Jump to content

Entebbe raid

Coordinates:0°02′43″N32°27′13″E/ 0.04528°N 32.45361°E/0.04528; 32.45361
Extended-protected article
Listen to this article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Israeli counter-terrorist operation in 1976. For the military engagement of the Uganda–Tanzania War in 1979, seeBattle of Entebbe.

Operation Thunderbolt
Part of theArab–Israeli conflictand theCold War

Israeli commandos with aMercedes-Benz 600resembling the one owned by Ugandan dictatorIdi Amin,used bySayeret Matkalto deceive Ugandan troops during the raid.[1]
Date4 July 1976;48 years ago(1976-07-04)
Location
Entebbe International Airport,Uganda
0°02′43″N32°27′13″E/ 0.04528°N 32.45361°E/0.04528; 32.45361
Result Israeli victory
  • 102 of 106 hostages rescued[2]
  • ~25% of Uganda's military aircraft destroyed[3]
Belligerents
Israel
Supported by:
Kenya		 PFLP–EO
Revolutionary Cells
Uganda
Commanders and leaders
Strength
c. 100Israeli commandos (plus aerial crew and support personnel) 7 hijackers: 5 Palestinians, 2 Germans
100+ Ugandan soldiers
Casualties and losses
1 killed (Y. Netanyahu)
5 wounded		 7 hijackers killed
45 soldiers killed[4]
11–30 Ugandan aircraft destroyed[5]
4 hostages killed (incl.Dora Bloch)[6][7]
10 hostages wounded
class=notpageimage|
Sites associated with Operation Entebbe

TheEntebbe raidorOperation Entebbe,officially codenamedOperation Thunderbolt(retroactively codenamedOperation Yonatan), was a 1976Israelicounter-terrorist mission inUganda.It was launched in response to the hijacking of an international civilian passenger flight (anAirbus A300) operated byAir Francebetween the cities ofTel AvivandParis.During a stopover inAthens,the aircraft was hijacked by two PalestinianPFLP–EOterrorists and two GermanRZterrorists,[8]who diverted the flight toLibyaand then to Uganda, where they landed atEntebbe International Airportto be joined by other terrorists. Once in Uganda, the group enjoyed support from Ugandan dictatorIdi Amin.[9]

Having hijacked the flight of 248 passengers on 27 June 1976, the terrorists took hostages with the stated objective of compelling the release of 40 Palestinian and affiliated militants imprisoned in Israel as well as the release of 13 prisoners in four other countries.[10]Over 100 Ugandan soldiers were deployed to support the hijackers after the flight landed, and Amin, who had been informed of the hijacking from the beginning,[11]had personally welcomed the terrorists at Entebbe.[12]After moving all of the hostages to a defunct airport, the hijackers separated all Israelis and several non-IsraeliJewsfrom the larger group of passengers, subsequently moving them into a separate room.[13][14][15]Over the next two days, 148 non-Israeli hostages were released and flown out to Paris.[14][15][16]The 94 remaining passengers, most of whom were Israelis, and the 12-member Air France crew continued to be held as hostages.[17][18]

Representatives within the Israeli government initially debated over whether to concede or respond by force, as the hijackers had threatened to kill the 106 captives if the specified prisoners were not released. Acting on intelligence provided byMossad,the decision was made to have the Israeli military undertake a rescue operation.[19]The Israeli plans included preparation for an armed confrontation with Amin'sUganda Army.[20]

Initiating the operation at nightfall on 3 July 1976, Israeli transport planes flew 100 commandos over 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) to Uganda for the rescue effort. Over the course of 90 minutes, 102 of the hostages were rescued successfully, with three having been killed. One of the dead hostages,Dora Bloch,was murdered by Ugandan authorities at a hospital inKampalashortly after the Israeli rescue operation; she had fallen ill during the hijacking and was removed from the plane for treatment prior to the commandos' arrival. The Israeli military suffered five wounded and one killed;Yonatan Netanyahuwas Israel's sole fatality of Operation Entebbe, and had ledSayeret Matkalduring the rescue effort – he was the older brother ofBenjamin Netanyahu,who would later become Israel's prime minister.[21]The Israeli commandos killed all of the hijackers and 45 Ugandan soldiers, and eleven of Uganda's[6][7]MiG-17sandMiG-21swere destroyed.[5]Over the course of the operation in Uganda, Israel received support from neighbouringKenya.Idi Amin subsequently issued orders for the Ugandan military to kill all Kenyans living in Uganda,[22]leading to the deaths of 245 Kenyan-Ugandans and the exodus of around 3000 Kenyans from Uganda.[23]

Hijacking

Air France Flight 139
TheAir FranceAirbus A300involved, atCharles de Gaulle Airportin 1980
Hijacking
Date27 June 1976
SummaryHijacking
SiteGreek airspace
Aircraft
Aircraft typeAirbus A300B4-203
OperatorAir France
RegistrationF-BVGG
Flight originBen Gurion Int'l Airport,Israel
StopoverAthens (Ellinikon) Int'l Airport,Greece
DestinationCharles De Gaulle Int'l Airport,France
Occupants260
Passengers248
Crew12
Fatalities4
Injuries10
Survivors256

On 27 June 1976, Air France Flight 139, anAirbus A300B4-203,registrationF-BVGG (c/n 019), departed fromTel Aviv,Israel, carrying 246 mainlyJewishandIsraelipassengers and a crew of 12.[24][25]The plane flew to Athens, Greece, where it picked up an additional 58 passengers, including four hijackers.[26][nb 1]It departed for Paris at 12:30 pm. Just after takeoff, the flight washijackedby twoPalestiniansfrom thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations(PFLP-EO), and by two Germans,Wilfried BöseandBrigitte Kuhlmann,from the GermanRevolutionary Cells.The hijackers diverted the flight toBenghazi,Libya.[27]There it was held on the ground for seven hours for refuelling. During that time the hijackers released British-born Israeli citizen Patricia Martell, who pretended to have amiscarriage.[19][28]The plane left Benghazi and at 3:15 pm on the 28th, more than 24 hours after the flight's original departure, it arrived atEntebbe Airportin Uganda.[27]

