Emperor Higashiyama
| Emperor Higashiyama Đông Sơn thiên hoàng | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| Emperor of Japan | |||||
| Reign | 2 May 1687 – 27 July 1709 | ||||
| Predecessor | Reigen | ||||
| Successor | Nakamikado | ||||
| Shōguns | See list | ||||
| Born | Asahito(Triều nhân) 21 October 1675 Kyoto,Kyoto Prefecture,Tokugawa shogunate | ||||
| Died | 16 January 1710(aged 34) Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture, Tokugawa shogunate | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue among others... | Emperor Nakamikado | ||||
| |||||
| House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
| Father | Emperor Reigen | ||||
| Mother | Matsuki Muneko(biological) Takatsukasa Fusako(adoptive) | ||||
Asahito(Japanese:Triều nhân),posthumously honored asEmperor Higashiyama(Đông Sơn thiên hoàng,Higashiyama-tennō,21 October 1675 – 16 January 1710),was the 113themperor of Japan,according to the traditionalorder of succession.[1][2]Higashiyama's reign spanned the years from 1687 through to hisabdicationin 1709 corresponding to theGenroku era.[3]The previous hundred years of peace and seclusion in Japan had created relative economic stability. The arts flourished, including theater and architecture.
Events of Higashiyama's life[edit]
Early life[edit]
Before Higashiyama's ascension to theChrysanthemum Throne,his personal name (imina) was Asahito(Triều nhân)or Tomohito.[4]Tomohito was born on October 21, 1675, and was the fifth son ofEmperor Reigen;his birth mother was a lady-in-waiting named Matsuki Muneko. While Prince Tomohito was the son of a secondaryconsort,he was adopted by empressTakatsukasa Fusako(chief consort orChūgū).[5]Tomohito's Imperial family lived with him in theDairiof theHeian Palace.Events that took place before Tomohito became Crown Prince include a great flood that devastated Edo, a great famine that devastated Kyoto, and theGreat Tenna Firein Edo.[6]TheShingon Buddhist templeGokoku-jiwas also founded in Edo where it remains today as one of the few sites in Tokyo that survivedWorld War II.[7]Tomohito-shinnō was proclaimedCrown princein 1682, and given the pre-accession title ofGo-no-miya( năm cung ). For the first time in over 300 years a ceremonial investiture was held for the occasion.[5]A fire burned theKyoto Imperial Palaceto ashes in 1684 prompting reconstruction that took a year to complete.[8]The effects from this fire on the Imperial family, if any, are unknown.Emperor Reigen's brother, former-Emperor Go-Sai,died on March 26, 1685, and a great comet was observed crossing the night sky.[9]
Reign[edit]
Prince Tomohito acceded to the throne on May 2, 1687, as Emperor when his father abdicated in his favor, the era's name was changed fromJōkyōtoGenrokuto mark this event.[10]While he held the political title ofEmperor,it wasin name onlyas theshogunsof the Tokugawa family controlled Japan. Initially,Emperor Reigencontinued to rule in Higashiyama's name as aCloistered Emperoras had been done in theHeian period.While this move caused trouble by provoking the ruling shogunate, Higashiyama's gentle character helped to improve relations with the Shōgun. This warmed relationship caused imperial property to be increased, and repairs carried out on Imperial mausoleums. Reigen meanwhile lived out his retirement in theSentō-gosho(the palace for an ex-Emperor), and is now known for being the last "Cloistered Emperor" of Japan.[8]On December 20, 1688, the esotericDaijō-saiceremony was revived because of the shogunate's insistence.[11]This Shinto ritual had been in abeyance for over a century, and is performed only once by the emperor in the period of the enthronement ceremonies.[12]
- 1688(Genrokugannen): TheTokugawa shogunaterevised the code of conduct forfunerals(Fuku-kiju-ryō), which incorporated a code of conduct for mourning as well.[13]
- September 16, 1689(Genroku 2):GermanphysicianEngelbert Kaempferarrives atDejimafor the first time.Bakufupolicy in this era was designed to marginalize the influence of foreigners; and Kaempfer had to present himself as "Dutch" in dealings with the Japanese. Regardless of this minor subterfuge, an unintended and opposite consequence ofsakokuwas to enhance the value and significance of a very small number of thoughtful observers like Kaempfer, whose writings document what he learned or discovered first-hand. Kaempfer's published accounts and unpublished writings provided a unique and useful perspective forOrientalistsandJapanologistsin the 19th century; and his work continues to be rigorously examined by modern researchers today.[14]
- 1695(Genroku 8, 8th month): Minting begun ofGenrokucoinage. The shogunate placed the Japanese charactergen( nguyên ) on the obverse of copper coins, the same character used today in China for theyuan.There is no connection between those uses, however.[9]
- 1695(Genroku 8, 11th month): Firstkennelis established for stray dogs inEdo.In this context,Tokugawa Tsunayoshicomes to be nicknamed the "DogShōgun"(Khuyển phía nhà nước,Inu-kubō).
