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For another species in the same genus that is sometimes called the "Big brown bat", seeSerotine bat.

Big brown bat
The image depicts a big brown bat on a rock.
A big brown bat on a rock
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Genus: Eptesicus
Species:
E. fuscus
Binomial name
Eptesicus fuscus
(Beauvois,1796)
Range map
Synonyms
  • Vespertila[a]fuscusBeauvois, 1796

Thebig brown bat(Eptesicus fuscus) is a species ofvesper batdistributed widely throughout North America, theCaribbean,and the northern portion of South America. It was first described as a species in 1796. Compared to other microbats, the big brown bat is relatively large, weighing 15–26 g (0.53–0.92 oz) and possessing a wingspan of 32.5–35 cm (12.8–13.8 in).

Big brown bats areinsectivorous,consuming a diverse array of insects, particularly night-flying insects, but especiallybeetles.[4]Some of the beetles it consumes are serious agricultural pests, includingcucumber beetles.They arenocturnal,foraging for prey at night and roosting in sheltered areas during the day such as caves, tunnels, tree cavities, and human structures. Their breeding season is in the fall, shortly before their annual hibernation. After hibernation ends in the spring, females formmaternity coloniesfor giving birth to young. Oftentimes only one offspring is produced per litter, though twins are common in the Eastern US. Lifespans of 6.5 years are considered average.

The big brown bat occurs widely throughout the US, Canada, Central America, and the Caribbean. Its range extends into parts of South America, found as far south as Colombia and Venezuela. It is adaptable to many habitats and is considered ageneralist species.The big brown bat is not considered at risk for extinction, and is evaluated as the lowest conservation priority by theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN).

While some other bat species in its range have experienced dramatic population declines due to the fungal diseasewhite-nose syndrome,the big brown bat is relatively resistant to the effects of the disease, and some populations have even increased since the syndrome arrived in North America. Like all bats in the US, the big brown bat can be impacted byrabies,though some individuals have immunity against the virus. Even thoughsick bats are more likely to be submitted for testing,in 2011, only 3.8%[5]of submitted big brown bats were positive for the rabies virus. Bat boxes are sometimes used to attract them as they are an agriculturally valuable species.

Taxonomy and etymology[edit]

The big brown bat wasdescribedin 1796 by French naturalistPalisot de Beauvois.Palisot described the species based on specimens in thePhiladelphia MuseumofCharles Willson Peale,an American naturalist, giving it the nameVespertila fuscus.[6][7]The genus name,Eptesicus,is likely derived from the Greek wordsptetikos( "able to fly" ) orpetomai( "house flier" ), and thespecies name"fuscus"isLatinin origin, meaning "brown".[8]The big brown bat is thetype speciesfor the genusEptesicus,which was established in 1820 by French-American naturalistConstantine Samuel Rafinesque.Though Rafinesque designated the type species asEptesicus melanops,this was later determined to be a synonym ofEptesicus fuscus.The first use of the current name combinationEptesicus fuscuswas in 1900 by Hungarian zoologistLajos Méhelÿ.[9]Recognized subspecies number eleven[10]or twelve:[11]

Subspecies Authority Type locality
E. f. bahamensis[12] Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. Nassau, Bahamas
E. f. bernardinus[13] Samuel Nicholson Rhoads San Bernardino, California
E. f. dutertreus[14] Paul Gervais Cuba
E. f. fuscus[6] Palisot de Beauvois Philadelphia
E. f. hispaniolae[15] Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. Constanza, Dominican Republic
E. f. lynni[16] Harold H. Shamel Montego Bay, Jamaica
E. f. miradorensis[17] Joel Asaph Allen Veracruz, Mexico
E. f. osceola[13] Samuel Nicholson Rhoads Tarpon Springs, Florida
E. f. pallidus[18] R. T. Young Boulder, Colorado
E. f. peninsulae[19] Oldfield Thomas Sierra de la Laguna, Mexico
E. f. petersoni[20] Gilberto Silva Taboada Isla de la Juventud, Cuba
E. f. wetmorei[21] Hartley H. T. Jackson Maricao, Puerto Rico