Situation at Uganda's Entebbe International Airport

At Entebbe, the four hijackers were joined by at least four others, supported by the forces of Uganda's president,Idi Amin.[29]The hijackers transferred the passengers to the transit hall of the disused former airport terminal where they kept them under guard for the following days. Amin came to visit the hostages almost on a daily basis, updating them on developments and promising to use his efforts to have them freed through negotiations.[24]

On 28 June, a PFLP-EO hijacker issued a declaration and formulated their demands. In addition to a ransom of US$5 million for the release of the airplane, they demanded the release of 53 Palestinian and pro-Palestinian militants, 40 of whom were prisoners in Israel.[30]They threatened that if these demands were not met, they would begin to kill hostages on 1 July 1976.[31]

Separation of hostages

On 29 June, after Ugandan soldiers had opened an entrance to a room next to the crowded waiting hall by destroying a separating wall, the hijackers separated the Israelis (including those holding dual citizenship) from the other hostages[nb 2]and told them to move to the adjoining room.[33]As they did so, aHolocaustsurvivor showed hijacker Wilfried Böse acamp registration number tattooedon his arm. Böse protested "I'm no Nazi!... I am an idealist."[38]In addition, five non-Israeli hostages – two ultra-orthodox Jewish couples[24]from the US and Belgium[8]and a French resident of Israel – were forced to join the Israeli group.[35]According to Monique Epstein Khalepski, the French hostage among the five, the captors had singled them out for questioning and suspected them of hiding their Israeli identities.[35]On the other hand, according to French hostage Michel Cojot-Goldberg, the captors failed to identify at least one Israeli among the passengers who was a military officer with dual citizenship then using his non-Israeli passport and he was later freed as part of the second release of non-Israeli hostages.[37]US citizen Janet Almog, Frenchwoman Jocelyne Monier (whose husband or boyfriend was Israeli),[39][40]and French-Israeli dual citizen Jean-Jacques Mimouni, whose name had not been called up during the reading of the original passport-based list, reportedly joined the Israeli hostage group by their own choice.[41]

Release of most non-Israeli hostages

On 30 June, the hijackers released 48 hostages. The released were picked from among the non-Israeli group – mainly elderly and sick passengers and mothers with children. Forty-seven of them were flown by a chartered Air France Boeing 747 out of Entebbe to Paris, and one passenger was treated in hospital for a day.[42]On 1 July, after the Israeli government had conveyed its agreement to negotiations, the hostage-takers extended their deadline to noon on 4 July and released another group of 100 non-Israeli captives who again were flown to Paris a few hours later. Among the 106 hostages staying behind with their captors at Entebbe airport were the 12 members of the Air France crew who refused to leave,[43]about ten young French passengers, and the Israeli group of some 84 people.[2][9][27][44]

Israeli response

Diplomatic efforts

In the week before the raid, Israel tried using political avenues to obtain the release of the hostages. Many sources indicate that theIsraeli cabinetwas prepared to release Palestinian prisoners if a military solution seemed unlikely to succeed. A retired IDF officer, Baruch "Burka" Bar-Lev, had known Idi Amin for many years and was considered to have a strong personal relationship with him. At the request of the cabinet, he spoke with Amin on the phone many times, trying to gain the release of the hostages, without success.[45][46]The Israeli government also approached the United States government to deliver a message to Egyptian presidentAnwar Sadat,asking him to request that Amin release the hostages.[47]Prime ministerYitzhak Rabinand defence ministerShimon Peresspent one week disagreeing on whether to give in to the hijackers' demands (Rabin's position) or not, to prevent more terrorism (Peres' position).[48]

At the 1 July deadline,[49]the Israeli cabinet offered to negotiate with the hijackers to extend the deadline to 4 July. Amin also asked them to extend the deadline until that date. This meant he could take a diplomatic trip toPort Louis,Mauritius, to officially hand over chairmanship of theOrganisation of African UnitytoSeewoosagur Ramgoolam.[50]This extension of the hostage deadline proved crucial to providing Israeli forces enough time to get to Entebbe.[26]

On 3 July, at 18:30, the Israeli cabinet approved a rescue mission,[51]presented byMajor GeneralYekutiel Adamand Brigadier GeneralDan Shomron.Shomron was appointed as the operation commander.[52]

Egyptian–PLO involvement and failure of diplomacy

As the crisis unfolded, attempts were made to negotiate the release of the hostages. According to declassified diplomatic documents, the Egyptian government under Sadat tried to negotiate with both the PLO and the Ugandan government.[53][54]PLO chairmanYasser Arafatsent his political aideHani al-Hassanto Uganda as a special envoy to negotiate with the hostage takers and with Amin.[8]However, the PFLP-EO hijackers refused to see him.[55]

Israel's military preparations

When Israeli authorities failed to negotiate a political solution, they decided that their only option was an attack to rescue the hostages. Lt. Col.Joshua Shani,lead pilot of the operation, later said that the Israelis had initially conceived of a rescue plan that involved dropping naval commandos intoLake Victoria.The commandos would have ridden rubber boats to the airport on the edge of the lake. They planned to kill the hijackers and after freeing the hostages, they would ask Amin for passage home. The Israelis abandoned this plan because they lacked the necessary time and also because they had received word that Lake Victoria was inhabited by theNile crocodile.[56]

Amnon Biran,the mission's intelligence officer, later stated that the proper layout of the airport was unknown, as was the exact location of the hostages and whether the building had been prepared with explosives.[48]

Aircraft refuelling

While planning the raid, the Israeli forces had to plan how to refuel theLockheed C-130 Herculesaircraft they intended to use while en route to Entebbe. The Israelis lacked the logistical capacity toaerially refuelfour to six aircraft so far from Israeli airspace. While severalEast Africannations, including the logistically preferred choice Kenya, were sympathetic, none wished to incur the wrath of Amin or the Palestinians by allowing the Israelis to land their aircraft within their borders.[citation needed]

