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Elizabeth J. Feinler

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Elizabeth "Jake" Feinler
Jake Feinler, c.2011
Born
Elizabeth Jocelyn Feinler

(1931-03-02)March 2, 1931(age 93)[1]
Wheeling, West Virginia,U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materWest Liberty State CollegeandPurdue University
Known forRunning the originalARPANETNICat SRI
Scientific career
FieldsComputer science
InstitutionsSRI,NASA Ames,Computer History Museum

Elizabeth Jocelyn"Jake"Feinler(born March 2, 1931) is an Americaninformation scientist.From 1972 until 1989 she was director of the Network Information Systems Center at theStanford Research Institute(SRI International). Her group operated theNetwork Information Center(NIC) for theARPANETas it evolved into theDefense Data Network(DDN) and theInternet.[2]

Early life and education

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Feinler was born on March 2, 1931, inWheeling, West Virginia,where she also grew up.[1][2]In 1954, she received an undergraduate degree fromWest Liberty State College,the first from her family to attend college.

Career

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Early career

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Feinler was working toward aPh.D.inbiochemistryfromPurdue Universitywhen she decided to earn some money by working for a year or two before starting on her thesis. Working at theChemical Abstracts ServiceinColumbus, Ohio,she served as an assistant editor on a huge project to index the world's chemical compounds. There she became intrigued with the challenges of creating such large data compilations and never returned to biochemistry. Instead, in 1960, she relocated toCaliforniaand joined the Information Research Department at theStanford Research Institute(now SRI International) where she worked to develop theHandbook of Psychopharmacologyand theChemical Process Economics Handbook.[3]

ARPANET and NIC

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Feinler was leading the Literature Research section of SRI's library when, in 1972,Doug Engelbartrecruited her to join hisAugmentation Research Center(ARC), which was sponsored by theInformation Processing Techniques Officeof the USDefense Advanced Research Project Agency(DARPA). Her first task was to write aResource Handbookfor the first demonstration of theARPANETat the International Computer Communication Conference. By 1974 she was the principal investigator to help plan and run the new Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET.[4][5]

The NIC provided reference service to users (initially over the phone and by physical mail), maintained and published a directory of people (the "white pages" ), a resource handbook (the "yellow pages", a list of services) and the protocol handbook. After the Network Operations Center atBolt, Beranek and Newmanbrought new hosts onto the network, the NIC registered names, provided access control for terminals, audit trail and billing information, and distributed Requests for Comments (RFCs).[6]Feinler, working withSteve Crocker,Jon Postel,Joyce Reynoldsand other members of the Network Working Group (NWG), developed RFCs into the official set of technical notes for the ARPANET and later theInternet.The NIC provided the first links to on-line documents using theNLSJournal system developed at ARC.[4]Engelbart continued leading-edge research in the ARC, while the NIC provided a service to all network users. This led to establishing the NIC as a separate project with Feinler as manager.[7]

The NWG and Feinler's team defined a simple text file format for host names in 1974,[8]and revised the format several times as the networks evolved.[9][10]The host table itself was continuously updated on almost a daily basis. In 1975, theDefense Communication Agency(DCA) took operational control and support, and over time split the ARPANET into research and military networks. DCA used the nameDefense Data Networkto refer to the combination, and the NIC served as its information center. Whene-mailand theFile Transfer Protocol(FTP) became available around 1976, the NIC used them to deliver information to users via the network.[4]In 1977, Postel moved to theInformation Sciences Institute,and the RFC editor and number assignment functions moved with him, while the NIC stayed at SRI. By 1979, Feinler and her group were working on ways to scale up the name service.[11]In 1982, an Internet protocol was defined by Ken Harrenstien and Vic White in her group to access the online directory of people, calledWhois.[12]As the Internet expanded, theDomain Name Systemwas designed to handle the growth by delegating naming authority to distributed name servers. Her group became the overall naming authority of the Internet, developing and managing thename registriesof thetop-level domainsof.mil,.gov,.edu,.org,and.[13]Even the names of the top-level domains, based on generic categories such aswere suggestions of the NIC team, approved by the Internet developer community.

Later career

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After Feinler left SRI, in 1989, she worked as a network requirements manager and helped develop guidelines for managing the NASA Science Internet (NSI) NIC at theNASA Ames Research Center. Feinler donated an extensive collection of early Internet papers to theComputer History MuseuminMountain View, California,and after she retired from NASA in 1996 worked as a volunteer at the museum to organize the material.[3] She published a history of the NIC in 2010.[14]In 2012, Feinler was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fameby theInternet Society.[15]In July, 2013 she received[16]the Jonathan B. Postel Service Award "for her contributions to the early development and administration of the Internet through her leadership of the Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET".

