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Eraserhead

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This article is about the film. For the band, seeEraserheads.For the My Hero Academia character, seeShōta Aizawa.For the laptop input device, seepointing stick.

Eraserhead
Theatrical release poster
Directed byDavid Lynch
Written byDavid Lynch
Produced byDavid Lynch
Starring
Cinematography
Edited byDavid Lynch
Music by
Production
company
Distributed byLibra Films
Release date
  • March 19, 1977(1977-03-19)
Running time
89 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$100,000[2]
Box office$7.1 million[2]

Eraserheadis a 1977 Americanindependentsurrealistbody horrorfilm[3]written, directed, produced, and edited byDavid Lynch.Lynch also created itsscoreand sound design, which included pieces by a variety of other musicians. Shot inblack and white,it was Lynch's first feature-length effort following several short films. StarringJack Nance,Charlotte Stewart,Jeanne Bates,Judith Anna Roberts,Laurel Near, andJack Fisk,it tells the story of a man (Nance) who is left to care for his grossly deformed child in a desolate industrial landscape.

Eraserheadwas produced with the assistance of theAmerican Film Institute(AFI) during Lynch's time studying there. It nonetheless spent several years inprincipal photographybecause of funding difficulties; donations from Fisk and his wifeSissy Spacekas well as Nance's wife and crew memberCatherine Coulsonkept production afloat. It was shot on several locations owned by the AFI in California,Greystone Mansion,and a set of disused stables in which Lynch lived. Lynch and sound designerAlan Spletspent a year working on the film's audio after their studio was soundproofed. The soundtrack features organ music byFats Wallerand includes the song "In Heaven",written and performed for the film byPeter Ivers,with lyrics by Lynch.

Initially opening to small audiences and little interest,Eraserheadgained popularity over several long runs as amidnight movie.Since its release, it has been praised and considered acult film.Its surrealist imagery and sexual undercurrents have been seen as key thematic elements, and its intricate sound design as its technical highlight. In 2004, the film was selected by theLibrary of Congressfor preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryas being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[4]

Plot

[edit]

Henry Spencer's face appears superimposed over a planet in space. He opens his mouth and aspermatozoon-like creature emerges. The Man in the Planet, a male being working inside of the planet, moves a set of levers, and the creature swims away.

In an industrial cityscape, Henry walks home with his groceries. He is stopped outside his apartment by the Beautiful Girl Across the Hall, who informs him that his girlfriend, Mary, has invited him to dinner with her family. Henry leaves his groceries in his apartment, which is filled with piles of dirt and dead plants. That night, Henry visits Mary's home, conversing awkwardly with her mother. At the dinner table, he is asked to carve a chicken; the bird moves and writhes on the plate and gushes blood when cut. After dinner, Henry is cornered by Mary's mother, who tries to kiss him. She tells him that Mary has had his child and that the two must marry. Mary, however, is not sure if what she bore is a child.

The couple move into Henry's one-room apartment and begin caring for the child, a swaddled bundle with an inhuman, snake-like face that resembles the spermatozoon creature seen earlier. The infant refuses all food, crying incessantly and intolerably. The sound drives Mary hysterical, and she leaves Henry and the child. Henry attempts to care for the child, and he learns that it struggles to breathe and has developed painful sores on its skin.

Henry begins experiencing visions, again seeing the Man in the Planet, as well as a lady who inhabits hisradiatorand stomps more of the sperm creatures. After a sexual encounter with the Beautiful Girl Across the Hall, he has another vision in which the Lady in the Radiator sings ( "In Heaven" ), and his head pops off his body while he is fidgeting, replaced by the baby's crying head. Henry's disembodied head falls from the sky, landing on a street and breaking open. A boy finds it and takes it to a pencil factory to be turned intoerasers.

Awakened, Henry seeks out the Beautiful Girl Across the Hall, but finds her with another man. Crushed, Henry returns to his room. He takes a pair of scissors and for the first time removes the child's swaddling clothes. It is revealed that the child has no skin; the bandages held its internal organs together, and they spill out after the bandages are cut. The child gasps in pain, and Henry stabs its organs with the scissors. The wounds gush a thick liquid, covering the child. The power in the room overloads, causing the lights to flicker; as they flick on and off the child grows to huge proportions. As the lights burn out completely, the child's head is replaced by the planet seen at the beginning. Henry appears amidst a billowing cloud of eraser shavings. The side of the planet bursts apart, and inside, the Man in the Planet struggles with his levers, which are now emitting sparks. Henry is embraced warmly by the Lady in the Radiator, as both white light andwhite noisecrescendo before the screen turns black and silent.

