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Emperor Uda

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Emperor Uda
Vũ nhiều ngày hoàng
Emperor of Japan
ReignSeptember 17, 887 – August 4, 897
EnthronementDecember 5, 887
PredecessorKōkō
SuccessorDaigo
BornJune 10, 866
Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
DiedSeptember 3, 931(931-09-03)(aged 65)
Buddhist temple ofNinna-ji(Nhân cùng chùa)
Burial
Ōuchiyama no misasagi( đại nội núi non ) (Kyoto)
Issue
more...		Emperor Daigo
Posthumous name
Tsuigō:
Emperor Uda (Vũ nhiều việnorVũ nhiều ngày hoàng)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Kōkō
MotherHanshi

Emperor Uda(Vũ nhiều ngày hoàng,Uda-tennō,June 10, 866 – September 3, 931)was the 59themperorofJapan,[1]according to the traditionalorder of succession.[2]

Uda's reign spanned the years from 887 through 897.[3]

Traditional narrative

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Name and legacy

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Before his ascension to theChrysanthemum Throne,his personal name (imina)[4]was Sadami(Định tỉnh)[5]orChōjiin-tei.[6]

Emperor Uda was the third son ofEmperor Kōkō.His mother was Empress Dowager Hanshi, a daughter of Prince Nakano (who was himself a son ofEmperor Kanmu).[7]Uda had five Imperial consorts and 20 Imperial children.[8]Particularly important sons include:

Historical background

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In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, theGempeitōkitsu(Nguyên bình đằng quất).One of these clans, theMinamoto clan(Nguyên thị),is also known as Genji. Some of Uda's grandchildren were granted the surnameMinamoto,the most used surname for former Japanese royalty. In order to distinguish Uda's descendants from other Genji, they became known as theUda Genji(Vũ nhiều nguyên thị),some of which moved toŌmi Provinceand became known asSasaki clan(Tá 々 mộc thị)orŌmi Genji(Gần giang nguyên thị).

Among the Uda Genji,Minamoto no Masazane(Nguyên nhã tin),a son ofPrince Atsumi(Đôn thật thân vương)succeeded in the court. Masazane becamesadaijin(Minister of the Left). One of Masazane's daughters, Minamoto no Rinshi(Nguyên luân tử)marriedFujiwara no Michinagaand from this marriage three empresses dowagers and two regents (sesshō) were born.

From Masanobu, severalkugefamilies originated including the Niwata, Ayanokōji, Itsutsuji, Ōhara and Jikōji. From his fourth son Sukeyosi, the Sasaki clan originated, and thus Kyōgoku clan originated. These descendants are known as Ōmi Genji today. From this line,Sasaki Takaujimade a success at the Muromachi shogunate and theAmago clanoriginated from his brother.

Events of Uda's life

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Uda's father, Emperor Kōkō, demoted his sons from the rank of imperial royals to that of subjects in order to reduce the state expenses, as well as their political influence. Sadami was given the clan name ofMinamotoand named Minamoto no Sadami. Later, in 887, when Kōkō needed to appoint his successor, Sadami was once again promoted to the Imperial Prince rank with support ofkampakuFujiwara no Mototsune,since Sadami was adopted by a half-sister of Mototsune. After the death of his father in November of that year, Sadami-shinnōascended to the throne.

  • September 17, 887(Ninna3, 26th day of the 8th month): Emperor Kōkō died; and his third son received the succession (senso). Shortly thereafter, Emperor Uda formally acceded to the throne (sokui).[10]
  • December 5, 887(Ninna 3, 17th day of the 11th month): Mototsune asked Uda for permission to retire from his duties; but the emperor is said to have responded, "My youth limits my ability to govern; and if you stop offering me your good counsel, I will be obliged to abdicate and to retire to a monastery." Therefore, Mototsune continued to serve as the new emperor'skampaku.[11]
A garden at Ninnaji
  • 888(Ninna 4, 8th month): Construction of the newly created Buddhist temple ofNinna-ji(Nhân cùng chùa)was completed; and a former disciple ofKōbō-daishiwas installed as the new abbot.[11]
  • 889(Kanpyō1, 10th month): The former emperorYōzeibecame deranged, and afflicted by mental illness. Yōzei would enter the palace and address courtiers he would meet with the greatest rudeness. He became increasingly furious. He garroted women with the strings of musical instruments and then threw the bodies into a lake. While riding on horseback, he directed his mount to run over people. Sometimes he simply disappeared into the mountains where he chased wild boars and red deer.[12]

