Emirate of Bukhara
Emirate of Bukhara | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1785–1920 | |||||||||
Flag | |||||||||
Status |
| ||||||||
Capital and largest city | Bukhara | ||||||||
Common languages |
| ||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam,Shia Islam,Sufism(Naqshbandi),Zoroastrianism,Judaism | ||||||||
Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||
Emir | |||||||||
• 1785–1799 | Mir Masum Shah Murad | ||||||||
• 1911–1920 | Mir Muhammad Alim Khan | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
•Manghitcontrol | 1747 | ||||||||
•Shah Muradbecame Emir | 1785 | ||||||||
•Conquered byRussia | 1868 | ||||||||
• Russianprotectorate | 1873 | ||||||||
2 September 1920 | |||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1875[3] | c. 2,478,000 | ||||||||
• 1911[4] | c. 3,000,000–3,500,000 | ||||||||
Currency | fulus,tilla, andtenga.[5] | ||||||||
|
History of Uzbekistan |
---|
Uzbekistan portal |
History ofTurkmenistan |
---|
Turkmenistan portal |
TheEmirate of Bukhara(Persian:امارت بخارا,romanized:Imārat-i Bukhārā,[6]Chagatay:بخارا امیرلیگی,romanized:Bukhārā Amirligi) was aMuslim-Uzbekpolity inCentral Asia[7]that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is nowUzbekistan,Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandKazakhstan.It occupied the land between theAmu DaryaandSyr Daryarivers, known formerly asTransoxiana.Its core territory was the fertile land along the lowerZarafshon river,and its urban centres were the ancient cities ofSamarqandand the emirate's capital,Bukhara.It was contemporaneous with theKhanate of Khivato the west, inKhwarazm,and theKhanate of Kokandto the east, inFergana.In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of theBukharan People's Soviet Republic.
History
[edit]The Emirate of Bukhara was officially created in 1785, upon the assumption of rulership by theManghitemir,Shah Murad.Shahmurad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara.[8]
As one of the few states in Central Asia after the Mongol Empire not ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan (besides theTimurids), it staked its legitimacy on Islamic principles rather than Genghisid blood, as the ruler took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan. In the 18th-19th centuries,Khwarazm(Khiva Khanate) was ruled by the Uzbek dynasty ofKungrats.[9]
Over the course of the 18th century, the emirs had slowly gained effective control of theKhanate of Bukhara,from their position asataliq;and by the 1740s, when the khanate was conquered byNadir ShahofPersia,it was clear that the emirs held the real power. In 1747, after Nadir Shah's death, the ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi murdered Abulfayz Khan and his son, ending theJanid dynasty.From then on the emirs allowed puppet khans to rule until, following the death of Abu l-Ghazi Khan, Shah Murad assumed the throne openly.[10]
Fitzroy Macleanrecounts inEastern ApproacheshowCharles StoddartandArthur Conollywere executed byNasrullah Khanin the context ofThe Great Game,and howJoseph Wolff,known as the Eccentric Missionary, escaped their fate when he came looking for them in 1845. He was wearing his full canonical costume, which caused the Emir to burst out laughing, and "Dr Wolff was eventually forced to leave Bokhara, greatly to the surprise of the populace, who were not accustomed to such clemency."[11]
In 1868, the emirate lost awarwithImperial Russia,which had aspirations ofconquestin the region. Russia annexed much of the emirate's territory, including the important city ofSamarkand.[12]In 1873, the remainder became a Russianprotectorate,[13]and was soon surrounded by theGovernorate-GeneralofTurkestan.The Russians forced the abolition of theBukhara slave tradein 1873, though slavery itself was not formally abolished until 1885.[14]
Reformists within the Emirate had found the conservative emir,Mohammed Alim Khan,unwilling to loosen his grip on power, and had turned to the RussianBolshevikrevolutionaries for military assistance. TheRed Armylaunched an unsuccessful assault in March 1920, and then a successful one in September of the same year.[15]The Emirate of Bukhara was conquered by theBolsheviksand replaced with theBukharan People's Soviet Republic.Today, the territory of the defunct emirate lies mostly inUzbekistan,with parts inTajikistan,TurkmenistanandKazakhstan.In the first half of the 19th century it had some influence in northern Afghanistan, as the emirs of theChahar Wilayat(Maimana,Sheberghan,Andkhui,Sar-i Pol) nominally accepted Bukharan suzerainty.[16]
Culture
[edit]In the era of the Manghyt emirs in Bukhara, a large construction of madrasahs, mosques and palaces was carried out. Located along important trading routes, Bukhara enjoyed a rich cultural mixture, includingPersian,Uzbek,andJewishinfluences.