Cast

[edit]

Themes and analysis

[edit]

Eraserhead'ssound design has been considered one of its defining elements. Although the film features several hallmark visuals—the deformed infant and the sprawling industrial setting—these are matched by their accompanying sounds, as the "incessant mewling" and "evocative aural landscape" are paired with these respectively.[5]The film features several constant industrial sounds, providing low-level background noise in every scene. This fosters a "threatening" and "unnerving" atmosphere, which has been imitated in works such asDavid Fincher's 1995 thrillerSevenand theCoen brothers' 1991 black comedyBarton Fink.[5]The constant low-level noise has been perceived by James Wierzbicki in his bookMusic, Sound and Filmmakers: Sonic Style in Cinemaas perhaps a product of Henry Spencer's imagination, and the soundtrack has been described as "ruthlessly negligent of the difference between dream and reality".[6]The film also begins a trend within Lynch's work of relatingdiegetic musicto dreams, as when the Lady in the Radiator sings "In Heaven" during Spencer's extended dream sequence. This is also present in "Episode 2" ofTwin Peaks,in which diegetic music carries over from a character's dream to his waking thoughts; and in 1986'sBlue Velvet,in which a similar focus is given toRoy Orbison's "In Dreams".[6]

The film has also been noted for its strong sexual themes. Opening with an image of conception, the film then portrays Henry Spencer as a character who is terrified of, but fascinated by, sex. The recurring images of sperm-like creatures, including the child, are a constant presence during the film's sex scenes; the apparent "girl next door"appeal of the Lady in the Radiator is abandoned during her musical number as she begins to violently smash Spencer's sperm creatures and aggressively meets his gaze.[7]In his bookThe Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror,David J. Skaldescribes the film as "depict[ing] human reproduction as a desolate freak show, an occupation fit only for the damned".[8]Skal also posits a different characterization of the Lady in the Radiator, casting her as "desperately eager for an unseen audience's approval".[8]In his bookDavid Lynch Decoded,Mark Allyn Stewart proposes that the Lady in the Radiator is in fact Spencer'ssubconscious,a manifestation of his own urge to kill his child, who embraces him after he does so, as if to reassure him that he has done right.[9]

As a character, Spencer has been seen as aneverymanfigure, his blank expression and plain dress keeping him a simple archetype.[10]Spencer displays apacifisticandfatalisticinactivity throughout the film, simply allowing events to unfold around him without taking control. This passive behavior culminates in his sole act of instigation at the film's climax; his apparent act of infanticide is driven by the domineering and controlling influences that beset him. Spencer's passivity has also been seen by film critics Colin Odell and Michelle Le Blanc as a precursor to Lynch's 1983–92 comic stripThe Angriest Dog in the World.[11]

Production

[edit]

Pre-production

[edit]
A black-and-white full-length picture of a man in a suit
A painted portrait of a moustached man
Stories byFranz Kafka(left)andNikolai Gogol(right)influencedEraserhead'sscript.

Writer and directorDavid Lynchhad previously studied for a career as a painter, and he had created several short films to animate his paintings.[12]By 1970, however, he had switched his focus to film-making, and at the age of 24 he accepted a scholarship at theAmerican Film Institute's Center for Advanced Film Studies. Lynch disliked the course and considered dropping out, but after being offered the chance to produce a script of his own devising, he changed his mind. He was given permission to use the school's entire campus for film sets; he converted the school's disused stables into a series of sets and lived there.[13]In addition,Greystone Mansion,also owned by the AFI, was used for many scenes.[14]

Lynch had initially begun work on a script titledGardenback,based on his painting of a hunched figure with vegetation growing from its back.Gardenbackwas a surrealist script about adultery, which featured a continually growing insect representing one man's lust for his neighbor. The script would have resulted in a roughly 45-minute-long film, which the AFI felt was too long for such a figurative, nonlinear script.[15]In its place, Lynch presentedEraserhead,which he had developed based on a daydream of a man's head being taken to a pencil factory by a small boy. Several board members at the AFI were still opposed to producing such a surrealist work, but they acquiesced when DeanFrank Danielthreatened to resign if it were to be vetoed.[16]Lynch's script forEraserheadwas influenced by his reading as a film student;Franz Kafka's 1915 novellaThe MetamorphosisandNikolai Gogol's 1836 short story "The Nose"were strong influences on the screenplay.[17]Lynch also confirmed in an interview withMetro Silicon Valleythat the film "came together" when he opened up aBible,read one verse from it, and shut it; in retrospect, Lynch could not remember if the verse was from theOld Testamentor theNew Testament.[18]In 2007, Lynch said "Believe it or not,Eraserheadis my most spiritual film. "[19]