In the beginning of Uda's reign, Mototsune held the office ofkampaku(or chancellor). Emperor Uda's reign is marked by a prolonged struggle to reassert power by the Imperial Family away from the increasing influence of the Fujiwara, beginning with the death of Mototsune in 891. Records show that shortly thereafter, Emperor Uda assigned scholars Sukeyo and Kiyoyuki, supporters of Mototsune, to provincial posts in the remote provinces ofMutsuandHigorespectively.[13]Meanwhile, non-Fujiwara officials mainly from theMinamotofamily were promoted to prominent ranks, while his trusted counselor,Sugawara no Michizanerapidly rose in rank within five years to reach the third rank in the court, and supervision of the Crown Prince's household.[13]Meanwhile, Mototsune's son and heir,Fujiwara no Tokihira,rose in rank, but only just enough to prevent an open power struggle.

Meanwhile, Emperor Uda attempted to return Court politics to the original spirit envisioned in theRitsuryōCodes, while reviving intellectual interest in Confucian doctrine and culture. In the seventh month of 896, Emperor Uda dispatched Sugawara no Michizane to review prisoners in the capitol and provide a general amnesty for the wrongfully accused, in keeping with Chinese practices. Emperor Uda also issued edicts reinforcing peasant land rights from encroachment by powerful families in the capital or monastic institutions, while auditing tax collections made in the provinces.[13]

Emperor Uda stopped the practice of sending ambassadors to China(Khiển đường sử,'ken-toh-shi').The emperor's decision was informed by what he understood as persuasive counsel fromSugawara Michizane.[14]

The Special Festival of theKamo Shrinewas first held during Uda's reign.[15]

When determining promotions and rewards for palace guards who have been on duty long hours and have good reputations, do not hold rigidly to precedents; just avoid the words of women and the advice of lesser men... When foreign [literally "barbarian" ] guests must be received, greet them from behind a curtain; do not face upon them directly. I have already made an error with Li Huan [a Chinese summoned to court in 896]... Do not select as provincial officials those who request appointment. Only allow to serve those who have experience in the various offices and are known to be effective.

— Emperor Uda,[13]

In 897, Uda abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Prince Atsuhito, who would later come to be known asEmperor Daigo.Uda left behind an hortatory will or testament which offered general admonitions orprecepts[16]for his son's guidance (see excerpt at right). The document praises Fujiwara no Tokihira as an advisor but cautions against his womanizing; and Sugawara no Michizane is praised as Uda's mentor. Both were assigned by Emperor Uda to look after his son until the latter reach maturity.

Three years later, he entered the Buddhist priesthood at age 34 in 900.[15]Having founded the temple atNinna-ji,Uda made it his new home after his abdication.

Decorative emblems (kiri) of the Hosokawa clan are found atRyōan-ji.Uda is amongst six other emperors entombed near what had been the residence ofHosokawa Katsumotobefore theŌnin War.

His Buddhist name was Kongō Kaku.[15]He was sometimes called "the Cloistered Emperor of Teiji(Đình の đế)",because the name of the Buddhist hall where he resided after becoming a priest was calledTeijiin.[8]

Uda died in 931 (Shōhei1, 19th day of the 7th month) at the age of 65.[17]

The actual site of Uda'sgraveis known.[1]This emperor is traditionally venerated at amemorialShintoshrine(misasagi) at Kyoto.

TheImperial Household Agencydesignates this location as Uda'smausoleum.It is formally namedKaguragaoka no Higashi no misasagi.[18]

The former emperor is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryōan-ji Temple in Kyoto.[19]The mound which commemorates the Hosokawa Emperor Uda is today namedO-uchiyama.The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Uda died. These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers which were ordered by Emperor Meiji.[20]

Kugyō

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Kugyō(Công khanh)is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of theEmperor of Japanin pre-Meijieras.[21]

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career.

During Uda's reign, this apex of theDaijō-kanincluded:

Eras of Uda's reign

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The years of Uda's reign are more specifically identified by more than oneera name,ornengō.[22]

Consorts and children

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Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara noOnshi(Đằng nguyên ôn tử,872–907),Fujiwara no Mototsune’s daughter

  • Imperial PrincessKinshi(Đều tử nội thân vương,890–910),married to Imperial Prince Atsuyoshi

Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara noInshi(Đằng nguyên dận tử,d. 896),Fujiwara no Takafuji’s daughter

  • First Son: Imperial Prince Atsugimi(Đôn nhân thân vương,885–930)laterEmperor Daigo
  • Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Atsuyoshi(Đôn khánh thân vương,887–930)
  • Imperial Prince Atsukata(Đôn cố thân vương,d. 926)
  • Imperial PrincessJūshi(Nhu tử nội thân vương,892–958),25thSaiōinIse Shrine(897–930)
  • Eighth Son: Imperial Prince Atsumi(Đôn thật thân vương,893–967)

