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Eilat

Coordinates:29°33′25″N34°57′06″E/ 29.55694°N 34.95167°E/29.55694; 34.95167
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This article is about the city. For other uses, seeEilat (disambiguation).
"Elat" redirects here. For the Canaanite goddess, seeAsherah.

Eilat
אילת
إيلات
City
From upper left:Eilat coastline at night (×2), evening view of Eilat marina, view of Eilat North Beach, view from the promenade to the outskirts and the surroundingmountains of Eilat.
Flag of Eilat
Flag
Emblem of Eilat
Eilat is located in Southern Negev region of Israel
Eilat
Eilat
Eilat is located in Israel
Eilat
Eilat
Coordinates:29°33′25″N34°57′06″E/ 29.55694°N 34.95167°E/29.55694; 34.95167
CountryIsrael
DistrictSouthern
Founded7000 BCE(Earliest settlements)
1951(Israeli city)
Government
• MayorMeir Yitzhak Halevi
Area
• Total84,789dunams(84.789 km2or 32.737 sq mi)
Population
(2022)[1]
• Total53,151
• Density630/km2(1,600/sq mi)
Websiteeilat.muni.il

Eilat(/eɪˈlɑːt/ay-LAHT,UKalso/eɪˈlæt/ay-LAT;Hebrew:אֵילַת[eˈlat]ⓘ;Arabic:إِيلَات,romanized:Īlāt) isIsrael's southernmost city, with a population of 53,151,[1]a busyportand popularresortat the northern tip of theRed Sea,on what is known in Israel as the Gulf of Eilat and inJordanas theGulf of Aqaba.The city is considered a tourist destination for domestic and internationaltouristsheading to Israel.

Eilat is part of the SouthernNegevDesert, at the southern end of theArabah,adjacent to theEgyptianresort city ofTabato the south, theJordanianport city ofAqabato the east, and within sight ofHaql,Saudi Arabia,across the gulf to the southeast.

Eilat's ariddesert climateand low humidity are moderated by proximity to a warm sea. Temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in summer, and 21 °C (70 °F) in winter, while water temperatures range between 20 and 26 °C (68 and 79 °F). Eilat averages 360 sunny days a year.[2]

Name

Further information:ElathandAqaba § Name

The nameEilatwas given to the abandoned frontier post ofUmm al-Rashrāsh(أم الرشراش) in 1949 by theCommittee for the Designation of Place-Names in the Negev,referring toElath,a location mentioned in theHebrew Biblethat is thought to be located nearby in modernJordan.One committee member,Yeshayahu Press,stated "when the real Eilat finally is in our hands, our settlement will expand and reach over to there."[3]

Geography

Eilat aerial view

The geology and landscape are varied: igneous andmetamorphic rocks,sandstone and limestone; mountains up to 892 metres (2,927 ft)above sea level;broad valleys such as the Arava, and seashore on the Gulf of Aqaba. With an annual average rainfall of 28 millimetres (1.1 in) and summer temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) and higher,water resourcesand vegetation are limited. "The main elements that influenced the region's history were the copper resources and other minerals, the ancient international roads that crossed the area, and its geopolitical and strategic position. These resulted in a settlement density that defies the environmental conditions."[4]

History

1822 (Eduard Rüppell)
1952-58 (Survey of Israel)
On the left a map drawn by the first foreigner to explore the area in modern times with current borders overlaid; modern Eilat is located between the mountain "Gatal Mahamar" and the area labelled "marais saumâtre" (brackish marsh). On the right, an early Israeli map drawn shortly after the founding of modern Eilat.
Historical "Elath" / Ayla is located atAqaba,inJordan;the Israeli map includes the wordsHebrew:אֵילַת הרומאית,lit. 'Roman Eilat'. The mound shown on the 1822 map as "Ruines d'Elana" is today known asTell el-Kheleifeh,speculated to be BiblicalEzion-Geber;it is shown on the Israeli map asHebrew:עֶצְיֹן גֶּבֶר,lit. 'Ezion-Geber'. The mountain peak named "Gebel Gatal Mahamar" in 1822 is namedHebrew:הַר שְׁלֹמֹה,lit. 'Mount Solomon' in the Israeli map

