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Emirate of Sharjah

Coordinates:25°21′27″N55°23′27″E/ 25.35750°N 55.39083°E/25.35750; 55.39083
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the emirate. For the city, seeSharjah.

Sharjah
إِمَارَة ٱلشَّارِقَة
Imārat al-Shāriqah
Emirate
Flag of Sharjah
Flag
Coat of arms of Sharjah
Coat of arms
Location of Sharjah in the UAE
Location of Sharjah in the UAE
Coordinates:25°21′27″N55°23′27″E/ 25.35750°N 55.39083°E/25.35750; 55.39083
CountryUnited Arab Emirates
SeatSharjah
Boroughs
9 municipalities[1]
Government
• TypeIslamicabsolute monarchywithin afederation
• RulerSultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi
•Crown PrinceSultan bin Muhammad binSultanAl-Qasimi
Area
• Total2,590 km2(1,000 sq mi)
• Rank3rd
Population
(2022)
• Total1,800,000
• Rank3rd
DemonymSharjawi
GDP
[2]
• TotalUS$ 56.1 billion (2023)
• Per capitaUS$ 32,100 (2023)
ISO 3166 codeAE-SH

TheEmirate of Sharjah(/ˈʃɑːrdʒə/;Arabic:إِمَارَة ٱلشَّارِقَةImārat Aš-Šāriqah) is one of theemirates of the United Arab Emirates,which covers 2,590 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi) and has a population of over 1,400,000 (2015).[3]It comprises the capital city ofSharjah,after which it is named, and other minor towns andexclavessuch asKalba',Al Dhaid,Dibba Al-HisnandKhor Fakkan.

The emirate is anabsolute monarchy.[4]It has been ruled bySultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimisince 1972, except for a seven-day period duringan attempted coup d'etatby his brother, Sheikh `Abd al-`Aziz bin Muhammad Al Qasimi.[5]

History

[edit]
Older residential area of Sharjah, displaying the local architecture

Human settlement in the area covered by the emirate has existed for over 120,000 years, with significant finds made of early axes and stone tools as well as Copper andIron Ageimplements inAl Dhaid,Al Thuqeibah,Mileiha,Tell Abraq,Muwailah,Al MadamandJebel Faya.[6][7]Archaeological finds in the Mleiha area point to human habitation consistent with the spread of humanity from Africa to the wider world, evidenced by finds displayed at theMleiha Archaeological Centre.[8]

Historically the emirate was one of the wealthiest towns in the region.[9]

Around 1727, theAl Qasimiclan took control of Sharjah and declared the polity independent.[10]

The first in a long series of maritime skirmishes between theAl Qasimiand British vessels took place in 1797, when the British-flaggedsnowtheBasseinwas seized and released two days later. The cruiserViperwas subsequently attacked offBushire.The Al Qasimi leader,Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi,protested innocence in both cases.

A period of great instability followed along the coast, with a number of actions between British andAl Qasimivessels alongside various changes of leadership and allegiances between the Rulers ofRas Al Khaimah,Ajmanand Sharjah withSheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimiclaiming sovereignty over 'all the Joasmee ports' in 1823, a claim recognised by the British at the time.

On 8 January 1820,Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimisignedthe General Maritime Treaty with Britain,accepting protectorate status in order to resistOttomandomination. Following the expiration of a further, ten year, treaty in 1843, on 4 May 1853 Sharjah, along with other Sheikhdoms on what was then known as the 'Arabian Coast' signed the Perpetual Treaty of Peace, which gave rise to the collective nameTrucial Statesbeing given to the emirates of the coast.[11]

Like four of its neighbours,Ajman,Dubai,Ras Al Khaimah,andUmm Al Quwain,its position along trade routes toIndiamade it important enough to be recognised as asalute state.[12]

Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, Sharjah was an important pearl fishing port. A British marine survey of 1830 found 'three to four hundred boats' fishing in the season, earning the ruler 100,000Maria Theresa Dollars.[13]

In 1932,Imperial Airwaysestablished a regular air service through Sharjah, which was an overnight stop on the Eastern British Empire route. TheMahatta Fortwas built to house the airline's guests.

