands
Eday
Eday
Eday shown within Orkney
OS grid referenceHY560338
Coordinates59°10′19″N2°46′59″W/ 59.172°N 2.783°W/59.172; -2.783
Physical geography
Island groupOrkney
Area2,745 ha (6,780 acres)[2]
Area rank31 [5]
Highest elevationWard Hill 101 m (331 ft)[2][4]
Administration
Council areaOrkney Islands
CountryScotland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Demographics
Population130[6]
Population rank39 [5]
Population density5.8 people/km2[2][6]
Largest settlementBackaland
Lymphad
References[7]
Calf of Eday Lighthouse
Calf SoundEdit this at Wikidata
Lighthouse on Calf Sound, Eday. The land on the upper right of the picture is the northern tip of the Calf of Eday.
Coordinates59°14′13″N2°45′48″W/ 59.236906°N 2.763399°W/59.236906; -2.763399
Constructed1909 (first)
Foundationconcrete base
Constructionaluminium tower
Automated2002
Height9 m (30 ft)
Shapeoctagonal prism tower with balcony and lantern
Markingswhite tower and lantern
Power sourcesolar powerEdit this on Wikidata
OperatorNorthern Lighthouse Board[8]
First lit2002 (current)
Focal height9 m (30 ft)
Range8 nmi (15 km; 9.2 mi) (white), 6 nmi (11 km; 6.9 mi) (red, green)Edit this on Wikidata
CharacteristicFl (3) WRG 10 s

Eday(/ˈiːdiː/,Scots:Aidee) is one of the islands ofOrkney,which are located to the north of the Scottish mainland. One of the North Isles, Eday is about 24 kilometres (13 nautical miles) from theOrkney Mainland.With an area of 27 km2(10 sq mi), it is the ninth-largestisland of the archipelago.The bedrock of the island isOld Red Sandstone,which is exposed along the sea-cliffs.

There are various well-preservedNeolithictombs, as well as evidence ofBronze Agesettlement and the remains of aNorse-eracastle. During the period ofScottishrule the substantial property of Carrick House was developed at Calfsound, which became aburghfor a short period. During the British era manyagricultural improvementswere introduced, although there has been a substantial decline in the population since the mid-nineteenth century. In the twenty-first century the Eday Partnership has had success in promoting the island's economy. Local placenames reflect the diverse linguistic heritage and the landscapes of the island and its surrounding seas attract abundant wildlife.

Etymology

[edit]
Johan Blaeu's 1654 map ofOrkneyandShetland.Note that the "Calf of Heth Øy"has been transposed from its true position north east of Eday to the west.

"Eday" is a name derived from theOld Norseeiðand means "isthmusisland ".[2][9]This is a name specifically associated with economic activity used only where the isthmus has been a "route for the movement of goods and/or boats from one coast to another".[10]

There are numerous othereiðnames in the islands of the North Atlantic and those in Orkney include Hoxa (Haugeið) onSouth Ronaldsay,Aith (found onWalls,Stronsay and the westMainland) and Scapa inSt Olawhich is derived from the NorseSkálpeið.[11]Bay of Doomy, near the central isthmus on Eday, may also have a name derived fromdómr-eið,meaning "isthmus of the courthouse", indicating it could have been an important meeting place during theNorse period of Scottish history.[9]In the 17th century Eday was also known as "Heth Øy".[12]

In common with elsewhere in the Orkney islands, place names are generally a mixture of Norse,ScotsandEnglishinfluences. Any Pictish names that existed before the arrival of Scandinavian settlers on Eday appear to have been obliterated.[13]The common suffix -quoy is from the Old Norsekví-lóand signifies an enclosure in a marshy area.[14]Skaill on the east coast is from the Norseskáliand suggests an important farm on good fertile land that was associated with several smaller tunships.[15]The Bay of London also has Norse origins,lund-innmeaning "woodland", although this is no longer an apt description for this largely treeless landscape.[16]Old Norselundimeans "puffin",which creatures may once have nested in sandy land at the back of the bay.