A local school of historians developed in the Bukhara emirate. The most famous historians were Mirza Shams Bukhari, Muhammad Yakub ibn Daniyalbiy, Muhammad Mir Olim Bukhari, Ahmad Donish, Mirza Abdalazim Sami, Mirza Salimbek.[17]
The city of Bukhara has a rich history of Persianarchitectureandliterature,traditions that were continued into the Emirate Period. Prominent artists of the period include the poetKiromi Bukhoroi,thecalligrapherMirza Abd al-Aziz Bukhariand the scholarRahmat-Allah Bukhari.Throughout this period, themadrasahsof the region were renowned.
-
The Emir of Bukhara and the notables of the city watch how the heads of Russian soldiers are impaled on poles. Samarkand
-
Chor MinorMadrasah, Bukhara (built in 1807)
-
A bureaucrat in Bukhara, c. 1910.
-
Large MedallionSuzani (textile)from Bukhara, mid-18th century?
Administrative and territorial structure
[edit]Administratively, the Emirate was divided into several beyliks or bekliks:
- Baljuvon,(nowKhatlon Region,Tajikistan).
- Hisar,(now Tajikistan)
- Burdalik, (nowLebap Region,Turkmenistan)
- Guzar,(nowQashqadaryo Region,Uzbekistan)
- Charjuy,(nowLebap Region,Turkmenistan)
- Darvaz, (c 1878, nowDarvoz district,Tajikistan)
- Dehnav,(nowSurxondaryo Region,Uzbekistan)
- Kabakli, (nowLebap Region,Turkmenistan)
- Karakul,(nowBukhara Region,Uzbekistan)
- Karategin,(nowRasht district,Tajikistan)
- Karshi,(now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
- Kattakurgan,(nowSamarkand region,Uzbekistan)
- Kulyab,(now Khatlon Region, Tajikistan)
- Karshi,(now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
- Kerki,(now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
- Nurata,(nowNavoiy Region,Uzbekistan)
- Panjikent,(nowSughd province,Tajikistan)
- Rushan,(nowGorno-Badakhshan Autonomous region,Tajikistan)
- Samarkand,(now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan — part of Russia since 1868
- Shahrisabz,(c 1870, nowKashkadarya Region,Uzbekistan)
- Urgut,(now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan)
- Falgar, (now Sughd province, Tajikistan)
-
A map of the Emirate of Bukhara's beyliks.
-
Fires in Bukhara during the Red Army's attack, 1 September 1920
Amirs/Emirs of Bukhara (1785–1920)
[edit]Titular Name | Personal Name | Reign |
---|---|---|
Ataliq اتالیق |
Khudayar Bey خدایار بیگ |
? |
Ataliq اتالیق |
Muhammad Hakim محمد حکیم |
?–1747 |
Ataliq اتالیق |
Muhammad Rahim محمد رحیم |
1747–1753 |
Amir امیر |
Muhammad Rahim محمد رحیم |
1753–1756 |
Khan خان |
Muhammad Rahim محمد رحیم |
1756–1758 |
Ataliq اتالیق |
Daniyal Biy دانیال بیگ |
1758–1785 |
Amir Masum امیر معصوم |
Shahmurad شاہ مراد بن دانیال بیگ |
1785–1799 |
Amir امیر |
Haydar bin Shahmurad حیدر تورہ بن شاہ مراد |
1799–1826 |
Amir امیر |
Mir Hussein bin Haydar حسین بن حیدر تورہ |
1826–1827 |
Amir امیر |
Umar bin Haydar عمر بن حیدر تورہ |
1827 |
Amir امیر |
Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora نصراللہ بن حیدر تورہ |
1827–1860 |
Amir امیر |
Muzaffar bin Nasrullah مظفر الدین بن نصراللہ |
1860–1885 |
Amir امیر |
Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din عبد الأحد بن مظفر الدین |
1885–1911 |
Amir امیر |
Muhammad Alim Khan bin Abdul-Ahad محمد عالم خان بن عبد الأحد |
1911–1920 |
Overthrow of Emirate of Bukhara byBukharan People's Soviet Republic. |
- Pink Rows denote progenitor chiefs serving as Tutors (Ataliqs) & Viziers to the Khans of Bukhara.