On 2 December 1971,SheikhKhalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimijoined Sharjah to the United Arab Emirates.[14]On 24 January 1972 however, the former ruler SheikhSaqr bin Sultan Al Qasimistaged a leftist coup. Having previously deposed Saqr in 1965, Sheikh Khalid had ordered the demolition ofSharjah Fort(Al Hisn Sharjah) to expunge Saqr's memory. Saqr took over Khalid's palace, holding him inside and in the ensuing confusion Sheikh Khalid was killed. Saqr was arrested and Khalid's brother,Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi,an author and historian, came to power.[15]

In 1987, Sultan's brother Abdulazizstaged a coupwhile Sultan was abroad. Huge state debt was stated as the reason. Then-UAE PresidentZayeddenounced the coup, and a deal was reached for Sultan to be restored, while Abdulaziz would become the deputy ruler. Sultan, however, dismissed Abdulaziz quite quickly.[16][17]In 1999, the Crown Prince (Sultan's eldest son) died of a drug overdose while on vacation in their palace in England.[18]Sultan made the decision to testify in front of a UK court[why?].[citation needed]The new Crown Prince, Sheikh Sultan bin Mohammed bin Sultan Al Qasimi, was appointed from a remote branch of the family.

Rulers

[edit]
Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi,emir of Sharjah
Years of Reign Birth Death Name Notes
1747–1777 Sheikh Rashid bin Matar Al Qasimi
1777–1803 Sheikh Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi
1803–1866 1866 Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi First time
1866–1868 (14 April) 1886 Sheikh Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi
1868 (14 April) – 1883 (March)
1869–1883 jointly w/next leader		 1919 Sheikh Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi
1883 (March) – 1914 1914 Sheikh Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi
1914 (13 April) – 1924 (21 November) Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmad Al Qasimi
1924 (21 November) – 1951 1951 Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi II
1951 (May) – 1965 (24 June) 1925 1993 Sheikh Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi
1965 (24 June) – 1972 (24 January) 1931 1972 Sheikh Khalid bin Muhammad Al Qasimi
1972 (25 January) – 1972 1925 1993 Sheikh Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi Acting
1972–1987 (17 June) 1939 Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi First time
1987 (17 June) – 1987 (23 June) 1937 2004 Sheikh `Abd al-`Aziz bin Muhammad Al Qasimi removed him from the throne, later to be crown prince of Sharjah
1987 (23 June) – present 1939 Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi Second time[19]

Geography

[edit]
The city ofSharjah,the largest population centre in the emirate
Khor Fakkanbeach, with theWestern Hajar Mountainsin the background

Sharjah is the third largest emirate in the United Arab Emirates, and is the only one to have land on both thePersian Gulfand theGulf of Oman.The emirate covers 2,590 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi) which is equivalent to 3.3 per cent of the UAE's total area, excluding the islands. It has a population of over 1,800,000 (2022).[3]The city lies 170 km (110 mi) away from the UAE capital cityAbu Dhabi.

The emirate of Sharjah comprises the city ofSharjah(the seat of the emirate), and other minor towns andenclaves.Thecityof Sharjah, which overlooks thePersian Gulf,has a population of 1,600,000 (2022 census). Sharjah City borders Dubai to the south and Ajman to the north, and the three form aconurbation.[20]Sharjah also owns three enclaves on the east coast, bordering theGulf of Oman.These areKalba,Dibba Al-Hisn,andKhor Fakkan,which provide Sharjah with a major east coast port. In the Persian Gulf, the island ofSir Abu Nu’ayrbelongs to Sharjah,[3]andAbu Musais claimed by UAE, but controlled byIran.Sharjah has anexclavecontaining the village ofNahwa,located inside theOmanienclaveofMadhawhich bordersFujairahand Sharjah. The emirate also encompasses some important oasis areas, the most famous of which is the fertile Dhaid region, where a range of vegetables and fruits are cultivated.[21]

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Following are the 9 municipalities in Sharjah Emirate:

Government

[edit]
See also:Government of Sharjah

The Emirate of Sharjah is led by the ruler of Sharjah. It has been led by SheikhSultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimisince 1972.[22]The ruler of Sharjah appoints members of the Sharjah Executive Council and the Sharjah Consultative Council to manage the day-to-day affairs of the emirate.[23]Sharjah has devolved some authority of local decisions to Emiri Diwans (Ruler's Courts) in areas suchKalbaandKhor Fakkan.Nevertheless, the Sharjah Executive Council retains authority to manage government departments and affairs in line with policies and decrees by the ruler of Sharjah.[24]Collectively, the government of Sharjah has over 126 government departments and public organisations under its responsibility and control[25]with a number of services provided through a Sharjah e-government portal.[26]

Commerce and Tourism Development Authority

[edit]
The Emirates Eye, theferris wheelat Al-Qasbah in Sharjah City

The Sharjah Commerce and Tourism Development Authority was established by decree in 1996 to "promote commercial and tourism activities" in the emirate. The state-backed authority is responsible for, among other things, creating policies for local and international exhibitions and marketing Sharjah to attract foreign investment and tourists.[27]

Investment and Development Authority

[edit]

TheSharjah Investment and Development Authority(Shurooq) was established in 2009 as an independent government body to "oversee the social, cultural, environmental and economic development of Sharjah in line with itsIslamicidentity. "It focuses on three areas for the emirate; investment, development, and asset and property management. Shurooq's developments include:

  • Al Qasba – 10,000-acre project including a 1 km (0.62 mi)-long man-madecanaland 60 m (200 ft) high observation wheel, it was made open for the public in 2005. It includes Masrah Al Qasba, a theatre, the Maraya Art Centre, the Multaqa Al Qasba meetings and conference centre and a children's Fun Zone. The project, managed by the Al Qasba Development Authority (an affiliate of Shurooq) has an architectural design including pedestrian bridges, boats, and lagoons. It attracted two million visitors in 2011.
  • Al Majaz Waterfront – Shurooq opened the Al Majaz Waterfront in December 2011 after redeveloping it. The new park, located between Jamal Abdul Nasser Street and Khalid Lagoon Corniche, covers an area of 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi) for recreation, including six new buildings with restaurants and a 100 m (330 ft) tall water fountain.
  • Heart of Sharjah– The Heart of Sharjah, slated for completion in January 2015, has been proposed by Shurooq as a tourist and trade destination with commercial, cultural, and residential projects as well as hotel, archaeological sites, museums, and commercial space.
  • The Chedi Khorfakkan Resort – The Chedi Khorfakkan, scheduled to open in 2015, is under construction an hour outside of Sharjah city centre. Shurooq has stated that once complete, the project will include a tourist resort and a fort on the Al Suwifa Mountain.

Decency laws

[edit]

Conservative Sharjah is the only Emirate in the UAE in which the sale ofalcoholis prohibited, although its consumption in one's own home is permissible if one is in possession of a valid Alcohol Licence (as is the transportation of alcohol between the place of sale and the home). The only place this prohibition is relaxed is the members-only sporting club, theSharjah Wanderers.

Sharjah also maintains the strictest decency laws in the UAE, introduced in 2001, with a conservative dress code required for both men and women. Mi xing between unmarried men and women is illegal: "A man and a woman who are not in a legally acceptable relationship should not be alone in public places, or in suspicious times or circumstances," according to a booklet published by the municipality in 2001.[28]


Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1980159,317—
1985228,317+7.46%
1995402,792+5.84%
2005793,573+7.02%
20101,060,000+5.96%
20151,405,843+5.81%
20221,800,000+3.59%
Source: Citypopulation[29]

The 2022 census for the Emirate of Sharjah noted that the population of the emirate had reached 1.8 million, representing a 22% increase from the prior census in 2015 which had tallied a population of 1.4 million for the emirate.[30]Emirati citizens represented 11.5% of the total population, with 208,000 citizens in the 2022 census - almost evenly divided between males and females. However, when considering non-nationals, there were 1.1 million men living the emirate compared to 500,000 women. in 2022.