Orkney was Christianised before the arrival of Viking settlers, and there are various local "Papa"names that reflect the activities of the pre-Norsepaparmonks there. The farm of Papleyhouse near Linkataing may indicate such a link to the past, although the connection is by no means certain.[17][Note 1]The name "geo",which occurs frequently around the rocky coast, is from the Norsegjáand means a narrow and deep cleft in the face of a cliff.[19]

Geography and geology

[edit]
Looking from Vinquoy Hill towardsWestray

Eday is14 kilometres (8+1⁄2mi) long from north to south but only just over 500 metres wide at the narrow neck of land between the Sands of Doomy and Bay of London[4]and has been described as being "nipped at the waist".[20]The centre of the island is largelymoorlandcovered withheather,and cultivation is confined to the coasts.[21]

The highest points are Flaughton Hill at the island's centre, Fersness Hill at West Side, Vinquoy Hill to the north and Ward Hill to the south, which reaches 101 metres (331 ft).[4]In Orkney this last name, which derives from the Norsevarði,is a common one for the highest point on an island as in the past they were used for lightingwarning beacons.[22]

The largest body of water is the ten-hectare (25-acre) sea southeast of Vinquoy Hill.[23]Loch of Doomy lies on the western side of the narrow "waist" and the smaller Loch Carrick on the north coast.[4]

The population is dispersed along the coastal farmsteads and nowhere on the island has the status of avillage.Calfsound is the most populous of the settled areas, with other concentrations at Millbounds on the east coast, which has apost officeand a community facility in a converted chapel, andBackalandin the south where the ferry from the Mainland docks.[4]

Exposure ofOld Red Sandstone:Red Head at the north end of Eday. The lower and steeper part of the cliff is formed of Middle Eday Sandstone, whereas the upper less steep part is formed of Eday Marl
Geological map of Eday and neighbouring islands

Eday is surrounded by other small islands that make up the "seemingly impossible green and russet jigsaw of Orkney's North Isles".[20]Calf of Edaylies 350 metres (1,100 ft) north of the settlement of Calfsound. Further east isSandayacross the Eday Sound.StronsayandLinga Holmare to the south east andMuckle Green Holmto the south west beyond the straits known as theFall of Warness.Egilsaylies somefive kilometres (2+1⁄2nmi) due west.Rusk Holm,FarayandHolm of Faraylie beyond the Sound of Faray to the northwest, and beyond them is the larger island ofWestray.[4]

In common with its neighbouring isles, Eday is largely formed from MiddleDevonianOld Red Sandstonedeposited in theOrcadian Basin.TheEday Groupis the name for a substantial sequence of sandstones that is found at many locations in Orkney, for which Eday and the area around Eday Sound are thetype area.[24]In places it is up to 800 metres (2,600 ft) thick, and is largely composed of yellow and red sandstones with intervening grey flagstones andmarls.[25]The rock is easily quarried and some of the yellow sandstones from Fersness were used in the construction ofSt Magnus CathedralinKirkwall.[2][16]The Devonian sequence is deformed into a majorfold,the north–south trending Eday Syncline, with the youngest part of the sequence, the Upper Eday Sandstone outcropping in the north of the island from Bay of Cusby to Red Head. The oldest part of the sequence, theRousay Flagstonesare found on the eastern side of the island at Bight of Milldale and from Kirk Taing to War Ness, and to the west from Sealskerry Bay to Fersness. Veness is formed of Upper Eday Sandstonedownfaultedagainst the flagstones.[26]

History

[edit]
Entrance to Vinquoychambered cairn

Prehistory

[edit]

The very limitedarchaeologicalrecord provides scant evidence ofMesolithiclife in Orkney, but the later assemblage of houses and monumentalNeolithicstructures in the archipelago is without parallel in the United Kingdom.[27]