The raid could not proceed without assistance from at least one East African government. The Israeli government secured permission from Kenya for the IDF task force to cross Kenyan airspace and refuel at what is todayJomo Kenyatta International Airport.KenyanMinister of AgricultureBruce MacKenziepersuaded Kenyan PresidentJomo Kenyattato permit Mossad to collect intelligence prior to the operation, and to allow theIsraeli Air Forceaccess to the Nairobi airport.[57]MacKenzie's support for the operation came afterSir Maurice Oldfield,the then head ofBritain'sMI6intelligence agency, put his contacts in Mossad in touch with MacKenzie, who had been an MI6 contact for some time.[58]The Jewish owner of the Block hotels chain in Kenya, along with other members of the Jewish and Israeli community inNairobi,may also have used their political and economic influence to help persuade Kenya's President Jomo Kenyatta to help Israel.[59]

Uganda's Ambassador toLesotho,Isaac Lumago,[60]overheard some of the details of the operation fromKenya Air Forceofficers who were discussing the possibility of Israeli compensation for the assistance and forwarded the information to Ugandan commanderIsaac Maliyamungu.Maliyamungu did not alert Amin or take any action on the intelligence,[61]allegedly dismissing the report as "gasiya" (rubbish).[62]According to Amin's son, Jaffar Remo, the Ugandan president still managed to receive Lumago's warning via telephone and, after completing his responsibilities at the OAU meeting, boarded a plane and flew back to Uganda.[60]An ex-agent of Uganda's intelligence service, theState Research Bureau,also claimed that Amin was informed by Lumago of the imminent raid. The agent stated that Amin was terrified of possible reprisals in case his troops actually fought the Israeli military, allegedly resulting in his ordering that theUganda Armyshould not open fire on Israeli aircraft during a possible raid.[63]

Mossad intelligence

Mossad built an accurate picture of the whereabouts of the hostages, the number of hijackers, and the involvement of Ugandan troops, based on information from the released hostages in Paris.[64]Further, Israeli firms had been involved in construction projects in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s: while preparing the raid, the Israeli army consulted withSolel Boneh,a large Israeli construction firm that had built the terminal where the hostages were held.[65]While planning the military operation, the IDF erected a partial replica of the airport terminal with the assistance of civilians who had helped build the original.[citation needed]

IDF majorMuki Betserlater remarked in an interview that Mossad operatives extensively interviewed the hostages who had been released. He said that a French-Jewish passenger who had a military background and "a phenomenal memory" had provided detailed information about the number of weapons carried by the hostage-takers.[66]

Task force

The Israeli ground task force numbered approximately 100 personnel, and comprised the following elements:[52]

Ground command and control
This small group comprised the operation and overall ground commander,Brigadier General Dan Shomron,the air force representative Colonel Ami Ayalon and the communications and support personnel.
Assault
A 29-man assault unit led by Lt. Col.Yonatan Netanyahu– this force was composed entirely of commandos fromSayeret Matkal,and was given the primary task of assaulting the old terminal and rescuing the hostages. Major Betser led one of the element's assault teams, and took command after Lt. Col. Netanyahu was killed.
Securers
  1. TheParatroopersforce led byCol. Matan Vilnai– tasked with securing the civilian airport field, clearing and securing the runways, and protection and fuelling of the Israeli aircraft in Entebbe.
  2. TheGolaniforce led byCol. Uri Sagi– tasked with securing the C-130 Hercules aircraft for the hostages' evacuation, getting it as close as possible to the terminal and boarding the hostages; also with acting as general reserves.
  3. TheSayeret Matkalforce led byMajor Shaul Mofaz– tasked with clearing the military airstrip, and destroying the squadron ofMiGfighter jets on the ground, to prevent any possible interceptions by theUganda Army Air Force;also with holding off hostileground forcesfrom the city of Entebbe.

Raid

Aerial photo of the city ofEntebbeand theEntebbe International Airportat sunset

Attack route

Taking off fromSharm el-Sheikh,[67]the task force flew along the international flight path over theRed Sea,mostly flying at a height of no more than 30 m (100 ft) to avoid radar detection by Egyptian, Sudanese, and Saudi Arabian forces. Near the south outlet of the Red Sea the C-130s turned south and crossed into Ethiopian territory, passing west ofDjibouti.From there, they went to a point northeast of Nairobi, Kenya. They turned west, passing through theAfrican Rift Valleyand overLake Victoria.[68][69]

TwoBoeing 707jets followed the cargo planes. The first Boeing contained medical facilities and landed at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya. The commander of the operation, General Yekutiel Adam, was on board the second Boeing, which circled over Entebbe Airport during the raid.[52]

The Israeli forces landed at Entebbe on 3 July at 23:00IST,with theircargo baydoors already open. Because the proper layout of the airport was not known, the first plane almost taxied into a ditch.[48]A blackMercedescar that looked like President Idi Amin's vehicle andLand Roversthat usually accompanied Amin's Mercedes were brought along. The Israelis hoped they could use them to bypass security checkpoints. When the C-130s landed, Israeli assault team members drove the vehicles to the terminal building in the same fashion as Amin.[20][70]As they approached the terminal, two Ugandan sentries, aware that Idi Amin had recently purchased a white Mercedes, ordered the vehicles to stop.[71]The first commandos shot the sentries using silenced pistols.[20]This was against the plan and against the orders – the Ugandans were to be ignored, as they were believed not to be likely to open fire at this stage.[48]An Israeli commando in one of the following Land Rovers opened fire with an unsuppressed rifle.[20]Fearing the hijackers would be alerted prematurely, the assault team quickly approached the terminal.[70]

Hostage rescue

A 1994 photograph of the old terminal with aU.S. Air ForceC-130 Herculesparked in front. Bullet holes from the 1976 raid are still visible.

