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Emperor Nintoku

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Emperor Nintoku
Nhân đức thiên hoàng
Woodblock print byToyohara Chikanobu,1886
Emperor of Japan
Reign313–399 (traditional)[1]
PredecessorŌjin
SuccessorRichū
BornOhosazaki no Mikoto(Đại chim hồng tước tôn)
290[2]
Died399 (aged 108–109)
Burial
Mozu no Mimihara no naka no misasagi(Trăm lưỡi điểu nhĩ nguyên trung lăng)(Osaka)
Spouses
Issue
among others...		Emperor Richū
Posthumous name
Chinese-styleshigō:
Emperor Nintoku (Nhân đức thiên hoàng)

Japanese-styleshigō:
Ohosazaki no Sumeramikoto (Đại chim hồng tước thiên hoàng)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Ōjin
MotherNakatsu-hime
ReligionShinto

Emperor Nintoku(Nhân đức thiên hoàng,Nintoku-tennō),also known asOhosazaki no Sumeramikoto(Đại chim hồng tước thiên hoàng)was the 16thEmperor of Japan,according to the traditionalorder of succession.[3][4][5]Due to his reputation for goodness derived from depictions in theKojikiandNihon Shoki,he is sometimes referred to as theSaint Emperor(Thánh đế,Hijiri-no-mikado).

While his existence is generally accepted as fact, no firm dates can be assigned to Nintoku's life or reign. He is traditionally considered to have reigned from 313 to 399,[6]although these dates are doubted by scholars.[7]

Legendary narrative

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The Japanese have traditionally accepted Nintoku's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Nintoku is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from thepseudo-historicalKojikiandNihon Shoki,which are collectively known asKiki(Nhớ kỷ)orJapanese chronicles.These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since beenexaggerated and/or distortedover time. TheKikistates that Nintoku was born to Nakatsuhime no Mikoto ( trọng cơ mệnh ) sometime in 290 AD, and was given the name Ohosazaki no Mikoto(Đại chim hồng tước tôn).[2]According to theNihon Shoki,he was the fourth son ofEmperor Ōjin.[8]

Known information

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Nintoku is regarded by historians as a ruler during the early 5th century[9]whose existence is generally accepted as fact without attributing all of the things he allegedly accomplished.[7]Nintoku's contemporary title would not have beentennō,as most historians believe this title was not introduced until the reigns ofEmperor TenmuandEmpress Jitō.Rather, it was presumablySumeramikotoorAmenoshita Shiroshimesu Ōkimi(Trị thiên hạ đại vương),meaning "the great king who rules all under heaven". Alternatively, Nintoku might have been referred to asヤマト đại vương / đại quânor the "Great King of Yamato". The name "Nintoku" also might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to him, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of theimperial dynastywere compiled as the chronicles known today as theKojiki.[10][11]

Although theNihon Shokistates that Nintoku ruled from 313 to 399, research suggests those dates are likely inaccurate.[12]William George Astonnotes that if they were factual, Nintoku would be 312 years old in his 78th year of reign assuming that the traditional accounts are correct.[13]Outside of theKiki,the reign ofEmperor Kinmei[a](c. 509– 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.[14]The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign ofEmperor Kanmu[b]between 737 and 806 AD.[10]

Hidehiro Okada identifies him withDei of Wa,[15]a king who preceded the better knownFive kings of Wa.[16]: 11 

Consorts and children

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According to theNihon Shoki,he was the fourth son ofEmperor Ōjinand his mother was Nakatsuhime no Mikoto ( trọng cơ mệnh ), a great-granddaughter ofEmperor Keikō.He was also the father of EmperorsRichū,Hanzei,andIngyō.His name was Ohosazaki no Mikoto(Đại chim hồng tước tôn).

Empress (Kōgō):Princess Iwa(Bàn chi viện mệnh),poet and daughter of Katsuragi no Sotsuhiko(Cát thành tập tân ngạn)(first)

  • First Son: Prince Ōenoizahowake(Đại huynh đi tới tuệ đừng tôn),laterEmperor Richū
  • Prince Suminoe no Nakatsu(Trụ cát trọng hoàng tử,d.399)
  • Third Son: Prince Mizuhawake(Thụy xỉ đừng tôn),laterEmperor Hanzei
  • Fourth Son: Prince Oasatsuma Wakugo no Sukune(Hùng triều tân gian con trẻ túc di tôn),laterEmperor Ingyō
  • Prince Sakoudo(Rượu người vương)