Vinquoy chambered cairn,located in a commanding position overlooking the Calf Sound, is 17 metres (56 ft) in diameter and 2.5 m (8 ft) high. The narrow entrance passage of thisMaeshowe-type tomb leads to a central chamber with four side-cells.[28]Other sites of interest on Eday include the Stone of Setterstanding stonethat dominates the col north of Mill Loch, and which at 4.5 m (15 ft) high is one of the tallest monoliths in Orkney.[29]There are two more chambered cairns atBraesideandHuntersquoy[4]and another on the Calf of Eday. Rectangular in shape, it was excavated in 1936–37 and contains a small chamber with two compartments and a larger one with four stalls that has a separate entrance and was probably added at a later date.[30]

Thelichen-covered Stone of Setter, which is said to resemble a giant hand.[31]

Although there are severalBronze Agesites on the island, they provide less dramatic remains. At Warness in the south west there is aburnt moundfrom this period and there are the ruins of two houses of a similar age on Holm of Faray near the Point of Dogs Bones.[32]The Fold of Setter is an 85-metre-diameter (279 ft) Bronze Age enclosure located to the north of Mill Loch.[33]There is the site of a largeIron Ageroundhousecontaining asaddle quernat Linkataing in north west Eday.[34]Latterly, Orkney was settled by thePictsalthough the archaeological evidence is sparse.[35]

Norse colonisation

[edit]

It is not known "when and how the Vikings conquered and occupied the Isles",[36]and although Norse contacts with Scotland certainly predate the first written records in the 8th century, their nature and frequency are unknown.[37]The place name evidence of a Norse presence on Eday is conclusive and very little is known about the specifics of life on the island at this time. The Norse-era ruins of the Castle of Stackel Brae, which dates from the 12th or 13th century, lie under a green mound to the east of the Bay of Greentoft.[38]The castle may have been the most important building on Eday at this time.[39]

Scottish rule

[edit]

In 1468 Orkney became part of theKingdom of Scotland[40]and an influx of Scottish entrepreneurs helped to create a diverse and independent community that included farmers, fishermen and merchants that called themselvescomunitatis Orcadieand who proved themselves increasingly able to defend their rights against their feudal overlords.[41][42]Nonetheless, the actions of the aristocracy continue to provide much of the information known about affairs on Eday at the time. In 1561, during theReformation,Edward Sinclair was granted thefeuof Eday by Adam Bothwell,Bishop of Orkney.These were turbulent times—Sinclair's duties included to defend the reforming Bishop "against whatsoever invaders"[43]—and later that year he was one of the ringleaders of an anti-Catholic riot in Kirkwall.[43][Note 2]

Carrick House, Calfsound, with Carrick Loch beyond andSandayin the distance

His son William took over the running of the Eday estate in due course, but it became burdened with debt. In 1601 when Edward was "an auld decrepit man... aged 100 or thereby" William attempted to sell the family interest to George Sinclair theEarl of Caithness.[45][Note 3]The new proprietor sent half a dozen boatloads of "vagabondis,broken Highland menof Caithness "to Eday, much to the alarm of the notoriousEarl Patrick of Orkney.Earl Patrick was able to use the poor relationship between the elderly father Edward and his son, (the former claiming William fired muskets at him and grabbed him by the neck like a dog) to take action. Acting, so he alleged, on behalf of Edward, Earl Patrick evicted William, took the Eday the rents for himself and profited from the extraction of building stone from Towback quarry.[45]

John Stewart, Earl of Carrick,the brother of Earl Patrick, was granted Eday in 1632[46][Note 4]and he constructed Carrick House at Calfsound shortly thereafter.[49]He usedpeatto manufacture salt fromsalt pansat both Carrick and on the Calf of Eday. The product was described as "quite fine" in the 17th century when it was undertaken on a substantial scale[49]although of "indifferent quality"[50]in the early 19th century when it was being conducted as acottage industry.[51]Peat extraction was also an important industry in the past as Sanday andNorth Ronaldsayobtained most of their fuel from Eday and this material was also exported towhiskydistilleries on mainland Scotland.[21]