E. f. lynnihas sometimes been considered a full species,[22][23]though was listed as a subspecies by theAmerican Society of Mammalogistsand theIntegrated Taxonomic Information System(ITIS) as of 2019.[24][25]In the US state ofColoradowhere two subspecies were hypothesized to overlap (E. f. fuscusandE. f. pallidus),morphological featuresdid not agree with genetic lineages, and thus were not reliable in distinguishing the two subspecies. Individuals with eastern and western US genetic lineages co-occurred in the same colonies, however.[10]

As the genusEptesicusis fairlyspeciose,it is further divided intomorphologicallysimilar "species-groups".The big brown bat belongs to theserotinusgroup, which is defined by having a large, elongate skull, flat braincase, and a longsnout.[26]In a study of the evolutionary relationships of someEptesicusspecies, the big brown bat was most closely related to the two other species from the Americas: theArgentine brown batand thediminutive serotine.[27]Theserotinusgroup also includes:[26]

Description[edit]

A small, fluffy mammal opens its jaws at the camera, reveal sharp teeth
A big brown bat baring teeth, illustrating the creature's dental formula.

It is a relatively largemicrobat,weighing 15–26 g (0.53–0.92 oz). Adult body length is 110–130 mm (4.3–5.1 in).[28]Its forearm is usually longer than 48 mm (1.9 in).[29]The tail is 47–52 millimetres (1.9–2.0 in) and the hind legs are 10 millimetres (0.39 in).[30]Its wingspan is 32.5–35 cm (12.8–13.8 in). Itsdorsalfur is reddish brown and glossy in appearance; itsventralfur is lighter brown. Its snout,uropatagium(flight membrane between the hind limbs), andwing membranesare black and hairless. Its ears (12–13 millimetres [0.47–0.51 in][30]) are also black;[28]they are relatively short with rounded tips.[29]Thetragi(cartilage flaps in front of the ear canal) also have rounded tips.[28]

It has a robustskull;[29]the greatest length of the skull is approximately 19.25 mm (0.758 in).[31]The snout has a rounded and somewhat flattened appearance.[29]Thebraincasehas a breadth of approximately 8.6 mm (0.34 in) and themandible(jawbone) has a length of approximately 14.5 mm (0.57 in).[31]The upper incisors are large, with the inner pair more prominent than the outer pair. The inner pair of upper incisors also has a distinctive secondary cusp. The crowns of the lower incisors are trifid, or have three cusps.[29]Itsdental formulais2.1.1.33.1.2.3,for a total of 32 teeth.[32]

Biology[edit]

Diet[edit]

A big brown bat, eating a mealworm
A big brown bat, eating amealworm.

Big brown bats areinsectivorous,eating many kinds of insects includingbeetles,flies,stone flies,mayflies,true bugs,net-winged insects,scorpionflies,caddisflies,andcockroaches.[33][32]It will forage in cities around street lamps. As the big brown bat is such a widespread species, it has regional variation in its diet, though it is generally considered a beetle specialist. Populations inIndianaandIllinoishave particularly high consumption ofscarab beetles,cucumber beetles,ground beetlesandshield bugs.InOregon,primary prey items includemothsin addition to scarab beetles and ground beetles. InBritish Columbia,large proportions of caddisflies are consumed, with flies as a secondary prey source.[34]A study inOntariocompared fecal samples of big brown bats with the abundance of insects collected in passive traps. The result was a strong preference for beetles as prey.Lepidopterawere the most common insect order collected but beetles were present in 99.2% of fecal samples.[33]When being rehabilitated, big brown bats are often fedmealwormswhich have been supplemented with necessary vitamins and minerals.[35]

Big brown bats are significant predators of agricultural pests. A 1995 study found that, per year, a colony of 150 big brown bats in Indiana or Illinois consumes 600,000cucumber beetles,194,000scarab beetles,158,000leafhoppers,and 335,000 shield bugs—all of which cause serious agricultural damage.[36]

Behavior[edit]

The big brown bat isnocturnal,roosting in sheltered places during the day. It will utilize a wide variety of structures for roosts, including mines, caves, tunnels, buildings,bat boxes,tree cavities,storm drains,wood piles, and rock crevices.[34]They generally roost in cavities, though they can sometimes be found underexfoliating bark.[37][38]Both solitary males and solitary, non-pregnant/non-lactating females have been found roosting under bark.[39]In the summer, males are most often solitary, though they may form small, all-male colonies. Males will also sometimes roost with adult females. Females exhibitphilopatry( "love of place" ), with 10-30% of female offspring returning to their natal roost the following year and up to 72% of adult females using the same roost in subsequent years.[29]