Early history

Archaeological excavationsuncovered impressive prehistoric (Neolithic) tombs dating to the7th millennium BCat the western edge of Eilat, while nearby copper workings and mining operations atTimna Valleyare one of the oldest on earth.[5]

An Islamic community of 250–400 residents flourished for one or two generations in the area during theUmayyad period.[6]It dealt in agriculture, copper mining andsmelting,as well as trading with pilgrims by taking advantage of the adjacentDarb el-Hajj('Way of theHajj') route in the 8th century CE.[6]There was some sporadical reuse of the abandoned site by pastoralists during the 9th.[6]It was one of six very similar contemporary villages discovered in close vicinity, two along the northbound leg of theDarb,and three to the southwest, along the coastal road, all of them depending on the nearby port ofAylaand the Hajj road.[6]Its remains were found and excavated in 1989, between the industrial zone at the northern edge of Eilat and nearbyKibbutzEilot.[6]

Modern city

Israeli soldiers stabilize a flag pole whilst another soldier climbs it in order to raise an improvised flag; the soldier is seen about halfway up the flag pole. Other soldiers look on.
The raising of theInk Flag,when Eilat was captured duringOperation Uvda

During theBritish Mandate era,a British police post existed in the area, which was known asUmm Al-Rashrash.The area was designated as part of the Jewish state in the1947 UN Partition Plan.During the1948 Arab-Israeli War,the abandoned police post, which consisted of five clay huts, was taken without a fight on March 10, 1949, as part ofOperation Uvda.[7][8]This marked the end of Israel's war for independence. Thememorial at the historical placeof March 1949 was declared aNational Heritage Sitein 1994.

The town developed over the following years.Eilat Airportwas built in 1949 and individual ships began arriving in the 1950s, but as there were no dedicated port facilities they unloaded their goods at sea. In the early 1950s, Eilat was a small and remote town, populated largely by port workers, soldiers, and former prisoners. The town's development accelerated in 1955, when it had a population of about 500. The Timna Copper Mines[9]near theTimna Valleyand thePort of Eilatwere opened that year and concerted effort by the Israeli government to populate Eilat began, starting with Jewish immigrant families fromMoroccobeing resettled there. Eilat began to develop rapidly after theSuez Crisisin 1956, with its tourism industry in particular starting to flourish. TheIsraeli Navy's Eilat naval base was founded that year.[10]The town's population grew to 5,300 in 1961.Yoseftal Medical Centerand theEilat-Ashkelon pipelinewere completed in 1968, and the population increased further, reaching 13,100 in 1972 and 18,900 in 1983.

Eilat in 1963

After the1948 Arab–Israeli WarArab countries maintained a state of hostility with Israel, blocking all land routes; Israel's access to and trade with the rest of the world was by air and sea alone. Further, Egypt denied passage through theSuez Canalto Israeli-registered ships or to any ship carrying cargo to or from Israeli ports. This made Eilat and its sea port crucial to Israel's communications, commerce and trade with Africa and Asia, and for oil imports. Without recourse to a port on the Red Sea Israel would have been unable to develop its diplomatic, cultural and trade ties beyond theMediterraneanbasin and Europe. This happened in 1956 and again in 1967, when Egypt's closure of theStraits of Tiranto Israeli shipping effectively blockaded the port of Eilat. In 1956, this led to Israel's participation alongside Britain and France in the war against Egypt sparked by theSuez Crisis,while in 1967 90% of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran.[11]Oil tankers that were due to pass through the straits were delayed.[12][13]The straits' closure was cited by Israel as an additionalcasus bellileading to the outbreak of theSix-Day War.Followingpeace treatiessigned withEgypt in 1979andJordan in 1994,Eilat's borders with its neighbors were finally opened.