The script is also thought to have been inspired by Lynch's fear of fatherhood;[14]his daughterJenniferhad been born with "severelyclubbed feet",requiring extensive corrective surgery as a child.[20]Jennifer has said that her own unexpected conception and birth defects were the basis for the film's themes.[20]The film's tone was also shaped by Lynch's time living in a troubled neighborhood inPhiladelphia.Lynch and his family spent five years living in an atmosphere of "violence, hate and filth".[21]The area was described as a "crime-ridden poverty zone", which inspired the urban backdrop ofEraserhead.Describing this period of his life, Lynch said, "I saw so many things in Philadelphia I couldn't believe... I saw a grown woman grab her breasts and speak like a baby, complaining her nipples hurt. This kind of thing will set you back".[14]In his bookDavid Lynch: Beautiful Dark,film critic Greg Olson posits that this time contrasted starkly with the director's childhood in thePacific Northwest,giving the director a "bipolar, Heaven-and-Hell vision of America" which has subsequently shaped his films.[21]

Initial casting for the film began in 1971, and Jack Nance was quickly selected for the lead role. However, the staff at the AFI had underestimated the project's scale—they had initiallygreen-litEraserheadafter viewing a twenty-one page screenplay, assuming that the film industry's usual ratio of one minute of film per scripted page would reduce the film to approximately twenty minutes. This misunderstanding, coupled with Lynch's own meticulous direction, caused the film to remain in production for a number of years.[13]In an extreme example of this labored schedule, one scene in the film begins with Nance's character opening a door—a full year passed before he was filmed entering the room. Nance, however, was dedicated to producing the film and retained the unorthodox hairstyle his character sported for the entirety of its gestation.[22]

Filming

[edit]

Buoyed with regular donations from Lynch's childhood friend Jack Fisk and Fisk's wifeSissy Spacek,production continued for five years as Lynch kept running out of money.[23][24]Additional funds were provided by Nance's wifeCatherine E. Coulson,who worked as a waitress and donated her income,[25]and by Lynch himself, who delivered newspapers throughout the film's principal photography.[26]During one of the many lulls in filming, Lynch was able to produce the short filmThe Amputee,taking advantage of the AFI's wish to test new film stock before committing to bulk purchases.[27]The short piece starred Coulson, who continued working with Lynch as a technician onEraserhead.[27]Eraserhead'sproduction crew was very small, composed of Lynch;sound designerAlan Splet;cinematographerHerb Cardwell, who left the production for financial reasons and was replaced withFrederick Elmes;production manager and prop technician Doreen Small; and Coulson, who worked in a variety of roles.[28]

A screenshot of the film, showing the bizarre animal-like infant
It has been speculated that Lynch used a rabbit to create Spencer's alien-like baby.

The physical effects used to create the deformed child have been kept secret. The projectionist who worked on the film'sdailieswas blindfolded by Lynch to avoid revealing the prop's nature, and he has refused to discuss the effects in subsequent interviews.[29]The prop—which Nance nicknamed "Spike" —featured several working parts; its neck, eyes and mouth were capable of independent operation.[30]Lynch has offered cryptic comments on the prop, at times stating that "it was born nearby" or "maybe it was found".[31]It has been speculated byThe Guardian'sJohn Patterson that the prop may have been constructed from a skinned rabbit or a lamb fetus.[32]The child has been seen as a precursor to elements of other Lynch films, such asJohn Merrick's make-up in 1980'sThe Elephant Manand thesandwormsof 1984'sDune.[33]

During production, Lynch began experimenting with a technique of recording dialogue that had been spoken phonetically backwards and reversing the resulting audio. Although the technique was not used in the film, Lynch returned to it for "Episode 2",the third episode of his 1990 television seriesTwin Peaks.[34]Lynch also began his interest intranscendental meditationduring the film's production,[14]adopting avegetarian dietand giving up smoking and alcohol.[35]

Post-production

[edit]

Lynch worked with Alan Splet to design the film's sound. The pair arranged and fabricated soundproof blanketing to insulate their studio, where they spent almost a year creating and editing the film's sound effects. The soundtrack is densely layered, including as many as fifteen different sounds played simultaneously using multiple reels.[36]Sounds were created in a variety of ways—for a scene in which a bed slowly dissolves into a pool of liquid, Lynch and Splet inserted a microphone inside a plastic bottle, floated it in a bathtub, and recorded the sound of air blown through the bottle. After being recorded, sounds were further augmented by alterations to their pitch,reverband frequency.[37]