The Israelis left their vehicles and ran towards the terminal. The hostages were in the main hall of the airport building, directly adjacent to the runway. Entering the terminal, the commandos shouted through a megaphone, "Stay down! Stay down! We are Israeli soldiers," in bothHebrewand English. Jean-Jacques Maimoni, a 19-year-old French immigrant to Israel, stood up and was killed when Muki Betser and another soldier mistook him for a hijacker and fired at him.[27]Another hostage, Pasco Cohen, 52, was also fatally wounded by gunfire from the commandos.[72]In addition, a third hostage, 56-year-old Ida Borochovitch, a Russian Jew who hademigrated to Israel,was killed by a hijacker in the crossfire.[73]

According to hostage Ilan Hartuv, Wilfried Böse was the only hijacker who, after the operation began, entered the hall housing the hostages. At first he pointed hisKalashnikovrifle at hostages, but "immediately came to his senses" and ordered them to find shelter in the restroom, before being killed by the commandos. According to Hartuv, Böse fired only at Israeli soldiers and not at hostages.[8]

At one point, an Israeli commando called out in Hebrew, "Where are the rest of them?" referring to the hijackers.[74]The hostages pointed to a connecting door of the airport's main hall, into which the commandos threw severalhand grenades.They then entered the room and shot dead the three remaining hijackers, ending the assault.[26]Meanwhile, the other three C-130 Hercules aeroplanes had landed and unloadedarmoured personnel carriersto provide defence during the anticipated hour of refuelling. The Israelis then destroyed Ugandan MiG fighter planes to prevent them from pursuing, and conducted a sweep of the airfield to gather intelligence.[26]

Departure

Rescued passengers welcomed at Ben Gurion Airport

After the raid, the Israeli assault team returned to their aircraft and began loading the hostages. Ugandan soldiers shot at them in the process. The Israeli commandos returned fire, inflicting casualties on the Ugandans. During this brief but intense firefight, Ugandan soldiers fired from theairport control tower.At least five commandos were wounded, and the Israeli unit commander, Yonatan Netanyahu, was killed. Israeli commandos fired light machine guns and arocket-propelled grenadeback at the control tower, suppressing the Ugandans' fire. According to one of Idi Amin's sons, the soldier who shot Netanyahu, a cousin of the Amin family, was killed by return fire.[60]The Israelis finished evacuating the hostages, loaded Netanyahu's body into one of the planes, and left the airport.[75]The entire operation lasted 53 minutes – of which the assault lasted only 30 minutes. All seven hijackers present, and between 33 and 45 Ugandan soldiers, were killed.[26][need quotation to verify]Eleven[7]Soviet-builtMiG-17andMiG-21fighter planes of the Uganda Army Air Force were destroyed on the ground at Entebbe Airport.[5][29]Out of the 106 hostages, three were killed, one was left in Uganda (74-year-oldDora Bloch), and approximately 10 were wounded. The 102 rescued hostages were flown to Israel via Nairobi, Kenya, shortly after the raid.[21]

Ugandan reaction

Relatives pay last respects to Dora Bloch, 75, after she was murdered by officers of the Ugandan army.

Amin was furious upon learning of the raid, and reportedly boasted that he could have taught the Israelis a lesson if he had known that they would strike.[63]Following the raid, Maliyamungu had 14 soldiers arrested under suspicion of collaborating with the Israelis. Once they were gathered in a room at Makindye Barracks, he shot 12 of them with his pistol.[76]Uganda Army Chief of StaffMustafa Adrisireportedly wanted to incarcerate or executeGodwin Sule,the Entebbe Air Base commander, who was absent from his post during the raid. Sule had left the air base early that day to meet a female companion at Lake Victoria Hotel on 4 July. Despite Adrisi's demands, Sule's closeness to President Amin guaranteed his safety.[77]

Murder of Dora Bloch

Main article:Murder of Dora Bloch

Dora Bloch, a 74-year-old Israeli who also held British citizenship, was taken toMulago HospitalinKampalaafter choking on a chicken bone.[78]After the raid she was murdered by officers of the Uganda Army, as were some of her doctors and nurses, apparently for trying to intervene.[27][nb 3][80]In April 1987,Henry Kyemba,Uganda'sAttorney generalandMinister of Justiceat the time, told theUganda Human Rights Commissionthat Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and killed by two army officers on Amin's orders.[81]Bloch was shot and her body was dumped in the trunk of a car that had Ugandan intelligence services number plates. Her remains were recovered near a sugar plantation 20 miles (32 km) east of Kampala in 1979,[82]after theUganda–Tanzania Warended Amin's rule.[79]

Idi Amin's anti-Kenyan crackdown

Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda in retaliation for Kenya's assistance to Israel in the raid. Uganda killed 245 Kenyans, including airport staff at Entebbe. To avoid massacre, approximately 3000 Kenyans fled Uganda as refugees.[23][83][84]

On May 24, 1978, Kenya's former agriculture minister,Bruce MacKenzie,was killed when a bomb attached to his aircraft exploded as MacKenzie departed a meeting with Amin. Some have asserted that Ugandan president Idi Amin ordered Ugandan agents to assassinate MacKenzie in retaliation for Kenya's involvement and MacKenzie's actions prior to the raid.[57][85][86][87]Others have indicated various other possible causes for the bombing, including that another person aboard the plane may have been the target.[88][89]Later, Mossad Chief DirectorMeir Amithad a forest planted in Israel in MacKenzie's name.[57]

Aftermath and reactions

United Nations

TheUnited Nations Security Councilconvened on 9 July 1976, to consider a complaint from the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity charging Israel with an "act of aggression".[90]The Council allowed Israel's ambassador to the United Nations,Chaim Herzog,and Uganda's foreign minister,Juma Oris Abdalla,to participate without voting rights.[90]UN Secretary GeneralKurt Waldheimtold the Security Council that the raid was "a serious violation of the sovereignty of a Member State of the United Nations" though he was "fully aware that this is not the only element involved... when the world community is now required to deal with unprecedented problems arising from international terrorism."[90]Abdalla, the representative of Uganda, alleged that the affair was close to a peaceful resolution when Israel intervened while Herzog, the representative of Israel, accused Uganda of direct complicity in the hijacking.[90]The US and UK sponsored a resolution which condemned hijacking and similar acts, deplored the loss of life arising from the hijacking (without condemning either Israel or Uganda), reaffirmed the need to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, and called on the international community to enhance the safety of civil aviation.[91]However, the resolution failed to receive the required number of affirmative votes because two voting members abstained and seven were absent.[92]A second resolution sponsored by Benin, Libya and Tanzania, that condemned Israel, was not put to a vote.[92][93]