- 1697(Genroku 10): The fourth official map of Japan was made in this year, but it was considered to be inferior to the previous one—which had been ordered in 1605 (Shōhō1) and completed in 1639 (Kan'ei 16). ThisGenrokumap was corrected in 1719 (Kyōhō4) by the mathematician Tatebe Katahiro (1644–1739), using high mountain peaks as points of reference, and was drawn to a scale of 1:21,600.[15]
- 1697(Genroku 10): Great fire in Edo.[9]
- 1697(Genroku 11): Another great fire in Edo. A new hall is constructed inside the enclosure of the Edo temple ofKan'ei-ji(which is also known asTōeizan Kan'ei-jior "Hiei-san of the east" after the principal temple of theTendaiBuddhistsect—that is to say, after the temple ofEnryaku-jiatMount Hieinear toHeian-kyō).[9]
- 1703(Genroku 15, 14th day of the 12th month): when theAkō Incidenttook place, in which a band ofForty-sevenrōnin(leaderlesssamurai) avenged the death of their masterAsano Naganori,due to the bloodshed, Emperor Higashiyama nearly withdrew the imperial will.
- 1703(Genroku 16, 5th month): First performance ofChikamatsu Monzaemon's playThe Love Suicides at Sonezaki.
- 1703(Genroku 16, 28th day of the 11th month): TheGreat Genroku earthquakeshook Edo and parts of theshōgun's castle collapsed.[16]The following day, a vast fire spread throughout the city.[9]Parts of Honshū's coast were battered bytsunami,and 200,000 people were either killed or injured.[16]
- October 28, 1707(Hōei4, 14th day of the 10th month):1707 Hōei earthquake.The city of Osaka suffers tremendously because of a very violent earthquake.[9]
- November 15, 1707(Hōei 4, 22nd day of the 10th month): An eruption ofMount Fuji;cinders and ash fell like rain inIzu,Kai,Sagami,andMusashi.[17]
- 1708(Hōei 5): The shogunate introduces new copper coins into circulation; and each coin is marked with theHōeinengō name (Hōei Tsubo).[17]
- 1708(Hōei 5, 8th day of the 3rd month): There was a great fire in Heian-kyō.[17]
- 1708(Hōei 5, 8th month):ItalianmissionaryGiovanni Sidottilanded inYakushima,where he was promptly arrested.
- 1709(Hōei 6):ShōgunTsunayoshi appoints commission to repair and restore Imperial mausoleums.[18]
- 1709(Hōei 6, 4th month):Tokugawa Ienobu,Tsunayoshi's nephew, becomes the 6thshōgunof theEdo bakufu.[17]andEmperor Nakamikadoaccedes to the throne.