Israeli–Arab conflict

Eilat is especially defended by its own special forces unit Lotar Eilat. It is a reservistspecial forces unit of the IDFtrained in counter-terrorism andhostage rescuein the Eilat area, which has taken part in many counter-terrorist missions in the region since its formation in 1974. The Lotar unit is composed solely of reservists, citizens who must be Eilat residents between the ages of 20 and 60, who are on call in case of a terrorist attack on the city. It is one of only three units in the IDF authorized to free hostages on its own command.[14][15]In 2007 theEilat bakery bombingkilled three civilian bakers.[16][17]This was the first such attack in Eilat proper,[18]although other terror attacks had been carried out in the area.[19]

In 2011, terrorists infiltrated Israel across theSinaiborder to execute multiple attacks on Highway 12, including a civilian bus and private car a few miles north of Eilat, in what became known as the2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks.[20][21]

In order to prevent terrorist infiltration of Israel from the Sinai, Israel has built theEgypt–Israel barrier,a steel barrier equipped with cameras, radar and motion sensors along the country's southern border.[22]The fence was completed in January 2013.[23]

Future development plans

Eilat's north beach

In July 2012, Israel signed an agreement with China to cooperate in building thehigh-speed railway to Eilat,a railway line which will serve both passenger and freight trains. It will link Eilat withBeershebaandTel Aviv,and will run through theArava Valleyand Nahal Zin.[24]

The formerEilat Airportwas closed on 18 March 2019 after the opening ofRamon Airport.The land occupied by the former airport is to be redeveloped. The new Ramon Airport opened in January 2019, 18 kilometres (11 miles) north of Eilat and replaced both Eilat Airport and the civilian use ofOvda Airport.[25]Hotels and apartment buildings, containing a total of 2,080 hotel rooms and 1,000 apartments will be constructed on the site, as well as 275dunamsof public space and pedestrian paths. The plans also set aside space for the railway line and an underground railway station. The plan's goal is to create an urban continuum between the city center and North Beach, as well as tighten the links between the city's neighborhoods, which were separated by the airport.[26]

In addition, there are plans to move thePort of Eilatand theEilat-Ashkelon pipelineterminal to the northern part of the city, as well as to turn it into a university town of science and research, and brand it an international sports city. All these projects are part of a plan to increase Eilat's population to 150,000 people and build 35,000 hotel rooms.[27]

During theIsrael-Hamas Warand ensuingRed Sea crisis,the port saw an 85% reduction in volumes and by 12 July the port of Eilat declared bankruptcy resulting in it seeing no economic activity or revenue for eight months.[28]

Climate

Eilat has ahot desert climate(Köppen:BWh)[29]with very hot, dry summers and warm, similarly dry winters. Winters are usually between 11–23 °C (52–73 °F). Summers are usually between 26–40 °C (79–104 °F). There are relatively smallcoral reefsnear Eilat; however, 50 years ago[when?]they were much larger.[citation needed]

Climate data for Eilat (Temperature: 1987–2010, Precipitation: 1980–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.2
(90.0) 		35.8
(96.4) 		38.7
(101.7) 		43.4
(110.1) 		45.2
(113.4) 		47.4
(117.3) 		48.3
(118.9) 		48.0
(118.4) 		45.0
(113.0) 		44.3
(111.7) 		38.1
(100.6) 		33.6
(92.5) 		48.3
(118.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 26.3
(79.3) 		29.3
(84.7) 		32.8
(91.0) 		38.2
(100.8) 		42.1
(107.8) 		43.6
(110.5) 		44.1
(111.4) 		43.2
(109.8) 		41.9
(107.4) 		39.7
(103.5) 		33.4
(92.1) 		28.0
(82.4) 		44.1
(111.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 21.3
(70.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		26.1
(79.0) 		31.0
(87.8) 		35.7
(96.3) 		38.9
(102.0) 		40.4
(104.7) 		40.0
(104.0) 		37.3
(99.1) 		33.1
(91.6) 		27.7
(81.9) 		23.0
(73.4) 		31.5
(88.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		24.7
(76.5) 		29.1
(84.4) 		32.0
(89.6) 		33.8
(92.8) 		33.7
(92.7) 		31.3
(88.3) 		27.4
(81.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		25.4
(77.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.4
(50.7) 		11.8
(53.2) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.4
(65.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		25.2
(77.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		11.9
(53.4) 		19.4
(66.9)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6) 		7.4
(45.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.7
(63.9) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.8
(76.6) 		22.0
(71.6) 		17.4
(63.3) 		11.5
(52.7) 		7.5
(45.5) 		5.9
(42.6)
Record low °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2) 		0.9
(33.6) 		3.0
(37.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.1
(53.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.6
(65.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.3
(41.5) 		2.5
(36.5) 		0.9
(33.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 4
(0.2) 		3
(0.1) 		3
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		1
(0.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		4
(0.2) 		2
(0.1) 		5
(0.2) 		24
(1)
Average rainy days(≥ 0.1 mm) 2.1 1.8 1.6 0.9 0.7 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.8 1.9 10.5
Averagerelative humidity(%) 32 28 25 19 16 15 17 18 23 27 29 33 24
Mean monthlysunshine hours 229.4 237.3 251.1 273 319.3 324 347.2 347.2 291 282.1 246 217 3,364.6
Source:Israel Meteorological Service[30][31][32][33]
Eilat mean sea temperature[34]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
22 °C (72 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 23 °C (73 °F)