Vocalizations of the Big brown bat vary with behavioral context

Like many other species of microbats, the big brown bat often usesecholocationto navigate. This means that the species emits a call out into its environment and listens to theechoesof those calls that return from various objects near them.[40]Using echolocation, big brown bats can determine how far away an object is, the objects size, shape and density, and the direction (if any) that an object is moving. Their use of echolocation allows them to occupy a niche where there are often manyinsects(that come out at night since there are fewer predators then), less competition for food, and fewer species that may prey on the big brown bat itself.[41]

Reproduction and life expectancy[edit]

Big brown batmating seasonis in the fall. After the breeding season, pregnant females separate intomaternity coloniesaround April.[8][32]Maternity colonies range in size from 5-700 individuals, though in the eastern US and Canada, they are frequently 25-75 adults.[29]Historically, maternity colonies were probably in tree cavities. In modern, human-dominated landscapes, however, many maternity colonies are in buildings.[34]In the eastern United States, twins are commonly born sometime between May and July; in western North America, females give birth to only one pup each year.[29]A dissected female was once found with fourembryos;had the female given birth, though, it is unlikely that all four would have survived.[32]Like most species of bat,[42]the big brown bat only has two nipples. At birth, pups are blind, helpless, and only 3 g (0.11 oz), though they grow quickly, gaining up to 0.5 g (0.018 oz) per day.[32]The pup nurses from its mother for approximately one month. Mothers leave their pups behind at the roost while they forage at night. Pups fledge, or begin flying, at three to five weeks old.[28]

A 2011 study of a population in Colorado found that their average life expectancy was a little over 6.5 years;[43]according to a 2008 report, some banded big brown bats have lived up to 20 years, although some experts have hypothesized that the bats might be "capable of living much longer."[44]In general, males live longer than females.[29]

Hibernation[edit]

The image depicts a big brown bat sleeping on the wall of a cave
A big brown bat, sleeping on a cave wall

Big brown bats enter into hibernation around November, often in a location less than 80 km (50 mi) away from their summer roosts.[45]Big brown bats often hibernate by themselves,[45][46][47]or in small groups.[45][47]While some big brown bats hibernate insubterraneanlocations such as caves and underground mines,[29]most can be found in warm man-made structures.[48][49]Big brown bats tolerate cold weather fairly well,[46]although they can be negatively affected by major changes in temperature.[45]It is fairly common for some hibernating big brown bats to awaken temporarily and seek warmer shelter, locate water, and even mate.[8][45]Big brown bats come out of hibernation in the spring.[50]The big brown bat has large deposits ofbrown fat,which provides the bats with a source of energy to rapidly increase body temperature upon arousal from hibernation.[51][52]In the summer, big brown bats substantially reduce their brown fat deposits, which are less than half of their winter size.[53]

Predators, parasites, and disease[edit]

The big brown bat has few natural predators. Predation occurs opportunistically, withcommon grackles,American kestrels,owls,long-tailed weasels,andAmerican bullfrogsas known predators.[29]It is affected by a number ofectoparasites(external parasites) andendoparasites(internal parasites). Insect ectoparasites includeBasilia(flies),Cimex(true bugs), andMyodopsylla(fleas). Severalmitesare ectoparasites as well, includingAcanthopthirius,Cheletonella,Euschoengastia,Leptotrombidium,Macronyssus,Neospeleognathopsis,Neotrombicula,Olabidocarpus,Ornithodoros,Parasecia,Perissopalla,andSpinturnix.Endoparasites includenematodes,cestodes,andtrematodes.[29]