After a poorly receivedtest screening,in which Lynch believes he had mixed the soundtrack at too high a volume, the director cut twenty minutes of footage from the film, bringing its length to 89 minutes.[38]Among the cut footage is a scene featuring Coulson as the infant's midwife, another of a man torturing two women—one again played by Coulson—with a car battery, and one of Spencer toying with a dead cat.[39]

Soundtrack

[edit]
Main article:Eraserhead (soundtrack)

The soundtrack toEraserheadwas released byI.R.S. Recordsin 1982.[40]The two tracks included on the album feature excerpts of organ music byFats Wallerand the song "In Heaven",written for the film byPeter Ivers.[41]The soundtrack was re-released on August 7, 2012, bySacred Bones Recordsin a limited pressing of 1,500 copies.[42]The album has been seen as presaging thedark ambientmusic genre, and its presentation of background noise and non-musical cues has been described byPitchfork's Mark Richardson as "a sound track (two words) in the literal sense".[43]

Release

[edit]

Box office

[edit]

Eraserheadpremiered at theFilmexfilm festival inLos Angeles,on March 19, 1977.[44]On its opening night, the film was attended by twenty-five people; twenty-four viewed it the following evening. However,Ben Barenholtz,head of distributor Libra Films, persuaded local theater Cinema Village to run the film as a midnight feature, where it continued for a year. After this, it ran for ninety-nine weeks at New York'sWaverly Cinema,had a year-long midnight run atSan Francisco'sRoxie Theaterfrom 1978 to 1979, and achieved a three-year tenure at Los Angeles'Nuart Theatrebetween 1978 and 1981.[45]During a run of screenings in New York and Los Angeles,Eraserheadwas paired with the 1979animatedshort filmAsparagus,created bySuzan Pitt,for nearly two years.[46]

Eraserheadwas a commercial success, grossing $7 million in the United States and $14,590 in other territories.[2]Eraserheadwas also screened as part of the 1978BFI London Film Festival,[47]and the 1986Telluride Film Festival.[48]

Reception

[edit]

UponEraserhead'srelease,Varietyoffered a negative review, calling it "a sickening bad-taste exercise".[49]The review expressed incredulity over the film's long gestation and described its finale as unwatchable.[49]ComparingEraserheadto Lynch's next filmThe Elephant Man,Tom Buckley ofThe New York Timeswrote that while the latter was a well-made film with an accomplished cast, the former was not. Buckley calledEraserhead"murkily pretentious", and wrote that the film's horror aspects stemmed solely from the appearance of the deformed child rather than from its script or performances.[50]Writing in 1984, Lloyd Rose ofThe Atlanticwrote thatEraserheaddemonstrated that Lynch was "one of the most unalloyed surrealists ever to work in the movies".[51]Rose described the film as being intensely personal, finding that unlike previous surrealist films, such asLuis Buñuel's 1929 workUn Chien Andalouor 1930'sL'Age d'Or,Lynch's imagery "isn't reaching out to us from his films; we're sinking into them".[51]In a 1993 review for theChicago Tribune,Michael Wilmington describedEraserheadas unique, feeling that the film's "intensity" and "nightmare clarity" were a result of Lynch's attention to detail in its creation due to his involvement in so many roles during its production.[52]In the 1995 essay "Bad Ideas: The Art and Politics of Twin Peaks", criticJonathan Rosenbaumwrote thatEraserheadrepresented Lynch's best work. Rosenbaum wrote that the director's artistic talent declined as his popularity grew, and contrasted the film withWild at Heart—Lynch's most recent feature film at that time—saying "even the most cursory comparison ofEraserheadwithWild at Heartreveals an artistic decline so precipitous that it is hard to imagine the same person making both films ".[53]John Simonof theNational ReviewcalledEraserhead"a grossout for cultists".[54]

Contemporary reception of the film has been highly favorable. OnRotten Tomatoes,the film holds an approval rating of 89% based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10 according to IMDB. The site's critical consensus reads, "David Lynch's surrealEraserheaduses detailed visuals and a creepy score to create a bizarre and disturbing look into a man's fear of parenthood. "[55]OnMetacritic,the film has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[56]