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1955500—
19615,300+960.0%
197213,100+147.2%
198318,900+44.3%
199532,500+72.0%
200847,300+45.5%
201750,724+7.2%
Source:CBS[35]

The overwhelming majority of Eilat's population areJews.Arabs constitute about 4% of the population.[36]Eilat's population includes a large number of foreign workers, estimated at over 10,000 working as caregivers, hotel workers and in the construction trades. Eilat also has a growingIsraeli Arabpopulation, as well as many affluentJordaniansandEgyptianswho visit Eilat in the summer months.

In 2007, over 200Sudanese refugees from Egyptwho arrived in Israel illegally on foot were given work and allowed to stay in Eilat.[37][38][39]

Education

The educational system of Eilat accommodates more than 9,000 youngsters in eight day-care centers, 67 pre-kindergartens and kindergartens, 10 elementary schools, and 3 six-year high schools. Also, there are some special-education schools and religious schools.[40]Ben Gurion University of the Negevmaintains a campus in Eilat. The Eilat branch has 1,100 students, about 75 percent from outside the city. In 2010, a new student dormitory was funded and built by the Jewish Federation of Toronto, the Rashi Foundation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the municipality of Eilat.[41]TheSPNI's Eilat Field School on the outskirts of Eilat offers special hiking tours that focus ondesert ecology,theRed Sea,bird migrationand other aspects of Eilat's flora and fauna.[42]TheHesder YeshivaAyelet Hashachar, is based in Eilat, established in 1997.[43]

Healthcare

Yoseftal Medical Center,established in 1968, is Israel's southernmost hospital, and the only hospital covering the southernNegev.With 65 beds, the hospital is Israel's smallest. Special services geared to the Red Sea region are ahyperbaric chamberto treat victims of diving accidents andkidney dialysisfacilities open to vacationing tourists.[44]

Transportation

Ramon Airport
Port of Eilat

Air

Since 2019,Ramon International Airporthas handled commercial domestic and international flights to Eilat (IATA:ETM,ICAO:LLER).

Former airports

  • Eilat Airportis located in the city centre and was used largely for domestic flights[45](IATA: ETH, ICAO: LLET). The former site is to beredeveloped.
  • International flights often usedOvda International Airportsome 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of the city[46](IATA: VDA, ICAO: LLOV). While no civilian flights use the airport any longer, it remains in use as a military airbase and foraircraft storage.

Road

Eilat has two main roads connecting it with the center of Israel -Route 12,which leads North West, andRoute 90which leads North East, and South West to the border crossing with Egypt.

Bus

Egged,the national bus company, provides regular service to points north on an almost hourly basis as well as in-city on a half-hourly basis during daylight hours. In part due to the comparatively long travel times, there are different booking procedures for buses to Eilat, including the option of advance reservations.[47][48][49]

Border crossings with Egypt and Jordan

Yitzhak Rabin Crossing

Maritime

ThePort of Eilatand Eilat Marina allow travel by sea.