Like all bats in the United States,[54]big brown bats can be affected byrabies.Theincubation periodfor rabies in this species can exceed four weeks,[55]though the mean incubation period is 24 days.[54]Rabid big brown bats will bite each other, which is the primary method of transmission from individual to individual. However, not all individuals will develop rabies after exposure to the virus. Some individuals have been observed with a sufficiently high rabiesantibodyconcentration to conferimmunity.Rabies immunity can be passed from mother to pup viapassive immunityor from exposure to the bite of a rabid individual. Overall, a low proportion of big brown bats become infected with rabies. Populations of big brown bats in the Eastern United States have a different strain of rabies than the populations in the Western United States.[55]In one study, only 10% of big brown bats wereshedding the rabies virusthrough their saliva before exhibiting clinical symptoms of the disease; symptoms of rabies in big brown bats include acute weight loss, paralysis,ataxia(inability to coordinate muscle movement),paresis(weakness of voluntary movement), and unusual vocalizations.[54]

Range and habitat[edit]

Two big brown bats sit next to one another in the rafters of a barn.
Two big brown bats roosting in a Minnesota barn

The big brown bat is encountered widely throughout North America in present times.[29]It is found from southern Canada and Alaska to as far south as Colombia and Venezuela. It has also been documented in the Caribbean in both theGreaterandLesser Antilles,includingCuba,Hispaniola,Dominica,Barbados,and theBahamas.The big brown bat has been documented from 300–3,100 m (980–10,170 ft) above sea level.[1]It is ageneralist,capable of living in urban, suburban, or rural environments.[34]It has been called "the most widespreadPleistocenebat in North America ", as it is more represented in the fossil record of that time than any other bat species. Its extensive fossil record is known from more than thirty sites, including fourteen US states, Puerto Rico, Mexico, and the Bahamas.[29]

Conservation[edit]

The big brown bat is evaluated at the lowest conservation priority by theIUCN—least concern.It meets the criteria for this designation because it has a wide geographic distribution, a large population size, occurrence in protected areas, and tolerance to habitat modification by humans.[1]While other bat species in the Eastern United States have experienced significant population declines (up to 98% loss) due towhite-nose syndrome,the big brown bat is relatively resistant to its effects. Even in caves harboringPseudogymnoascus destructans,the fungus that causes white-nose syndrome, big brown bats maintain normaltorporpatterns. Unlike in other species more affected by white-nose syndrome, big brown bats are able to retain more of their body fat throughout hibernation. In fact, some regions of the eastern United States have seen an increase in big brown bat populations since the arrival of white-nose syndrome.[56]

Relationship to people[edit]

The big brown bat is the officialstate mammalof theDistrict of Columbia.[57]

Economic value[edit]

The image depicts a small wooden box on a pole.
A typical bat box affixed to a post

Big brown bats are a species that will usebat housesfor their roosts. Landowners will purchase or construct bat houses and install them, hoping to attract big brown bats, largely due to their being an "agriculturally valuable species".[58]In particular, the big brown bat feeds on cucumber beetles, which can decimate corn; this makes the species quite beneficial to farmers in theCorn Belt.[59]

As disease vectors[edit]

Big brown bats can be of concern topublic healthas a rabies vector, as they commonly roost in buildings and thus have a higher chance of encountering humans.[55]Because they are often found in proximity to humans, the big brown bat and the not-closely relatedlittle brown batare the two bat species most frequently submitted for rabies testing in the United States.[60]Big brown bats infrequently test positive for the rabies virus; of the 8,273 individuals submitted for testing across the United States in 2011, 314 (3.8%) tested positive for the virus.[5]There is a knownbias in testing,however, as healthy bats rarely come into contact with humans, and therefore sick bats are more likely to be tested.[61]In the US, human rabies cases from exposure to bats more frequently come from other bat species. Of the twenty-four human rabies cases from bats from 1993 to 2000, seventeen cases (71%) were a rabies variant associated with thesilver-haired bat(Lasionycteris noctivagans) while one case (4%) was associated with the rabies variant found in big brown bats.[62]

Histoplasma capsulatum,the fungus that causes the diseasehistoplasmosis,is occasionally found in itsguano.The big brown bat may also be a vector of theSaint Louis encephalitis virus,amosquito-born virus that can affect humans.[29]Individuals have also tested positive forWest Nile virus,which can also be transferred to humans via mosquitoes.[63]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Sic;possibly a misprint of the wordVespertilio.[2]When first described in 1758,Vespertiliowas equivalent to the modern taxonomic orderChiroptera.[3]

References[edit]

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