Retirement

At the turn of the 21st century, Feinler was inducted into theSRI Alumni Hall of Fame.In retirement she consistently volunteers at theComputer History Museumlocated in Mountain View, California. Feinler describes her role at CHM:

"Over the years, while running the Network Information Center (NIC) on the Internet, I collected close to 1500 shelf feet of papers pertaining to the Internet. Currently I am working as a volunteer at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View to organize these papers. I am also writing a Finding Aid to assist scholars who may want to use the collection. It will describe the contents, significance, and organization scheme of the collection. While most in Silicon Valley are charging ahead, I can safely say I am going backwards.:-) If you haven't been to the museum, check it out. It has a great collection of artifacts, exhibits and documents. In May the Babbage Machine exhibit opens. Who can resist a computer with 8,000 mechanical moving parts!!!!"[7]

Nickname

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Feinler explains how she got her nickname, "Jake":

When I was born,double nameswere popular. My real name is Elizabeth Jocelyn Feinler, and my family was going to call me Betty Jo to match my sister’s name, Mary Lou. Only two at the time, my sister’s version of Betty Jo sounded like Baby Jake. I always say, Thank goodness they dropped the "Baby".[3]

InMonster High: The Movie,Frankie Steinsays they have part of the brain of "some lady named Liz who apparently invented the internet."

References

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  1. ^abInterviewed byJanet Abbate(July 8, 2002)."Oral-History:Elizabeth" Jake "Feinler".Interview # 597.IEEE History Center, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.Retrieved2012-09-01.
  2. ^abWeber, Marc (10 September 2009).Feinler, Elizabeth oral history.Oral histories online. Vol. 102702199. Mountain View, CA:Computer History Museum.X5378.2009.RetrievedSeptember 29,2013.
  3. ^abcEleanor Dickman (May 2001)."Internet History Buff: Jake Feinler"(PDF).Focus on People section in CORE 2.2.Computer Museum History Center, Moffett Field, California. p. 14. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 1, 2012.RetrievedApril 8,2011.
  4. ^abc"Elizabeth J. Feinler".SRI Alumni Hall of Fame.2000. Archived fromthe originalon 2022-02-10.Retrieved2020-02-17.
  5. ^"Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler".Stanford MouseSite.Stanford University.Retrieved2012-07-29.
  6. ^Crocker, Steve(April 1969).Documentation Conventions.IETF.doi:10.17487/RFC0003.RFC3.
  7. ^abThierry Bardini;Michael Friedewald (2002).Chronicle of the Death of a Laboratory: Douglas Engelbart and the Failure of the Knowledge Workshop(PDF).History of Technology.Vol. 23. pp. 192–212.ISBN978-0-8264-5616-8.
  8. ^Kudlick, M.D. (January 10, 1974).Host names on-line.IETF.doi:10.17487/RFC0608.RFC608.
  9. ^Feinler, Elizabeth; Harrenstien, Ken; Su, Zaw-Sing; White, Vic (1 March 1982).DoD Internet Host Table Specification.IETF.doi:10.17487/RFC0810.RFC810.
  10. ^Harrenstien, K.; Stahl, M.; Feinler, E. (October 1985).DoD Internet Host Table Specification.IETF.doi:10.17487/RFC0952.RFC952.
  11. ^Pickens, John R.; Feinler, Elizabeth J.; Mathis, James E. (July 1979).The NIC Name Server—A Datagram Based Information Utility.IETF.doi:10.17487/RFC0756.RFC756.Also published in the proceedings of the Fourth Berkeley Conference on Distributed Data Management and Computer Networks.
  12. ^Harrenstien, Ken; White, Vic (1 March 1982).NICNAME/WHOIS.IETF.doi:10.17487/RFC0812.RFC812.
  13. ^Postel, J.;Reynolds, J.(October 1984).Domain Requirements.IETF.doi:10.17487/RFC0920.RFC920.
  14. ^Elizabeth Feinler (July–September 2010). "The Network Information Center and its Archives".Annals of the History of Computing.32(3): 83–89.doi:10.1109/MAHC.2010.54.S2CID206443021.
  15. ^2012 InducteesArchived2012-12-13 at theWayback Machine,Internet Hall of Famewebsite. Last accessed April 24, 2012
  16. ^"Elizabeth Feinler Receives 2013 Jonathan B. Postel Service Award - Internet Society".internetsociety.org.
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