Stewart's ambitions for Calfsound were considerable. Described as the "town and port" of Carrick it became aburgh(the only other one in Orkney being Kirkwall) with the right to appointbailliesand hold markets but it was never likely to flourish in such a location.[48]

British era

[edit]
Abandoned stone-breaking equipment at Southside

From the first decade of the 18th century Orkney became part of the newKingdom of Great Britain.This was a time of great interest inagricultural improvementalthough the changes this brought about were not of significance in Orkney until the mid-nineteenth century.[52]For example, no potatoes were grown on Eday until around 1780.[53]By comparison to these gradual changes, Carrick House saw drama in 1725. The property was now owned by James Fea who had been a school friend of a "Mr Smith", a trader ofStromness.When Smith was unmasked as the notorious pirateJohn Gowhe sought to escape the attentions of the authorities by making for Eday via a raid on Hall of Clestrain, inOrphir.When Gow's shipRevengeran aground on the Calf of Eday, Fea's men took him prisoner and held him at Carrick House, for which Fea was given a £1,700 reward. The bell from theRevengeis still in Carrick House.[46][54][55][56]

In the early nineteenth century thekelpindustry provided significant employment on some of the Orkney islands, but when the market collapsed between 1830 and 1832 it caused considerable hardship.North Ronaldsaywas especially hard-hit and several families were allowed to resettle from there to develop land at Westside on Eday.[57]Rising populations meant increasing land values, especially for small tenancies. In 1843 crofts were valued at£1 per acre (£2+1⁄2per hectare) on Eday, nearly three times the price for larger farms.[58]However, the 20th century saw decline. Immigration from mainland Scotland was essentially unknown even in the late 1950s[59]and the population in 2001 was about an eighth of the total 160 years earlier.[2]

Historical population of Eday
Year184118811891193119611981199120012011
Population944730647430198147166121[2]160[6]

Transport and economy

[edit]
Orkney Ferriesarrival at Bay ofBackaland
OpenHydro Open-Centre turbine being tested at theEMECsite in the Fall of Warness
Eday Heritage and Visitor Centre in the restored formerBaptist Churchnear Millbounds

Eday can be reached by both sea and air from the Orkney Mainland.Orkney Ferriesprovide daily ferry crossings to Backaland on Eday fromKirkwall.[60]The Orkney inter-island air service, operated byLoganair,connectsKirkwall AirportwithEday London Airport.[61]In 2014 the Orkney Islands Council beganconsultationto build a number of fixed crossings between seven of the Orkney Islands. This includes the possibility of a 2.6 mile bridge between Eday and Papa Westray.[62]

Farming andcroftingare mainstays of the local economy, especially livestock husbandry. Flocks of sheep are also kept on Faray.[63]

TheEuropean Marine Energy Centre(EMEC) based at Stromness is aScottish Government-backed research facility. They have installed a wave testing system at Billia Croo on the Orkney mainland and atidal powertesting station, overlooking theFall of Warness,on Eday.[64]The test site was chosen because of the marine currents that reach almost 4 m/s (7.8 kn) atspring tides.There are seven offshore testing berths connected to the 33KV North Isles section of the national grid, via an underground cable.[65]

Eday Partnership, the localdevelopment trustis active in promoting the island's economy and has instigated numerous projects, including Eday Heritage Centre, and the purchase of a new diesel tank for the island. Eday's various community projects contributed £380,000 to the island's economy from 2005 to 2007 and a 900 kW community-owned wind turbine is planned.[66][67]The income that this asset will generate is expected to reduce fuel poverty on the island, support new community enterprises and create affordable housing.[68]

In July 2008, the island celebrated the opening of the Eday Heritage and Visitor Centre in the restored former Baptist Church. There is a heritage display area, a permanent archive, a café and a tourist information point. The Eday Oral History Project records life on the island in the past and is also housed within the centre, which has its own 6 kW wind turbine.[69][70]