Consort (Nyōgo): Tachibana no Yoshiko/Gishi(Quất nghĩa tử),Tachibana no Hiromi’s daughter

  • Second Son: Imperial Prince Tokinaka(斉 trung thân vương,885–891)
  • Third Son: Imperial Prince Tokiyo(斉 thế thân vương,886–927)later Imperial Prince Priest Shinjaku(Thật tịch pháp thân vương)
  • Imperial Prince Tokikuni(斉 bang thân vương)
  • Fourth Daughter: Imperial PrincessKunshi(Quân tử nội thân vương,d. 902),10thSaiininKamo Shrine(893–902)

Consort (Nyōgo): Sugawara no Hiroko/Enshi(Gian nguyên diễn tử),Sugawara no Michizane’s daughter

Consort (Nyōgo): Tachibana no Fusako(Quất phòng ở,d. 893)

Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto no Sadako(Nguyên Sadako),Minamoto no Noboru’s daughter

  • Imperial PrincessIshi(Y tử nội thân vương,895–936)

Court Attendant (Koui): PrincessNorihime(Đức cơ nữ vương),Prince Tōyo’s daughter

  • Imperial PrincessFushi(Phu tử nội thân vương,d. 958)

Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Yasuko(Đằng nguyên bảo tử),Fujiwara no Arizane’s daughter

  • Imperial PrincessKaishi(Hối tử nội thân vương,894–952),married to Imperial Prince Motoyoshi (son of Emperor Yōzei)
  • Imperial PrincessKishi(Út nội thân vương,d. 979)

Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto no Hisako(Nguyên lâu tử)

Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Shizuko(Đằng nguyên tĩnh tử)

Lady-in-waiting: Fujiwara noHōshi(Đằng nguyên bao tử),Fujiwara no Tokihira’s daughter

  • Imperial Prince Masaakira(Nhã minh thân vương,920–929)
  • Imperial Prince Noriakira(Tái minh thân vương)
  • Imperial Prince Yukiakira(Hành minh thân vương,926–948)

Court lady: A daughter of Fujiwara no Tsugukage,Ise(Y thế,875/7 –c. 939)

  • prince (died young)

(from unknown women)

  • Imperial Prince Yukinaka(Hành trung thân vương,d. 909)
  • Imperial PrincessSeishi(Thành tử nội thân vương,d. 979)
  • Minamoto noShinshi(Nguyên thần tử)

Ancestry

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Notes

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Japanese Imperial kamon— a stylizedchrysanthemumblossom
  1. ^abImperial Household Agency(Kunaichō):Vũ nhiều ngày hoàng (59)
  2. ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959).The Imperial House of Japan,pp. 67–68.
  3. ^Brown, Delmeret al.(1979).Gukanshō,pp. 289–290; Varley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki,pp. 175–179; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Annales des empereurs du japon,pp. 125–129.,p. 125, atGoogle Books
  4. ^Brown, pp. 264; prior toEmperor Jōmei,the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
  5. ^Titsingh,p. 125;Brown, p. 289; Varley, 175.
  6. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 8.
  7. ^Varley, p. 175.
  8. ^abBrown, p. 289.
  9. ^Kitagawa, Hiroshiet al.(1975).The Tale of the Heike,p. 503.
  10. ^Brown, p. 289; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act ofsensois unrecognized prior toEmperor Tenji;and all sovereigns exceptJitō,Yōzei,Go-Toba,andFushimihavesensoandsokuiin the same year until the reign ofEmperor Go-Murakami.
  11. ^abTitsingh,p. 126.
  12. ^Titsingh,p. 127.
  13. ^abcdBorgen, Robert (1994).Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court.University of Hawaii Press. pp. 201–216.ISBN978-0-8248-1590-5.
  14. ^Kitagawa, H. (1975).The Tale of the Heike,p. 222.
  15. ^abcdeBrown, p. 290.
  16. ^ComparePrecepts of Tokugawa Ieyasu
  17. ^Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 179.
  18. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.
  19. ^The "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryoan-ji are the burial places of Uda,Kazan,Ichijō,Go-Suzaku,Go-Reizei,Go-Sanjō,andHorikawa.
  20. ^Moscher, Gouverneur. (1978).Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide,pp. 277–278.
  21. ^Furugosho:Kugyōof Uda-tennō.
  22. ^Titsingh,p. 125.
  23. ^"Genealogy".Reichsarchiv(in Japanese). April 30, 2010.RetrievedFebruary 3,2018.

References

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See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toEmperor Uda.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Japan:
Uda
887–897 		Succeeded by
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