Western Bloc

Western nations spoke in support of the raid. West Germany called the raid "an act of self-defence". Switzerland and France praised the operation. Representatives of the United Kingdom and United States offered significant praise, calling the Entebbe raid "an impossible operation". Some in the United States noted that the hostages were freed on 4 July 1976, 200 years after the signing of theUnited States Declaration of Independence.[94][95][96]In private conversation with Israeli Ambassador Dinitz,Henry Kissingersounded criticism for Israeli use of US equipment during the operation, but that criticism was not made public at the time.[97]In mid-July 1976, the supercarrierUSSRangerand her escorts entered the Indian Ocean and operated off the Kenyan coast in response to a threat of military action by forces from Uganda.[98]

The hijacked aircraft's pilot, CaptainMichel Bacos,was awarded theLegion of Honour,and the other crew members were awarded theFrench Order of Merit.[99][100][101][102]

In the ensuing years, Betser and the Netanyahu brothers –IddoandBenjamin,all Sayeret Matkal veterans – argued in increasingly public forums about who was to blame for the unexpected early firefight that caused Yonatan's death and partial loss of tactical surprise.[103][104]

As a result of the operation, the United States military developed rescue teams modelled on the unit employed in the Entebbe rescue.[105]One notable attempt wasOperation Eagle Claw,a failed 1980 rescue of 53 American embassy personnel held hostage in Tehran during theIran hostage crisis.[106][107]

In a letter dated 13 July 1976, the Supreme Commander's Staff of theImperial Iranian Armed Forcespraised the Israeli commandos for the mission and extended condolences for "the loss and martyrdom" of Netanyahu.[108]

F-BVGG, the aircraft in the hijacking of Air France Flight 139, was repaired and returned to service with Air France.[109]In April 1996, the aircraft was leased toVietnam Airlinesfor three months. In December the same year, the aircraft was converted into a freighter and was delivered to S-C Aviation, having been re-registered as N742SC. In 1998 the aircraft was delivered toMNG Airlinesand re-registered as TC-MNA. In 2009, the aircraft was placed into storage at Istanbul Atatürk Airport and was scrapped in 2020.[110][111]

Palestinian bombing of Kenya's Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi

The Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi,owned by a prominent member ofthe local Jewish community,was bombed on 31 December 1980. The bomb flattened the hotel, killing 20 people, of several nationalities, and injuring 87 more. It was believed to be an act of revenge by pro-Palestinian militants for Kenya's supporting role in Operation Entebbe.[112][113][114]

Commemorations

In August 2012, Uganda and Israel commemorated the raid at a somber ceremony at the base of a tower at the Old Entebbe Airport, where Yonatan Netanyahu was killed. Uganda and Israel renewed their commitment to "fight terrorism and to work towards humanity".[115]In addition, wreaths were laid, a moment of silence was held, speeches were given, and a poem was recited. The flags of Uganda and Israel were flown side by side, symbolising the two countries' strong bilateral relations, next to a plaque bearing a history of the raid. The ceremony was attended by Ugandan State Minister for Animal IndustryBright Rwamiramaand the deputyForeign Affairs Minister of IsraelDaniel Ayalon,who laid wreaths at the site.[115]Forty years to the day after the rescue operation, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, brother of slain Israeli commando Yonatan Netanyahu, visited Entebbe with an Israeli delegation, and laid the groundwork for further Israeli–sub-Saharan African bilateral relations.[116]

In popular culture

Documentaries

  • Operation Thunderbolt: Entebbe,a documentary about the hijacking and the subsequent rescue mission.[117]
  • Rise and Fall of Idi Amin(1980), abiopicof the Ugandan dictator briefly features the raid, with an unusual depiction of Amin displaying cowardice when he learns of it.[118]
  • Rescue at Entebbe, Episode 12 of 2005 documentary seriesAgainst All Odds: Israel Survivesby Michael Greenspan.[119]
  • Cohen on the Bridge(2010), a documentary by director Andrew Wainrib, who gained access to the surviving commandos and hostages.[120]
  • Live or Die in Entebbe(2012) by directorEyal Boersfollows Yonatan Khayat's journey to uncover the circumstances of his uncle Jean-Jacques Maimoni's death in the raid.[121]
  • "Assault on Entebbe", an episode of theNational Geographic ChanneldocumentaryCritical Situation.[122]
  • Operation Thunderbolt,the fifth episode in the 2012Military Channeldocumentary seriesBlack Ops.[123]

Dramatizations

Films inspired by Operation Entebbe

Other media

Gallery

  • The old control tower as seen from the front
    The old control tower as seen from the front
  • Close up of the control tower
    Close up of the control tower
  • The old terminal building as it appeared in 2009
    The old terminal building as it appeared in 2009
  • Wall plaque on display at the old terminal building
    Wall plaque on display at the old terminal building
  • The old terminal building of the Entebbe International Airport as seen from the air
    The old terminal building of the Entebbe International Airport as seen from the air

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sources state varying numbers of passengers, between 228 and 246; the higher figure is taken fromThe New York Times.
  2. ^Claims by various authors that the separation was made between Jews and non-Jews[32]are in conflict with eyewitness accounts[13][33][34][35][36]and later they were expressly disclaimed by several former hostages as a "myth" or a manipulation by "sensation-hungry journalists and film-makers."[8][24][37]
  3. ^Now confidential cabinet papers released under the Freedom of Information Act show that the British High Commission in Kampala received a report from a Ugandan civilian that Mrs Bloch had been shot and her body dumped in the boot of a car which had Ugandan intelligence services number plates.[79]