Rail

Future plans also call for a rail link, sometimes referred to as theMed-Red[50]to decrease travel times substantially from Eilat toTel AvivandJerusalem,via the existing line atBeer Sheba;planning is underway. As of 2021Dimona railway stationis the southernmost passenger train station in Israel.[51]

Economy

In the 1970s tourism became increasingly important to the city's economy as other industries shut down or were drastically reduced. Today tourism is the city's major source of income, although Eilat became afree trade zonein 1985.[52]

Tourism

Eilat Sports Center,a $3 million project, was completed in 2013.

Eilat offers a wide range of accommodations, from hostels and luxury hotels toBedouinhospitality. In recent years Eilat has been the target of militants from Egypt and Gaza causing a reduced tourist inflow to the region. Attractions include:

  • Birdwatchingand ringing station: Eilat is located on the main migration route between Africa and Europe. International Birding & Research Center in Eilat.[53]
  • Cameltours
  • Coral Beach Nature Reserve,an underwatermarine reserveof tropical marine flora and fauna
  • Coral World Underwater Observatory,located at the southern tip of Coral Beach, it has aquaria, a museum, simulation rides, and shark, turtle, andstingraytanks. The observatory is the biggestpublic aquariumin the Middle East.[54]
  • Dolphin Reef,a marine biology and research station where visitors can swim and interact with dolphins[55]
  • Freefallparachuting.
  • Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve,established in the 1960s to conserveendangered species,including Biblical animals, from this and similar regions. The reserve has a visitors' center, care and treatment enclosures, and large open area where desert animals are acclimated before re-introduction into the wild. Hai-Bar efforts have successfully re-introduced the Asian wild ass, oronager,into theNegev.[56]The Hai-Bar Nature Reserve and animal re-introduction program were described in Bill Clark's book "High Hills and Wild Goats: Life Among the Animals of the Hai-Bar Wildlife Refuge". The book also describes life in Eilat and the surrounding area.[57]
  • Marina,with some 250 yacht berths
  • Timna Valley Park,the oldest copper mines in the world; Egyptian temple of Hathor, King Solomon's Pillars sandstone formation, ancient pit mines androck art[58]
  • "What's Up", a portable astronomicalobservatorywith programs in the desert and on the promenade[59]
  • Ice Mall, ice skating rink and shopping mall

Dive tourism

Coral World Underwater Observatory
Eilat sea

Skin andscuba divingequipment is for hire on or near all major beaches. Scuba diving equipment rental andcompressed airare available from diving clubs and schools all year round. Eilat is located in theGulf of Aqaba,one of the most popular diving destinations in the world. The coral reefs along Eilat's coast remain relatively pristine and the area is recognized as one of the prime diving locations in the world.[60]About 250,000 dives are performed annually in Eilat's 11 km (6.8 mi) coastline, and diving represents 10% of the tourism income of this area.[61]In addition, given the proximity of many of these reefs to the shore, non-divers can encounter the Red Sea's reefs with relative ease.[60]Water conditions for SCUBA divers are good all year round, with water temperatures around 21–25 °C (70–77 °F), with little or no currents and clear waters with an average of 20–30 metres (66–98 feet) visibility.

Museums

Film

Eilat has been utilized by film and television productions – domestic and foreign – for location shooting since the 1960s, most notably in the early 90s as a tropical locale for season 2 of the Canadian productionTropical Heat.

It was also used in the filmsShe,Madron,AshantiandRambo III.

Archaeology

Despite harsh conditions, the region has supported large populations as far back as 8,000 BCE.[citation needed]

Exploration of ancient sites began in 1861, but only 7% of the area has undergone seriousarchaeological excavation.Some 1,500 ancient sites are located in a 1,200-square-kilometer (460 sq mi) area. In contrast to the gaps found in settlement periods in the neighbouring Negev Highlands and Sinai, these sites show continuous settlement for the past 10,000 years.[citation needed]

Notable people

Shahar Tzuberi

Twin towns – sister cities

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel

Eilat istwinnedwith:[62]

Eilat has streets named afterAntibes,Durban,Kamen,KampenandLos Angelesas well as a Canada Park.