Empress (Kōgō):Princess Yata(Tám điền hoàng nữ),Emperor Ōjin's daughter (second)

Consort (Hi): Himuka no Kaminaga-hime(Ngày hướng phát trường viện),Morokata no Kimi Ushimoroi's daughter

Consort: Uji no Wakiiratsume(Vũ trì chi nếu lang nữ),daughter ofEmperor Ōjin

Consort: Kuro-hime(Hắc ngày bán),daughter of Kibi no Amabe no Atai(Cát bị hải bộ thẳng)

Nintoku's tomb

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Daisen-Kofun, the tomb of Emperor Nintoku, Osaka

Daisen Kofun(the largesttombin Japan) inSakai, Osaka,is considered to be his final resting place. The actual site of Nintoku'sgraveis not known.[3]

The Nintoku-ryo tumulus is one of almost 50 tumuli collectively known as "Mozu Kofungun" clustered around the city, and covers the largest area of any tomb in the world. Built in the middle of the 5th century by an estimated 2,000 men working daily for almost 16 years, the Nintoku tumulus, at 486 meters long and with a mound 35 meters high, is twice as long as the base of the famous Great Pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops) in Giza.[17]

The Imperial tomb of Nintoku's consort,Iwa-no hime no Mikoto,is said to be located in Saki-cho,Nara City.[18]Bothkofun-type Imperial tombs are characterized by a keyhole-shaped island located within a wide, water-filledmoat. Imperial tombs andmausoleaarecultural properties;but they are guarded and administered by theImperial Household Agency(IHA), which is the government department responsible for all matters relating to the Emperor and his family. According to the IHA, the tombs are more than a mere repository for historicalartifacts;they are sacred religious sites. IHA construes each of the Imperial grave sites assanctuariesfor the spirits of the ancestors of the Imperial House.[12]

Nintoku is traditionally venerated at amemorialShintoshrine(misasagi) atOsaka.TheImperial Household Agencydesignates this location as hismausoleum.It is formally namedMozu no Mimihara no naka no misasagi.[19]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The 29th Emperor[4][5]
  2. ^Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty

References

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  1. ^"Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan"(PDF).Kunaicho.go.jp.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 22, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 5,2022.
  2. ^abKenneth Henshall (2013).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945.Scarecrow Press. p. 487.ISBN9780810878723.
  3. ^ab"Trọng ai thiên hoàng (16)".Imperial Household Agency(Kunaichō)(in Japanese).RetrievedAugust 2,2019.
  4. ^abTitsingh, Isaac.(1834).Annales des empereurs du japon(in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 22–24, 34–36.
  5. ^abBrown, Delmer M.and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219.University of California Press. pp. 256–257, 261–262.ISBN9780520034600.
  6. ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard.(1959).The Imperial House of Japan,p. 36.
  7. ^abWetzler, Peter (1998-02-01).Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan.University of Hawaii Press. p. 101.ISBN978-0-8248-6285-5.
  8. ^Aston, William. (1998).Nihongi,Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.
  9. ^Kelly, Charles F."Kofun Culture".t-net.ne.jp.RetrievedFebruary 5,2022.
  10. ^abAston, William George.(1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1.The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 272–300.
  11. ^Brinkley, Frank(1915).A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era.Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p.21.Posthumous names for the earthlyMikadoswere invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of theRecordsand theChronicles.
  12. ^abParry, Richard Lloyd."Japan guards the Emperors' secrets; Ban on digs in ancient imperial tombs frustrates archaeologists",The Independent(London). 12 November 1995.
  13. ^Aston, William George.(1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1.The Japan Society London. p. 295.
  14. ^Hoye, Timothy. (1999).Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds.Prentice Hall. p. 78.ISBN9780132712897.According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  15. ^Cương điền, 2008
  16. ^Kishimoto, Naofumi (2013-05-01). "Dual Kingship in the Kofun Period as Seen from the Keyhole Tombs".Journal of Urban Culture Research.S2CID193255655.
  17. ^Merueñas, Mark."Where Emperors sleep: Japan's keyhole-shaped burial mounds".GMA News Online.Retrieved2017-09-20.
  18. ^Iwa-no hime no Mikoto'smisasagi-- map (upper right)Archived2012-02-07 at theWayback Machine
  19. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 419.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toEmperor Nintoku.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Japan:
Nintoku
313–399
(traditional dates) 		Succeeded by
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