References

  1. ^Times, Terence Smith Special to The New York (13 July 1976)."Israelis Say Raider Impersonated Amin".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved5 October2023.
  2. ^abMcRaven, Bill."Tactical Combat Casualty Care – November 2010".MHS US Department of Defense.Archived fromthe originalon 16 May 2011.Retrieved15 July2011.
  3. ^1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages,BBC
  4. ^Dunstan, Simon (2011).Entebbe: the most daring raid of Israel's special forces.The most daring raids in history. New York: Rosen Pub.ISBN978-1-4488-1868-6.OCLC649079751.
  5. ^abcBrzoska, Michael; Pearson, Frederic S. (1994).Arms and warfare: escalation, de-escalation, and negotiation.Studies in international relations. Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press.ISBN978-0-87249-982-9.
  6. ^ab"Entebbe raid".Encyclopædia Britannica.26 June 2023.
  7. ^abc"BBC on This Day – 4 – 1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages".BBC News.
  8. ^abcdeMelman, Yossi (8 July 2011)."Setting the record straight: Entebbe was not Auschwitz".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on 5 November 2012.Retrieved27 December2012.
  9. ^abSmith, Terence (4 July 1976)."Hostages Freed as Israelis Raid Uganda Airport; Commandos in 3 Planes Rescue 105-Casualties Unknown Israelis Raid Uganda Airport And Free Hijackers' Hostages".The New York Times.Retrieved4 July2009.
  10. ^"Hijacking of Air France Airbus by Followers of Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – Israeli Action to liberate Hostages held at Entebbe Airport..."(PDF).Keesing's Record of World Events.22:27888. August 1976.Retrieved23 September2014.
  11. ^Furst, Alan (2016)."'Operation Thunderbolt,' by Saul David ".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved8 January2018.
  12. ^"Idi Amin's Son: My Dream Is to Apologize Personally to Family of Entebbe Victims".Ha'aretz.14 June 2016.
  13. ^ab"Freed Hostages Tell Their Story".Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 2 July 1976.Retrieved23 September2014.
  14. ^abDunstan, Simon (2011).Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces.The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 20–24.ISBN978-1-4488-1868-6.Retrieved4 July2012.
  15. ^abEnsalaco, Mark (2008).Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to September 11.University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 96–.ISBN978-0-8122-4046-7.Retrieved4 July2012.
  16. ^"Entebbe; Thirty Years On; miracle on the runway".Jewish Telegraph. 2006.Retrieved20 June2011.
  17. ^Scharfstein, Sol (1994).Understanding Israel.KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp.118–.ISBN978-0-88125-428-0.Retrieved5 July2012.
  18. ^Dunstan, Simon(2009).Israel's Lighting Strike, The raid on Entebbe 1976.Osprey Publishing;Osprey Raid Series No. 2. p. 24.ISBN978-1-84603-397-1.
  19. ^ab"Mossad took photos, Entebbe Operation was on its way".Ynetnews.2006.Retrieved6 July2009.
  20. ^abcdFeldinger, Lauren Gelfond (29 June 2006)."Back to Entebbe".The Jerusalem Post.Retrieved4 July2009.
  21. ^ab"Operation Entebbe".The Knesset at Sixty.Retrieved4 July2009.
  22. ^Bayerlin, Ulrich (1977)."Abhandlungen: Die israelische Befreiungsaktion von Entebbe in völkerrechtlicher Sicht"[Essays: The Israeli liberation operation of Entebbe from an international law perspective](PDF).zaoerv.de(in German). Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law.
  23. ^ab"Dispute between Uganda and Kenya"(PDF).Keesing's Record of World Events.Vol. 22. 22 August 1976. p. 27891.
  24. ^abcdLavie, Aviv (31 July 2003)."Surviving the myth".Haaretz.Retrieved23 September2014.
  25. ^"How the Rescue Took Place".Jewish Telegraphic Agency.5 July 1976.Retrieved23 September2014.
  26. ^abcdeHamilton, Fiona (27 February 2008)."General Dan Shomron".The Times.London.Retrieved4 July2009.
  27. ^abcdeBen, Eyal (3 July 2006)."Special: Entebbe's unsung hero".Ynetnews.Retrieved4 July2009.
  28. ^"Entebbe Thirty Years On: Mancunian On Board".Jewish Telegraph.Retrieved22 September2014.
  29. ^ab"1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages".BBC News.4 July 1976.Archivedfrom the original on 23 October 2012.Retrieved27 December2012.
  30. ^Dunstan, Simon (2011).Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces.New York: Rosen. pp. 17–18.
  31. ^"Detailed Story Of Dramatic Israeli Raid".Sarasota Herald-Tribune.13 July 1976.Retrieved22 September2014.
  32. ^"1976 Operation Entebbe".IDF blog.Israeli Defense Forces. Archived fromthe originalon 12 October 2017.Retrieved23 September2014.
  33. ^abOfer, Yehuda (1976).Operation Thunder: The Entebbe Raid. The Israeli's Own Story.Penguin. pp. 46–47.ISBN978-0-14-052321-8.
  34. ^Moufflet, Claude (1976).Otages à Kampala(in French). Presses de la Cité. p. 82.
  35. ^abc"La aventura del secuestro de Entebbe, contada por una protagonista"[The adventure of the Entebbe kidnapping, told by a protagonist].El País(in Spanish). 11 July 1976.Retrieved23 September2014.
  36. ^Jerozolimski, Ana (13 July 2006)."Ada Lazarovitz (46), que hace 30 años fuera una de las rehenes en el avión de Air France secuestrado por terroristas en Entebbe, recuerda su liberación".Espacio Latino(in Spanish). Semanario Hebreo.Retrieved23 September2014.
  37. ^abGoldberg, Michel (1984).Namesake.Corgi. p. 122.
  38. ^Tinnin, David (8 August 1977)."Like Father".Time.p. 2. Archived fromthe originalon 18 October 2010.– A review ofHitler's Childrenby Julian Becker;Frum, David (2000).How We Got Here: The 70s the Decade That Brought You Modern Life – For Better or Worse.Basic Books. p.342.ISBN978-0-465-04196-1.
  39. ^Ross, Philip (2 August 1976)."The Illustrated Story of the Great Israeli Rescue".New York Magazine.Retrieved23 September2014.
  40. ^"Almogs Retell Hijack Tale".Heritage Florida Jewish News.10 September 1976. Archived fromthe originalon 3 February 2015.Retrieved23 September2014.
