Eichler system
Asystem of plant taxonomy,theEichler systemwas the firstphylogenetic(phyletic) orevolutionarysystem.[1][2]It was developed byAugust W. Eichler(1839–1887), initially in hisBlüthendiagramme(1875–1878) and then in successive editions of hisSyllabus(1876–1890).[3][4][5]After his death his colleagueAdolf Engler(1844–1930) continued its development, and it became widely accepted.
The system was based on dividing theplant kingdominto those plants with concealed reproductive organs (non-floral), the (Cryptogamae,= hidden reproduction) and those with visible reproductive organs (floral), the (Phanerogamae,= visible reproduction).[6]Moreover, Eichler was the first taxonomist to separate the Phanerogamae intoAngiospermsandGymnospermsand the former intoMonocotyledonaeandDicotyledonae.[7]His primary ranks were Divisions (Abtheilung), followed by orders (Reihe).
Blüthendiagramme(1875–1878)[edit]
Volume I (1875)[edit]
Contents pp. VI–VIII
Synopsis:
- Division I Gymnospermae p. 54
- Division II Monocotyledoneae p. 73
- Division III Dicotyledoneae p. 187 (part)
Volume II (1878)[edit]
Contents pp. V–VIII
Synopsis:
- Division III Dicotyledoneae p. 187 (continued)
Syllabus(Fourth edition 1886)[edit]
The system (here taken from the 4th edition of theSyllabus,1886) divides plants into divisions, classes and groups. Groups were further divided into orders.
- Note:ranks translated into Latin
| German | Latin | English |
|---|---|---|
| Abteilung | divisio | Division |
| Unterabteilung | subdivisio | Subdivision |
| Klasse | classis | Class |
| Reihe | ordo | Order |
| Unterreihe | subordo | Suborder |
| Fam. | familia | Family |
| Unterfam. | subfamilia | Subfamily |
| Gruppe | tribus | Tribe |
| Gattung | genus | Genus |
| Art | species | Species |
Outline:p. 6.[8]Page numbers refer to text
- A.Cryptogamae
- division I.Thallophyta
- classis I.Algae
- group I.Cyanophyceae
- group II.Diatomeae
- group III.Chlorophyceaep. 8
- group IV.Phaeophyceae
- group V.Rhodophyceae
- classis II.Fungi
- group I.Schizomycetes
- group II.Eumycetes
- group III.Lichenes
- classis I.Algae
- division II.Bryophyta
- division III.Pteridophytap. 21
- classis I.Equisetinae
- classis II.Lycopodinae
- classis III.Filicinae
- division I.Thallophyta
- B.Phanerogamae
- division I.Gymnospermaep. 33
- division II.Angiospermaep. 34
- classis I.Monocotyleae(7 orders) p. 34
- order I.Liliifloraep. 34
- ordo II.Enantioblastae
- ordo III.Spadiciflorae
- ordo IV.Glumiflorae
- ordo V.Scitamineae
- ordo VI.Gynandreae
- classis II.Dicotyleaep. 39
- subclassis I.Choripetalae
- subclassis II.Sympetalaep. 58
- classis I.Monocotyleae(7 orders) p. 34
Class Monocotyleae[edit]
- order I.Liliifloraep. 34 (6 families)
- 1.Liliaceae(3 subfamilies)
- 2.Amaryllidaceaep. 35
- 3.Juncaceaep. 35
- 4.Iridaceaep. 35
- 5.Haemodoraceaep. 35
- 6.Dioscoreaceaep. 35
- 7.Bromeliaceaep. 35
- ordo II.Enantioblastaep. 35
- ordo III.Spadicifloraep. 36
- ordo IV.Glumifloraep. 36
- ordo V.Scitamineaep. 38
- ordo VI.Gynandreaep. 38
- order I.Liliifloraep. 34 (6 families)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
Works by Eichler[edit]
- Eichler, August W.(1875).Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert. 2 vols[Floral diagrams]. Leipzig: W. Engelmann.Retrieved17 May2015.
- Syllabus der Vorlesungen über PhanerogamenkundeLipsius und Tischer, Kiel 1876.
- Subsequent editions published asSyllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik,2nd ed. 1880, 3rd ed. 1883, 4th ed. 1886, 5th 1890
- Eichler, August W.(1880) [1876].Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik(2nd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
- Eichler, August W.(1883) [1876].Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik(3rd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
- Outline: p. 1 (Eichler 1883,p. 1)
- Eichler, August W.(1886) [1876].Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik(4th ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
- Eichler, August W.(1890) [1876].Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik(5th ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
- Subsequent editions published asSyllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik,2nd ed. 1880, 3rd ed. 1883, 4th ed. 1886, 5th 1890
Other[edit]
- Oudemans, C.A.J.A. (1896).Rangschikking der Planten.inOudemans, C.A.J.A. &Hugo de Vries.Leerboek der plantenkunde, ten gebruike bij het hooger onderwijs.volume 2(2).
- Engler, Adolf(1903) [1892].Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik(3rd ed.). Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag. p. 233.Retrieved31 January2014.
- Lawrence, G. H. M. (1951).Taxonomy of vascular plants.
- Core, Earl Lemley (1955).Plant taxonomy.Prentice-Hall.Retrieved19 May2015.
- Goldberg, Aaron (1986). "Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons".Smithsonian Contributions to Botany.58(58): 1–314.doi:10.5479/si.0081024X.58.
- Sharma, O. P. (2009).Plant Taxonomy(2nd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education.ISBN9781259081378.Retrieved18 May2015.
- Stuessy, Tod F. (2009).Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data(2nd ed.). New York:Columbia University Press.ISBN978-0-231-51864-2.Retrieved5 May2015.
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