- Green Rows denote chiefs who took over reign of government from theJanidsand placed puppet Khans.
- A photo of Mohammed Alim Khan, final emir 1911–1920, is shown atEmir.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^DeWeese 2019,p. 137.
- ^Grenoble, Lenore (2003).Language Policy of the Soviet Union.Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 143.ISBN1-4020-1298-5.
- ^|Meyendorf E.K. Travel from Orenburg to Bukhara. Foreword N. A. Halfin. Moscow, The main edition of the eastern literature of the publishing house "Science", 1975. (in Russian:Мейендорф Е. К. Путешествие из Оренбурга в Бухару. Предисл. Н. А. Халфина. М., Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства "Наука", 1975.)
- ^Olufsen, Ole (1911). The emir of Bokhara and his country; journeys and studies in Bokhara. Gyldendal: Nordisk forlag. p. 282.
- ^ANS Magazine."The Coinage of the Mangit Dynasty of Bukhara"Archived15 July 2020 at theWayback Machineby Peter Donovan. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.
- ^"نگاهی به امارت بخارا در صد سالگی انقلاب اکتبر".BBC News.5 November 2017.
- ^Golden, Peter B. (2011).Central Asia in World History.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 115.
- ^Soucek, Svat.A History of Inner Asia(2000), p. 180.
- ^Bregel, Y. The new Uzbek states: Bukhara, Khiva and Khoqand: C. 1750–1886. In N. Di Cosmo, A. Frank, & P. Golden (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age (pp. 392-411). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009
- ^Soucek (2000),pp. 179–180
- ^Eastern Approachesch 6 "Bokhara the Noble"
- ^Soucek (2000),p. 198
- ^Russo-Bukharan War 1868,Armed Conflict Events Database,OnWar
- ^Becker, S. (2004). Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis., p. 67-68
- ^Soucek (2000),pp. 221–222
- ^Lee, Jonathan L. (1 January 1996).The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901.BRILL.ISBN978-90-04-10399-3.
- ^Anke fon Kyugel'gen, Legitimizatsiya sredneaziatskoy dinastii mangitov v proizvedeniyakh ikh istorikov (XVIII-XIX vv.). Almaty: Dayk press, 2004
Bibliography
[edit]- DeWeese, Devin(2019). "Persian and Turkic from Kazan to Tobolsk: Literary Frontiers in Muslim Inner Asia". InGreen, Nile(ed.).The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca.University of California Press. pp. 131–158.ISBN978-0520972100.
- Soucek, Svat(2000).A History of Inner Asia.Cambridge University Press.ISBN9780521657044.
Literature
[edit]- Malikov A.,"The Russian conquest of the Bukharan Emirate: military and diplomatic aspects",Central Asian Survey,Volume 33, issue 2, 2014, pp. 180–198.
External links
[edit]- Media related toEmirate of Bukharaat Wikimedia Commons
- Emirate of Bukhara
- 1785 establishments in Asia
- 1920 disestablishments in Russia
- Former countries in Central Asia
- Former emirates
- Former monarchies
- Former monarchies of Asia
- Former Russian protectorates
- Mongol dynasties
- Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
- States and territories established in 1785
- States and territories disestablished in 1920
- Historical geography of Uzbekistan