Over 51% of the population were in the 20-39 age group, andSharjahwas the largest settlement with 1.6 million residents, followed byKhor Fakkanwith 53,000 andKalbawith 51,000.[30]

Free trade zones

[edit]

Sharjah has two main free trade zones: the seaport and free trade zone of Hamriyah and the Sharjah Airport International Free Trade Zone (SAIF Zone).

TheHamriyah Free ZoneAuthority was established by an Emiri decree issued on 12 November 1995 and consists of a port and associated logistics and trade facilities.[31]

Also established in 1995, the SAIF Zone is adjacent to Sharjah International Airport and is currently home to some 2,500 companies.

The Sharjah Research, Technology & Innovation Park (SRTIP) is another free trade zone in Sharjah emirate. The Sharjah Research, Technology & Innovation Park aims to develop and manage an innovation ecosystem that promotes Research and Development.[32]

Education

[edit]
TheUniversity of Sharjah

Universities in Sharjah:

TheUniversity City of Sharjahis an educational district to the east of Sharjah City that includes AUS, the University of Sharjah, and theHigher Colleges of Technology(which in turn includes Sharjah Women's College and Sharjah Men's College. The area also includes the Sharjah Library, Police Academy, and the Sharjah Teaching Hospital.[33]

Media

[edit]

Newspapers:

Television:

Culture

[edit]
Dibba Al-Hisnbeach in thegulf of Oman.

Sharjah has long invested considerable resources in building a strong cultural identity and heritage and was named in 1998 asUNESCO's 'Arab Capital of Culture', an event commemorated by a large pillar erected opposite the Sharjah Desert Park and Arabian Wildlife Centre between Sharjah and Dhaid cities. This monument was moved to a new location at the entrance to Sharjah's University City, where it was joined by a monument to Sharjah's 2014 nomination as Islamic Culture Capital[35]by the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO), a specialised institution of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in the fields of Education, Science and Culture.[36]

Sharjah Art Foundation

[edit]

TheSharjah Art Foundationworks on a broad range of contemporary art and cultural programs to the communities of Sharjah, the UAE and the region, including theSharjah Biennialwhich first took place in 1993. Founded in 2009, SAF also organises the annual March Meeting, residencies, production grants, commissions, exhibitions, research, publications and a growing art collection as well as a number of education and public programmes.[37]

Museums

[edit]

The city has 16 museums.[38]Sharjah's ruler, Sheikh Sultan bin Mohammad al Qasimi, established the Sharjah Museums Department, an independent department affiliated to the Ruler's Office, in 2006. Museums in Sharjah include:

Expo Centre

[edit]

TheExpo Centre Sharjahin the city of Sharjah holds an annual book fair that is known throughout the region. It was founded, built and operated from 1976 to 1989 by Frederick Pittera, an international producer of Trade & Consumer Fairs. The event typically attracts hundreds of local and international publishers and thousands of titles.[39]

Stamps

[edit]
Stamps of Sharjah
Main article:Postage stamps and postal history of Sharjah

In 1963, Britain ceded responsibility for the Trucial States' postal systems. An American philatelic entrepreneur by the name ofFinbar Kennysaw the opportunity to create a number of editions of stamps aimed at the lucrative collector's market and in 1964 concluded a deal with a number of Trucial States to take the franchise for the production of stamps for their respective governments. Kenny had made something of a speciality out of signing these deals, also signing with the Rulers of Ajman and Fujairah in 1964—and getting involved in a bribery case in the USA over his dealings with the government of the Cook Islands. The issue of stamps fromAjman's dependency of Manama—a tiny agrarian village in the remote plains at which a 'post office' was opened—is a perfect example.