- July 27, 1709(Hōei6, 21st day of the 6th month): Emperor Higashiyama abdicated and the throne passed to his son.[19]
- January 16, 1710(Hōei 6, 17th day of the 12th month): Higashiyama died.[17]
Higashiyama is among those enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum,Tsuki no wa no misasagi,atSennyū-jiinHigashiyama-ku, Kyoto.Also enshrined in this location are this emperor's immediate Imperial predecessors sinceEmperor Go-Mizunoo–Meishō,Go-Kōmyō,Go-SaiandReigen.Higashiyama's immediate Imperial successors, includingNakamikado,Sakuramachi,Momozono,Go-SakuramachiandGo-Momozono,are enshrined here as well.[20]
Eras of reign[edit]
The years of Higashiyama's reign are more specifically identified by more than oneera nameornengō.[9]
Genealogy[edit]
Higashiyama's family included at least 11 children.
Spouse[edit]
| Position | Name | Birth | Death | Father | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chūgū | Princess Yukiko(Hạnh con cái vương) (later: Shōshūmon’in - thừa thu môn viện ) |
November 14, 1680 | March 18, 1720 | Arisugawa-no-miya Yukihito | • First daughter: Imperial Princess Akiko |
Concubines[edit]
| Name | Birth | Death | Father | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kushige Yoshiko(Lược tứ hạ tử) (later: Shin-syukenmon’in - tân sùng hiền môn viện ) |
Unknown | Unknown | Kushige Takatomo | • First son: Prince Ichi • Second son: Prince Ni • Fourth son: Prince Hisa • Second daughter: Princess Tomi • Fifth son: Imperial Prince Yasuhito (laterEmperor Nakamikado) • Sixth son: Imperial Prince Kan'in-no-miya Naohito |
| Reizei Tsuneko(Suối nước lạnh kinh tử) | 1678 | 1755 | Unknown | • Third son: Imperial Prince priest Kōkan |
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Takatsuji Nagakazu (Aka: Sugawara - gian nguyên ) |
• Third daughter: Princess Kōmyōjyō'in • Fourth daughter: Princess Syōsyuku |
Issue[edit]
| Status | Name | Birth | Death | Mother | Marriage | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First son | Prince Ichi(Một cung) | 1693 | 1694 | Kushige Yoshiko | — | — |
| Second son | Prince Ni(Nhị cung) | 1696 | 1698 | Kushige Yoshiko | — | — |
| Third son | Imperial Prince priest Kōkan(Công khoan pháp thân vương) | 1697 | 1738 | Reizei Tsuneko | Unknown | Unknown |
| First daughter | Imperial Princess Akiko(Thu tử nội thân vương) | 1700 | 1756 | Princess Yukiko | Fushimi-no-miya Sadatake (Imperial Prince) |
Unknown |
| Fourth son | Prince Hisa(Thọ cung) | 1700 | 1701 | Kushige Yoshiko | — | — |
| Fifth son | Imperial Prince Yasuhito(Khánh nhân thân vương) (laterEmperor Nakamikado) |
1702 | 1737 | Kushige Yoshiko | Konoe Hisako | • Imperial Prince Teruhito (later:Emperor Sakuramachi) • Princess Syōsan • Imperial Prince Priest Jyun'nin •among 14 children... |
| Second daughter | Princess Tomi(Phúc cung) | 1703 | 1705 | Kushige Yoshiko | — | — |
| Sixth son | PrinceKan'in-no-miyaNaohito(Nhàn viện cung thẳng nhân thân vương) | 1704 | 1753 | Kushige Yoshiko | Saemon-no-suke Sanuki | Prince Kan'in-no-miya Sukehito(Nhàn viện cung điển nhân thân vương) (father of:Emperor Kōkaku) |
| Third daughter | Princess Kōmyōjyō'in(Quang minh định viện cung) (stillbirth) |
1707 | 1707 | Takatsuji Nagakazu's daughter | — | — |
| Fourth daughter | Princess Syōsyuku(Thánh chúc nữ vương) | 1709 | 1721 | Takatsuji Nagakazu's daughter | — | — |
Fictional portrayals[edit]
Higashiyama appears under the name of Tomohito in the novelThe Samurai's Wifeby authorLaura Joh Rowland.In the novel, detective Sano Ichiro is sent to investigate the murder of an important official in the Imperial Court. Tomohito is labelled as a suspect, and is portrayed as a childish oaf at the start of the novel. He is later revealed to be the instigator behind a coming revolution against theTokugawaregime, so he can seize control of Japan himself. However, his plan fails, and he is once again placed in the Imperial Palace, where he seems to have accepted his fate to never leave the palace.