  41. ^Prince-Gibson, Eetta (7 March 2013)."Entebbe's Forgotten Dead".Tablet.Retrieved23 September2014.
  42. ^Saul, David (2017).Operation Thunderbolt: Flight 139 and the Raid on Entebbe Airport, the Most Audacious Hostage Rescue Mission in History.Back Bay Books.ISBN978-0-316-24539-5.
  43. ^Kaplan, David (3 August 2006)."A historic hostage-taking revisited".The Jerusalem Post.Retrieved4 July2018.
  44. ^"The Entebbe Rescue Mission".Israel Defense Forces.Jewish Virtual Library.Retrieved4 July2009.
  45. ^"Vindication for the Israelis".Time.26 July 1976.
  46. ^"War of Words over a Tense Border".Time.26 July 1976.
  47. ^"Conversation between Henry Kissinger and Israeli Ambassador Simch Dinitz, 30 June 1976"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 13 September 2019.Retrieved24 July2011.
  48. ^abcdDavid, Saul(27 June 2015)."Israel's raid on Entebbe was almost a disaster".The Daily Telegraph.Retrieved9 February2018.
  49. ^Grimes, Paul."Rescuing the Entebbe Hostages".The New York Times.Friday, 30 July 1976. (The Weekend, p. 51).
  50. ^Lipkin-Shakhak, Tali."The Forgotten Hero of Entebbe".Historama. 16 June 2006.
  51. ^Terence, Smith (4 July 1976)."Hostages Freed as Israelis Raid Uganda Airport".The New York Times.Retrieved20 May2010.
  52. ^abc"Israel Defense Forces – Entebbe Diary".Archived fromthe originalon 9 December 2008.
  53. ^"Herman Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Secretary of State, 6 July 1976".Retrieved24 July2011.
  54. ^"Herman Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Secretary of State, 9 July 1976".Retrieved24 July2011.
  55. ^Chabalier, Hervé (12 July 1976)."Israël: le prix d'un exploit"(PDF).Le Nouvel Observateur(in French). p. 25.
  56. ^Williams, Louis (2000).The Israel Defense Forces: A People's Army.iUniverse. p. 131.ISBN978-0-595-14353-5.Retrieved27 December2012.
  57. ^abcMelman, Yossi."A history of cooperation between Israel and Kenya".The Jerusalem Post.Retrieved26 September2013.
  58. ^Pearce, Martin (2016).Spymaster: the Life of Britain's Most Decorated Cold War Spy and Head of MI6, Sir Maurice Oldfield(1 ed.). London: Bantam Press. p. 285.
  59. ^Dunstan, Simon (2011).Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces.Rosen Publishing Group. p. 53.ISBN978-1-4488-1868-6.Retrieved27 December2012.
  60. ^abcEichner, Itamar (4 July 2016)."Idi Amin's son: 'My dream is to meet with Entebbe victims' families to apologize'".Ynetnews.Retrieved12 August2019.
  61. ^Alexander, Ben (4 July 2016)."Operation Thunderbolt: Daring and Luck".Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs.Archived fromthe originalon 17 April 2019.Retrieved17 April2019.
  62. ^Ocen, Felix (11 August 2019)."Rise of Maliyamungu from gatekeeper to Amin's right-hand man".Daily Monitor.Retrieved12 August2019.
  63. ^abSeftel 2010,p. 216.
  64. ^"The Rescue: 'We Do the Impossible'".Time.12 July 1976. Archived fromthe originalon 14 January 2005.Retrieved26 July2009.
  65. ^"Wars and Operations: Operation Thunderball (" Entebbe ")"(in Hebrew).Israel Air Force(official website).
  66. ^"Israel marks 30th anniversary of Entebbe".USA Today.Associated Press. 4 July 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2006.
  67. ^"Operation Entebbe".
  68. ^"Rescue at Entebbe".HistoryNet. 2 April 2018.Retrieved17 April2021.
  69. ^Stevenson, William (1976).Ninety Minutes at Entebbe.New York:Bantam Books.p.100.ISBN978-0-553-10482-0.
  70. ^ab"Remembering Entebbe, Larry Domnitch".The Jewish Press. 1 July 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 23 March 2011.Retrieved4 July2009.
  71. ^Kaplan, David E. (27 December 2012)."A historic hostage-taking revisited".The Jerusalem Post.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2013.Retrieved27 December2012.
  72. ^"Remembering Entebbe".Jerusalem Diaries. 3 July 2001.Retrieved27 December2012.
  73. ^Berg, Raffi (3 July 2016)."Entebbe pilot Michel Bacos 'saw hostage murdered'".BBC News.Retrieved3 July2016.
  74. ^Cawthorne, Nigel (2011).Warrior Elite: 31 Heroic Special-Ops Missions from the Raid on Son Tay to the Killing of Osama Bin Laden.Ulysses Press. p.57.ISBN978-1-56975-930-1.Retrieved27 December2012.Where are the rest of them? entebbe.
  75. ^Dunstan, Simon (2011).Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces.Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 51–53.ISBN978-1-4488-1868-6.Retrieved27 December2012.
  76. ^"History: When Kazini tried to arrest Kashillingi".New Vision.11 December 2019.Retrieved27 February2020.
  77. ^Rwehururu 2002,p. 76.
  78. ^Maltz, Judy (4 June 2016)."40 years after Entebbe, Israeli hostages reflect back on a saga of survival".Haaretz.Retrieved13 June2024.
  79. ^abVerkaik, Robert (13 February 2007)."Revealed: the fate of Idi Amin's hijack victim".The Independent.London.Retrieved4 July2009.
  80. ^Verkaik, Robert (13 February 2007)."Revealed: the fate of Idi Amin's hijack victim".The Independent.London.
  81. ^"1976: British grandmother missing in Uganda".BBC News.7 July 1976.Archivedfrom the original on 18 December 2012.Retrieved27 December2012.
  82. ^"Body of Amin Victim Is Flown Back to Israel".The New York Times.4 June 1979. p. A3.ISSN0362-4331.
  83. ^"1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages".BBC News.BBC – On this day. 4 July 2008.Retrieved26 July2009.
  84. ^Kalinaki, Daniel K. (3 July 2016)."Entebbe raid humiliated Amin, nearly caused East African war".Retrieved27 February2018.
  85. ^Kahana, Ephraim (2006).Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence.Scarecrow Press.ISBN978-0-8108-6500-6.Retrieved26 September2013.
  86. ^"Ugandan agents killed former Cabinet minister, says dossier".Standard Digital News.Retrieved26 September2013.