These stamps, luridly illustrated and irrelevant to the actual emirates they purported to come from (editions included 'Space Research' and 'Tokyo Olympic Games') became known as 'dunes'. Their proliferation quickly devalued them.[40][41]

Sharjah is therefore known by manystamp collectorsfor these issues by theSharjah Post Officeshortly before the formation of the United Arab Emirates.[42]Many of these items are not listed by many popular catalogues.[43]

Sports

[edit]
One Day Internationalcricket match at Sharjah

Sport establishments in Sharjah are managed by the Sharjah Sports Council.[44]

Cricket

[edit]

TheSharjah Cricket Association Stadiumhas hosted almost 200cricketOne Day Internationals,more than any other ground inUAE,and 4Test matches.Since 2003, the increasingly crowded cricket calendar has precluded the holding of any major international matches at Sharjah although the stadium has been the venue for certain other matches, such as the2004 ICC Intercontinental Cup.The use of the venue has declined as the new 20,000-seatSheikh Zayed Cricket Stadiumin Abu Dhabi has become the preferred venue for cricket in the UAE.

Football

[edit]

Footballteams in Sharjah emirate:

  1. Sharjah FC
  2. Al Shaab Sports Club(defunct)
  3. Al Hamriyah Club
  4. Al Bataeh Club
  5. Al Dhaid SC
  6. Al-Ittihad Kalba SC
  7. Khor Fakkan Club
  8. Dibba Al-Hisn Sports Club

Powerboat racing

[edit]

Sharjah has hosted theF1 Powerboat Racesince 2000. The December event is held during the Sharjah Water Festival and attracts over 75,000 visitors to the emirate. Since 2016 the event is also combined withAquabike World Championship (powerboating)making the Grand Prix of Sharjah the final of the two main disciplines in Powerboating World

Transportation

[edit]

Aviation

[edit]
Sharjah International Airport

International airports in the city of Sharjah include theSharjah International Airportand Port Khalid.

Sharjah International Airport (IATA:SHJ) has connections to all major international locations. It is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Sharjah City Centre and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) away from Dubai. It is a major cargo airport and the main base ofAir Arabia.The airport served total 4,324,313 passengers and 51,314 flights in 2007. It also handled 570,363 tonnes (561,355 long tons; 628,718 short tons) of cargo in the same year. Over 60,000 aircraft movements were recorded in 2009.[45]It handled 6,634,570 passengers in 2011.[46]

As of 2012, it has 34 international carriers and 13 cargo airlines. In 2008, Sharjah International Airport announced it would invest AED662m (US$180m) to renovate the airport's buildings, build a new terminal and increase car parking. The project is slated for completion in 2015, by which time the airport aims to be handling eight million passengers annually.

Sharjah International Airport is the main base ofAir Arabia,the Middle East's largest low-cost carrier. It was the Middle East's first budget airline when launched by the ruler of Sharjah in 2003. The number of passengers flying to its near 70 destinations grew six per cent in 2011 to 4.7 million. Net profit for 2011 was AED274m (US$74.6m), down 13 per cent on the previous year. The airline, which also has hubs inEgypt(Borg El Arab Airport,Alexandria) andMorocco(Mohammed V International Airport,Casablanca), delayed plans to establish a fourth hub inJordanin 2012.

Road

[edit]

The Sharjah Public Transport Corporation (SPTC) started the public transport system in Sharjah on 23 May 2008 with 11 buses running on the first route, Route 14 from Sharjah International Airport to Al-Sharq terminal. By November 2008, 142 buses are expected to operate on 18 routes.[47]In February 2010, there were 115 Sharjah intercity buses, which make 250 trips daily. The tariff for these intercity buses ranges from AED 5 to AED 30.[48]In 2014, theSharjah Roads and Transport Authority (SRTA)and the SPTC got absorbed onto the authority.[49]

Metered Taxis are available in Sharjah for the intra-city as well as the inter-city travel. The base fare is AED 11.50 with AED 1 charged for every 650 metres (2,130 ft) of travel.[50]For intra-city travel, the minimum fare is AED 11.50 and for Sharjah to Dubai travel, the base fare is AED 20.