The island's population was 160 as recorded by the2011 census[6]an increase of over 30% since 2001 when there were 121 usual residents.[71]During the same periodScottish islandpopulations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702.[72]

Natural history

[edit]
Eriophorum angustifolium,or bog cotton, by the roadside near Sandhill

In the early 19th century Patrick Neill wrote of the local flora that "Eda is a mossy island; a great part of it consisting of barren marshy heaths.Juncus uliginosushere covers whole acres; and the pretty little plantRadiola millegran,or all-seed, is everywhere strewed. "[50][Note 5]Over 120 species of wild plants have been recorded on the island,[20]includingbog myrtlefound nowhere else in Orkney.[55]

In the mid-17th century, Eday was described as being "absolutely full of moorland birds",[49]and today there arered-throated diverson Mill Loch,Arctic skuasandbonxieson the moors andblack guillemotoffshore. Shore birds includemeadow pipit,rock pipitandringed plover.The woodland at Carrick House attracts a variety of migrants, andotterscan be seen around the coasts.[55]There are colonies ofharbourandgrey sealson Muckle Green Holm, Little Green Holm, Faray and Holm of Faray, andwhite-beaked dolphin,minke whaleandkiller whaleare occasional visitors to the area.[75]A ranger provides guided walks throughout the year.[76]