  87. ^Dunstan, Simon (15 January 2011).Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces – Simon Dunstan.The Rosen Publishing Group.ISBN978-1-4488-1868-6.Retrieved26 September2013.
  88. ^"Mossad, McKenzie, Idi Amin: The strange mix".The Citizen.9 April 2021 [2019-05-26].Retrieved25 September2020.[CAUTION: THAT WEB PAGE INFECTED WITH A VIRUS at time of retrieval].
  89. ^"Mystery behind Bruce McKenzie's death lingers on".Kenyan Digest.2 June 2019.Retrieved25 September2020.[permanent dead link]
  90. ^abcdSecurity Council, Official Records, 1939th meeting, 9 July 1976, S/PV.1939.
  91. ^Security Council. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America: draft resolution. Document S/12138, 12 July 1976.
  92. ^abSecurity Council, Official Records, 1943th meeting, 14 July 1976, S/PV.1943, p. 18.
  93. ^Security Council. Benin, Libyan Arab Republic and United Republic of Tanzania: draft resolution. Document S/12139, 12 July 1976.
  94. ^"Age of Terror: Episode one".BBC News.16 April 2008.
  95. ^"עכשיו, במבצע – תרבות ובידור"[Now, on sale - culture and entertainment]. Ynet. 20 June 1995.Retrieved24 July2011.
  96. ^"מבצע אנטבה"[Antebe Operation].Mota.co.il(in Hebrew). Archived fromthe originalon 21 July 2011.Retrieved24 July2011.
  97. ^"Conversation between Kissinger and Dinitz, 5 July 1976"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 13 September 2018.Retrieved24 July2011.
  98. ^"USSRangerBicentennial Cruise Book ".Archived fromthe originalon 3 December 2013.
  99. ^"Entebbe Postscript".Flight International.17 July 1976. p. 122 – via Flightglobal Archive.
  100. ^Air et cosmos,Issues 618–634, Impr. Reaumur., 1976, p. 48 (in French)
  101. ^"Michel Bacos: the Air France hero of Entebbe".The Jewish Chronicle.15 June 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 4 December 2013.Retrieved28 December2013.
  102. ^"Je dois ma vie à Tsahal"[I owe my life to the IDF].Hamodia(in French). 11 June 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 30 December 2013.
  103. ^Roffe-Ofir, Sharon (2 July 2006)."Special: Entebbe's open wound".Ynetnews.Retrieved13 June2024.
  104. ^Hamerman, Josh (2 April 2007)."Battling against 'the falsification of history'".Ynetnews.Retrieved13 June2024.
  105. ^Dershowitz, Alan M. (2006).Preemption: A Knife that Cuts Both Ways.W. W. Norton & Company. p. 91.ISBN978-0-393-32934-6.
  106. ^Houghton, David Patrick.U.S. Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis,Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) pp. 86–87
  107. ^Nalty, Bernard C. (November 2003).Winged Shield, Winged Sword 1950–1997: A History of the United States Air Force.University Press of the Pacific.ISBN978-1-4102-0902-3.
  108. ^Ginsburg, Mitch (8 July 2015)."In 1976 letter, Iran hailed Entebbe rescue, mourned death of Yoni Netanyahu".The Times of Israel.Jerusalem.Retrieved8 May2016.
  109. ^Ranter, Harro."ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A300B4-203 F-BVGG Entebbe Airport (EBB)".Aviation Safety Network.Flight Safety Foundation.Retrieved19 November2019.
  110. ^"TC-MNA MNG Airlines Airbus A300B4".planespotters.net.Retrieved19 November2019.
  111. ^"MNG Airlines TC-MNA (Airbus A300 – MSN 19) (Ex F-BVGG N742SC)".airfleets.net.Airfleets aviation.Retrieved23 June2020.
  112. ^Kiruga, Morris (15 September 2013)."20 killed in bomb attack on Norfolk".Daily Nation.Archived fromthe originalon 3 August 2016.Retrieved23 September2014.
  113. ^"Nairobi assault: Kenyan terrorist attacks since 1980".Telegraph.co.uk.21 September 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 11 January 2022.
  114. ^Wahome, Patrick Mutahi."War on terror or war on human rights? Implications of the" war on terror "for human rights in Kenya"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved8 November2012.
  115. ^abCandia, Steven (14 August 2012)."Uganda, Israel honor 1976 Entebbe raid".New Vision.Archived fromthe originalon 15 August 2012.Retrieved14 August2012.
  116. ^Macintyre, Donald (4 July 2016)."Binyamin Netanyahu visits scene of brother's 1976 Entebbe airport death".The Guardian.
  117. ^McFadden, Robert D.(26 July 1976)."6 Film Studios Vie Over Entebbe Raid".The New York Times.Retrieved27 April2018.
  118. ^Rich, Paul B. (2018).Cinema and Unconventional Warfare in the Twentieth Century: Insurgency, Terrorism and Special Operations.Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 196.ISBN978-1-350-05570-4.
  119. ^"Against All Odds: Israel Survives".Amazon Prime Video.
  120. ^"2012 Film Selections".Los Angeles Jewish Film Festival.
  121. ^Operation Entebbe – 'Live or Die in Entebbe' Trailer.YouTube. 3 December 2012.Retrieved9 January2013.
  122. ^"Situation Critical".National Geographic TV.
  123. ^"Amazon: Black OPS Season 1: Amazon Digital Services LLC".Amazon.
  124. ^abcdeHoffman, Jordan (2 March 2018)."New 'Entebbe' hijacked by heavy-handed political correctness".Times of Israel.
  125. ^Romirowsky, Asaf(6 July 2011)."The Entebbe Raid, 35 Years Later".National Review.Archivedfrom the original on 18 February 2013.Retrieved27 December2012.
  126. ^Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2014)."Taking Flight: 10 Aircraft and Photos".Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia.Penguin UK.ISBN978-93-5118-799-8.
  127. ^"Operation Thunderbolt (Game)".Giant Bomb.
  128. ^Cohen, Peter-Adrian."theatreor presents A WORLD PREMIERE from an Israeli Perspective".Retrieved5 July2009.
  129. ^"Untitled Theater Co #61's Fest of Jewish Theater & Ideas Runs".20 May 2009.Retrieved5 July2009.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related toOperation Thunderbolt.
Listen to this article(28minutes)
Spoken Wikipedia icon
This audio filewas created from a revision of this article dated 20 December 2017(2017-12-20),and does not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help·More spoken articles)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entebbe_raid&oldid=1232572200"