Capital

[edit]
Main article:Sharjah

Thecityof Sharjah contains the main administrative and commercial centres, as well as a number of cultural institutions including several museums. Distinctive landmarks are the two major coveredsouks,reflecting Islamic design; a number of recreational areas and public parks such as Al Jazeirah Fun Park and Al Buheirah Corniche. The city is also notable for numerousmosques.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"The municipalities of the Emirate of Sharjah | Municipalities & Agriculture Affairs Department".Archived fromthe originalon 28 December 2018.Retrieved13 November2017.
  2. ^"TelluBase—UAE Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)"(PDF).Tellusant.Retrieved11 January2024.
  3. ^abc"Sharjah offers demand for property investment, says Cluttons".Overseas Property Professional. August 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 15 September 2011.Retrieved11 May2012.
  4. ^"The Official Website of His Highness Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi".Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2015.Retrieved21 June2015.
  5. ^"EMIRATES ACT TO END COUP CRISIS – Chicago Tribune".Chicago Tribune.Archivedfrom the original on 27 April 2019.Retrieved16 March2021.
  6. ^"Another ancient Sharjah site found by archaeologists | The National".31 March 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 30 November 2015.Retrieved1 April2015.
  7. ^Madhloom T., "Excavations of the Iraqi Mission at Mleha', Shaijah, UAE.", Sumer, vol. 30, no. 1-2, pp. 149–158, 1975
  8. ^"You are being redirected..."discovermleiha.ae.Archivedfrom the original on 31 August 2021.Retrieved31 August2021.
  9. ^Lorimer, John (1908).Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia.Bombay: Government of India. p. 1451.
  10. ^Ayub, Mohamed Shaaban (10 June 2022)."How Wahhabism Led the Fight Against the British in the Gulf".New Lines Magazine.Retrieved28 February2023.
  11. ^Schofield, R (1990).Islands and Maritime Boundaries of the Gulf 1798–1960 Vol 1.UK: Archive Editions. p. 139.ISBN978-1-85207-275-9.
  12. ^Davidson, Christopher (2015).After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies.Oxford University Press. p. 21.ISBN978-0-19-024450-7.
  13. ^Schofield, R (1990).Islands and Maritime Boundaries of the Gulf 1798–1960.UK: Archive Editions. p. 544.ISBN978-1-85207-275-9.
  14. ^"Radical Sheik".New York Times.30 January 1972. p. E4.
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  16. ^Ismael, Tareq Y.; Ismael, Jacqueline S. (2 October 2012).Government and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East: Continuity and Change.Routledge. p. 429.ISBN978-1-136-94139-9.
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  38. ^"Our Museums".Sharjah Museums.Archived fromthe originalon 9 November 2014.Retrieved9 November2014.
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  40. ^R, Lavanya (4 July 2022).Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. through Philately: MLK Stamp Catalogue(1st ed.). Catabooks. p. 23.ISBN978-93-5493-439-1.
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  43. ^Carlton, R. Scott (1997).The International Encyclopedic Dictionary of Philately.Krause Publications. p. 173.ISBN978-0-87341-448-7.
  44. ^Sharjah Sports CouncilArchived22 February 2016 at theWayback Machine.
  45. ^"Sharjah International Airport Yearbook & Directory"(PDF).Sharjah Airport Authority. 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 7 April 2012.Retrieved31 August2012.
  46. ^Sharjah International Airport – Statistics 2007Archived7 February 2009 at theWayback Machine
  47. ^Sharjah city bus service takes new route of progressArchived2 January 2023 at theWayback MachineinGulf Newsaccessed on 06-24-2008
  48. ^Shaaban, Ahmed (14 February 2010)."New Sharjah-Dubai Bus Route Soon".Khaleejtimes.Archivedfrom the original on 5 December 2010.Retrieved16 September2012.
  49. ^"Roads & Transport Authority Sharjah > About Us > About Sharjah RTA".srta.gov.ae.Retrieved20 April2024.
  50. ^Shaaban, Ahmed (8 February 2010)."Commuters in a tizzy as Sharjah Hikes Taxi Fares".Khaleej Times.Archivedfrom the original on 11 February 2010.Retrieved16 September2012.
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