Prominent natives

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Notes
  1. ^The history of the papar is obscure. TheLandnámabókstates that these Christian settlers had already colonisedIcelandbefore the coming of the Norse. The anonymous author of theHistoria Norvegiae,which may date from the 13th century, claimed that "they were Africans adhering to Judaism".[18]
  2. ^The Sinclair's, descendants ofHenry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney,were a powerful force in Orkney from the 14th to the 16th century. Edward was a grandson of Oliver Sinclair of Roslin, himself a son ofWilliam Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness.[44]
  3. ^George Sinclair (1582–1643) was the Fifth Earl of Caithness.[45]
  4. ^John Stewart was a first cousin ofJames VI.He had property in Ayrshire and hankered after the prestigious title "Earl of Carrick".King James allowed him to name his Eday mansion" Carrick ", enabling him to have the style, if not the substance of this title,[47]which became extinct on his death in 1652.[48]
  5. ^Neill notes thatJuncus uliginofusis also known as "little bulbous rush". The modern terminology isJuncus bulbosus.[73]Radiola millegranis known today asRadiola linoides.[74]
Footnotes
  1. ^"Map of Scotland in Scots - Guide and gazetteer"(PDF).
  2. ^abcdefghiHaswell-Smith (2004) p. 386
  3. ^"Orkney Placenames"Archived30 August 2000 at theWayback MachineOrkneyjar. Retrieved 29 Feb 2012
  4. ^abcdefgOrdnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 5Orkney (Northern Isles)(Map). Ordnance Survey. 2008.ISBN9780319228111.
  5. ^abArea and population ranks: there arec. 300islands over 20 ha in extent and93 permanently inhabited islandswere listed in the2011 census.
  6. ^abcdNational Records of Scotland(15 August 2013)."Appendix 2: Population and households on Scotland's Inhabited Islands"(PDF).Statistical Bulletin: 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland Release 1C (Part Two)(PDF)(Report). SG/2013/126.Retrieved14 August2020.
  7. ^Pedersen, Roy (January 1992)Orkneyjar ok Katanes(map, Inverness, Nevis Print)
  8. ^Rowlett, Russ."Lighthouses of Scotland: Orkney".The Lighthouse Directory.University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Retrieved27 May2016.
  9. ^abWaugh (2010) p. 550
  10. ^Waugh (2010) p. 545
  11. ^Waugh (2010) p. 551
  12. ^Blaeu, Johan (mid-1654) "Orcadum and Shetlandiæ" in Irvine (2006) p. 33
  13. ^Waugh, Doreen "Orkney Place-names" in Omand (2003) p. 115
  14. ^Lamb, Gregor "The Orkney Tongue" in Omand (2003) p. 249
  15. ^Waugh, Doreen "Orkney Place-names" in Omand (2003) p. 124
  16. ^abTait (2005) p. 474
  17. ^Thomson (2008) pp. 14–16
  18. ^Thomson (2008) p. 14
  19. ^"Geo".Fettes College. Archived fromthe originalon 1 March 2009.Retrieved9 September2011.
  20. ^abcHewitson, Jim "The North Isles" in Omand (2003) p. 185
  21. ^abHaswell-Smith (2004) p. 387
  22. ^"Orkney Placenames - natural elements"Archived16 November 2011 at theWayback MachineOrkneyjar. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
  23. ^"Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI): Mill Loch"Orkney Islands Council. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  24. ^British Geological Survey."Eday Group".The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units.BGS.Retrieved22 October2012.
  25. ^Hall, Adrian and Brown, John Flett (September 2005)"Upper Middle and Upper Devonian Sediments"."Orkney Landscapes". Retrieved 4 Mar 2012.
  26. ^Mykura, W. (with contributions by Flinn, D, & May, F.) 1976. British Regional Geology: Orkney and Shetland, Institute of Geological Sciences, Natural Environment Council, 149pp.
  27. ^Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 20
  28. ^"Eday, Viquoy Hill"[permanent dead link].Canmore. Retrieved 2 Mar 2012.
  29. ^"Eday, Stone of Setter".Canmore. Retrieved 3 Mar 2012.
  30. ^Noble (2006) pp 116–17
  31. ^"Eday"Archived8 February 2012 at theWayback Machine.Visit Orkney. Retrieved 3 Mar 2012.
  32. ^Wickham-Jones (2007) pp. 65, 76
  33. ^Tait (2005) p. 476
  34. ^Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 97
  35. ^Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 104
  36. ^Ó Corráin (1998) p. 25
  37. ^Graham-Campbell and Batey (1998) pp. 2, 23
  38. ^"Eday, Castle of Stackel Brae"[permanent dead link].Canmore. Retrieved 3 Mar 2012.
  39. ^"Eday, Castle of Stackel Brae".Scotland's Places. Retrieved 3 Mar 2012.
  40. ^Thompson (2008) p. 220
  41. ^Thompson (2008) p. 183
  42. ^Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) pp. 78–79
  43. ^abThomson (2008) p. 258
  44. ^Thomson (2008) p. 235
  45. ^abcThomson (2008) pp. 288–90
  46. ^ab"Eday, Carrick House"[permanent dead link].Canmore. Retrieved 3 Mar 2012.