Ancestry[edit]
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See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Imperial Household Agency(Kunaichō):Đông Sơn thiên hoàng (113)
- ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959).The Imperial House of Japan.pp. 117–118.
- ^Titsingh, Isaac (1834).Annales Des Empereurs Du Japon(in French). Royale de France. pp. 415–416.RetrievedApril 30,2019.
- ^Ponsonby-Fane,Imperial House,p. 10.
- ^abPonsonby-Fane,Imperial House,p. 117.
- ^Titsingh, Isaac (1834).Annales Des Empereurs Du Japon(in French). Royale de France. pp. 414–415.RetrievedApril 30,2019.
- ^Titsingh, Isaac (1834).Annales Des Empereurs Du Japon(in French). Royale de France. p. 414.RetrievedApril 30,2019.
- ^abPonsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956).Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869,p. 342.
- ^abcdefgTitsingh, Isaac (1834).Annales Des Empereurs Du Japon(in French). Royale de France. p. 415.RetrievedApril 30,2019.
- ^Titsingh, p. 415; Varley, H. Paul. (1959).A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki,p. 44; n.b., a distinct act ofsensois unrecognized prior toEmperor Tenji;and all sovereigns exceptJitō,Yōzei,Go-Toba,andFushimihavesensoandsokuiin the same year until the reign ofEmperor Go-Murakami.
- ^Ponsonby-Fane,Old Capital,p. 318.
- ^Bock, Felicia G. (1990). "The Great Feast of the Enthronement".Monumenta Nipponica.45(1): 27–38.doi:10.2307/2384496.JSTOR2384496.
- ^Smith, Robertet al.(2004).Japanese Culture: Its Development And Characteristics,p. 28.
- ^Screech, T. (2006).Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns,p. 73.
- ^Traganeou, Jilly. (2004).The Tokaido Road: Traveling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan,p. 230.
- ^abHammer, Joshua. (2006).Yokohama Burning,p. 63.
- ^abcdeTitsingh,p. 416.
- ^Ponsonby-Fane,Imperial House,p. 118.
- ^Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999).Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit,pp. 45–46.
- ^Ponsonby-Fane,Imperial House,p. 423.
- ^"Genealogy".Reichsarchiv(in Japanese). 30 April 2010.Retrieved20 January2018.
Further reading[edit]
- Hammer, Joshua. (2006).Yokohama Burning: the Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II.New York:Simon & Schuster.ISBN978-0-7432-6465-5;OCLC67774380
- Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999).Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867.Münster: LIT Verlag.ISBN978-3-8258-3939-0;OCLC42041594
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon.(1956).Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869.Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.OCLC182637732
- __________. (1959).The Imperial House of Japan.Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.OCLC194887
- Screech, Timon.(2006).Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822.London:RoutledgeCurzon.ISBN978-0-203-09985-8;OCLC65177072
- Smith, Robert and Richard K. Beardsley. (2004).Japanese Culture: Its Development And Characteristics.Chicago, Aldine Publishing.OCLC419072
- Titsingh, Isaac.(1834).Nihon Ōdai Ichiran;ou,Annales des empereurs du Japon.Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.OCLC5850691
- Traganeou, Jilly. (2004).The Tokaido Road: Traveling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan.New York:RoutledgeCurzon.ISBN978-0-415-31091-8;OCLC52347509
- Varley, H. Paul.(1980).Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN978-0-231-04940-5;OCLC59145842
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