Panoramic views

Eilat coastline at night
Panorama of theEilat Mountains

See also

References

  1. ^ab"Regional Statistics".Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.Retrieved21 March2024.
  2. ^Discovering the World of the Bible,LaMar C. Berrett, (Cedar Fort 1996), page 204
  3. ^Eretz Magazine (3 June 2018), Editorial,The Names CommitteeArchived2020-09-22 at theWayback Machine:"The issue of Eilat took up another chunk of the committee’s time. In 1949, Eilat did not exist. The city was founded only in 1952. But a place by the name of Eilat appears time and again in the biblical record. It was one of the stations in the wanderings of the people of Israel during the exodus from Egypt. King Solomon built ships on the shore of the Sea of Sof, in the land of Edom at Etzion Gever, which is Eilat. King Azariya of Judah built the city of Eilat, and so on and so forth. However, the location of this place called Eilat or Etzion Gaver remained unclear. On the shore of the gulf, where the big shopping mall of Eilat is today, a small adobe hut stood. The hut served as a British police station called Umm Rashrash. “On the map,” Yeivin explained, “we see a place called Umm Rashrash and next to it the name Eilat. But Eilat was not here. Biblical and Roman Eilat were across the border in Jordan. The name Eilat should be erased from the map.”; “We cannot give up Eilat,” Press retorted, “when the real Eilat finally is in our hands, our settlement will expand and reach over to there.” David Amiran, the geographer, suggested that Eilat should be the name of the settlement that would be built on the shore of the gulf, which should be called the Gulf of Eilat. Ben-Zvi was for eliminating Umm Rashrash from the map together with Etzion Gaver. Eilat is Eilat, he said, musing that maybe the committee should call Umm Rashrash Etzion Gaver and establish Eilat elsewhere. The committee ultimately decided to replace the name Umm Rashrash with Eilat. Etzion Gaver was commemorated on the map by dubbing a well along the coast Be’er Etzion Gever. Today the well is buried under the artificial lagoon in Eilat. "
  4. ^Avner, U. 2008. Eilat Region. In, A. Stern (ed.). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavation in theHoly Land,Volume 5 (Supplementary). Jerusalem. 1704–1711.
  5. ^"Chalcolithic, 5th Millennium BC, Copper Smelting at Timna"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 3 March 2021.
  6. ^abcdeYehudah Rapuano (2013). "An Early Islamic Settlement and a Possible Open-Air Mosque at Eilat".'Atiqot.75:129–165.
  7. ^John S. Haupert (1964). "Development of Israel's Frontier Port of Elat".The Professional Geographer.16(2): 13–16.Bibcode:1964ProfG..16...13H.doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1964.00013.x.
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  11. ^Avi Shlaim; William Roger Louis (13 February 2012).The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences.Cambridge University Press. p. 224.ISBN978-1-107-00236-4.Archivedfrom the original on 20 March 2015.Retrieved20 February2016.90% of Israeli oil was imported through the Straits of Tiran
  12. ^Avi Shlaim; William Roger Louis (13 February 2012).The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences.Cambridge University Press. p. 27.ISBN978-1-107-00236-4.Archivedfrom the original on 20 March 2015.Retrieved20 February2016.
  13. ^"Daily brief to the U.S president on 27 May 1967"(PDF).27 May 1967.Archived(PDF)from the original on 17 June 2014.Retrieved26 May2014."diverted as was a sister ship yesterday
  14. ^The real 24: An inside look at an elite IDF anti-terror unitArchived2015-07-02 at theWayback MachineFriday August 26, 2011
  15. ^"5 Things You Didn't Know about the Eilat Counterterrorism Unit".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-02-20.Retrieved2018-11-27.
  16. ^Suicide Bomb Kills 3 in Bakery in IsraelArchived2018-12-15 at theWayback Machine– The New York Times, Jan 29, 2007
  17. ^"Eilat driver warned police about terrorist minutes before attack".Haaretz.April 17, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on December 1, 2017.RetrievedOctober 29,2012.
  18. ^"Peretz orders IDF to prepare for operations in Gaza".The Jerusalem Post.January 29, 2007.Archivedfrom the original on December 15, 2019.RetrievedOctober 29,2012.
  19. ^"Past terror attacks in the Eilat area".Haaretz.January 29, 2007.Archivedfrom the original on April 18, 2009.RetrievedOctober 29,2012.
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