  47. ^Thomson (2008) p. 302
  48. ^abThomson (2008) p. 303
  49. ^abcStewart, Walter (mid-1640s) "New Choreographic Description of the Orkneys" in Irvine (2006) p. 24
  50. ^abNeill (1806) p. 38
  51. ^Neill (1806) p. 39
  52. ^Thomson (2008) p. 333
  53. ^Thomson (2008) p. 336
  54. ^Tait (2005) p. 481
  55. ^abcHaswell-Smith (2004) p. 388
  56. ^"John Gow - The Orkney Pirate"Orkneyjar. Retrieved 11 Mar 2012.
  57. ^Thomson (2008) p. 360
  58. ^Thomson (2008) p. 382
  59. ^Thomson (2008) p. 445
  60. ^"Published Timetables"Orkney Ferries. Retrieved 10 Mar 2012.
  61. ^"Destinations"Highlands and Islands Airports. Retrieved 10 Mar 2012.
  62. ^"Orkney bridge plan may end world's shortest flight".Archivedfrom the original on 5 November 2019.
  63. ^"Farming"Archived16 March 2012 at theWayback MachineEday Partnership. Retrieved 15 Mar 2012.
  64. ^"EMEC".Retrieved3 February2007.
  65. ^"Fall of Warness Test Site"Archived1 December 2008 at theWayback MachineEMEC.Retrieved 14 Mar 2012.
  66. ^Progress in the heart of the North Isles(26 July 2007) Orkney Today newspaper.
  67. ^"The Eday Partnership"Archived17 March 2012 at theWayback Machine.HIE. Retrieved 15 Mar 2012.
  68. ^"Community Wind Turbine"Archived22 February 2012 at theWayback Machine.Orkney Communities. Retrieved 15 Mar 2012.
  69. ^"Heritage and Visitor Centre finally opens on Eday"[permanent dead link]Local People Leading. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
  70. ^"Eday Heritage & Visitor Centre"Archived31 March 2012 at theWayback MachineEday Partnership. Retrieved 15 Mar 2012.
  71. ^General Register Office for Scotland (28 November 2003)Scotland's Census 2001 – Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands.Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  72. ^"Scotland's 2011 census: Island living on the rise".BBC News. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  73. ^"Juncus bulbosus var. uliginosus".The Plant List: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 3 Mar 2012.
  74. ^"Radiola linoides: Roth - Allseed".Flora of Northern Ireland. Retrieved 3 Mar 2012.
  75. ^"Environmental Description for the EMEC Tidal Test Facility"Archived9 May 2012 at theWayback MachineEMEC.Retrieved 14 Mar 2012.
  76. ^"Eday Ranger"Archived16 March 2012 at theWayback MachineEday Partnership. Retrieved 15 Mar 2012.
  77. ^Lansbury, Coral; Bede Nairn."Spence, William Guthrie (1846–1926)".Australian Dictionary of Biography.Canberra: National Centre of Biography,Australian National University.ISBN978-0-522-84459-7.ISSN1833-7538.OCLC70677943.Retrieved10 May2007.
  78. ^John Flaws Reid – Parliament of Canada biographyRetrieved 16 Mar 2012.
General references
  • Anderson, Joseph (Ed.) (1893)Orkneyinga Saga.Translated by Jón A. Hjaltalin & Gilbert Goudie. Edinburgh. James Thin and Mercat Press (1990 reprint).ISBN0-901824-25-9
  • Graham-Campbell, Jamesand Batey, Colleen E. (1998)Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey.Edinburgh University Press.ISBN0-7486-0641-6
  • Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004).The Scottish Islands.Edinburgh: Canongate.ISBN1-84195-454-3.
  • Irvine, James M. (ed.) (2006)The Orkneys and Schetland in Blaeu's Atlas Novus of 1654.Ashtead. James M. Irvine.ISBN0-9544571-2-9
  • Neill, Patrick (1806)A Tour Through Some Of The Islands of Orkney and Shetland, with a view chiefly to objects of natural history, but including also occasional remarks on the state of the inhabitants, their husbandry and fisheries.Edinburgh. Constable and Company.
  • Tait, Charles "North Isles - Eday" inThe Orkney Guide(2005) Charles Tait Photography. pp. 474–80.ISBN0-9517859-5-8
  • Noble, Gordon (2006)Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire.Edinburgh University Press.ISBN0-7486-2338-8
  • Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003)The Orkney Book.Edinburgh. Birlinn.
  • Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998)Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the Ninth Century.CELT.
  • Thomson, William P. L. (2008)The New History of Orkney.Edinburgh. Birlinn.ISBN978-1-84158-696-0
  • Waugh, Doreen, "Oneið-names in Orkney and other North Atlantic islands "in Sheehan, John and Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2010)The Viking Age: Ireland and the West.Proceedings of the Fifteenth Viking Congress. Dublin. Four Courts Press.ISBN978-1-84682-101-1
  • Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2007)Orkney: A Historical Guide.Edinburgh. Birlinn.ISBN1-84158-596-3
[edit]
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59°11′N2°47′W/ 59.183°N 2.783°W/59.183; -2.783

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