Writing forEmpiremagazine, Steve Beard rated the film five stars out of five. He wrote that it was "a lot more radical and enjoyable than [Lynch's] later Hollywood efforts" and highlighted its mix of surrealistbody horrorandblack comedy.[57]TheBBC's Almar Haflidason awardedEraserheadthree stars out of five, describing it as "an unremarkable feat by [Lynch's] later standards".[58]Haflidason wrote that the film was a gathering of loosely related ideas, adding that it is "so consumed with surreal imagery that there are almost limitless possibilities to read personal theories into it"; the reviewer's own take on these themes were that they represented a fear of personal commitment and featured "a strong sexual undercurrent".[58]A reviewer writing forFilm4ratedEraserheadfive stars out of five, describing it as "by turns beautiful, annoying, funny, exasperating and repellent, but always bristling with a nervous energy".[59]The Film4 reviewer wrote thatEraserheadwas unlike most films released to that point, save for the collaborations betweenLuis BuñuelandSalvador Dalí;however, Lynch denies having seen any of these beforeEraserhead.[59]Writing forThe Village Voice,Nathan Lee praised the film's use of sound, writing "to see the film means nothing—one must alsohearit ".[60]He described the film's sound design as "an intergalactic seashell cocked to the ears of anacid-trippinggargantua ".[60]

The Guardian'sPeter Bradshawsimilarly lauded the film, also awarding it five stars out of five. Bradshaw considered it to be a beautiful film, describing its sound design as "industrial groaning, as if filmed inside some collapsing factory or gigantic dying organism".[61]He compared it toRidley Scott's 1979 filmAlien.[61]Jason Ankeny, writing forAllMovie,gave the film a rating of five stars out of five; he highlighted the disturbing sound design of the film and described it as "an open metaphor".[48]He wrote thatEraserhead"sets up the obsessions that would follow [Lynch] through his career", adding his belief that the film's surrealism enhanced the understanding of the director's later films.[48]In an article forThe Daily Telegraph,film-makerMarc Evanspraised both the sound design and Lynch's ability "to make the ordinary seem so odd", considering the film an inspiration for his own work.[62]A review of the film in the same newspaper comparedEraserheadto the works of Irish playwrightSamuel Beckett,describing it as a chaotic parody of family life.[63]Manohla Dargis,writing forThe New York Times,called the film "less a straight story than a surrealistic assemblage".[33]Dargis wrote that the film's imagery evoked the paintings ofFrancis Baconand theGeorges Franju1949 documentaryBlood of the Beasts.[33]Film Threat'sPhil HallcalledEraserheadLynch's best film, believing that the director's subsequent output failed to live up to it.[64]Hall highlighted the film's soundtrack and Nance's "Chaplinesque"physical comedy as the film's stand-out elements.[64]

Home media

[edit]

Eraserheadwas released onVHSon August 7, 1982, byColumbia Pictures.[65]The film was released onDVDandBlu-rayby Umbrella Entertainment in Australia; the former was released on August 1, 2009,[66]and the latter on May 9, 2012.[67]The Umbrella Entertainment releases include an 85-minute feature on the making of the film.[66][67]Other home media releases of the film include DVD releases byUniversal Picturesin 2001, Subversive Entertainment in 2006, Scanbox Entertainment in 2008,[48]and a DVD andBlu-rayrelease bythe Criterion Collectionin September 2014.[68]

Legacy

[edit]

In 2004,Eraserheadwas selected for preservation in theNational Film Registryby the United StatesLibrary of Congress.Selection for the Registry is based on a film being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[4]Eraserheadwas one of the subjects featured in the 2005 documentaryMidnight Movies: From the Margin to the Mainstream,which charted the rise of themidnight moviephenomenon in the late 1960s and 1970s; Lynch took part in the documentary through a series of interviews. The production covers six films which are credited as creating and popularizing the genre; also included areNight of the Living Dead,El Topo,Pink Flamingos,The Harder They Come,andThe Rocky Horror Picture Show.[69]In 2010, theOnline Film Critics Societycompiled a list of the 100 best directorial debuts, listing what they felt were the best first-time feature films by noted directors.Eraserheadplaced second in the poll, behindOrson Welles's 1941Citizen Kane.[70]

Lynch collaborated with most of the cast and crew ofEraserheadagain on later films. Frederick Elmes served as cinematographer onBlue Velvet,[71]1988'sThe Cowboy and the Frenchman,and 1990'sWild at Heart.[72]Alan Splet provided sound design forThe Elephant Man,Dune,andBlue Velvet.[73]Jack Fisk directed episodes of Lynch's 1992 television seriesOn the Air[74]and worked as a production designer on 1999'sThe Straight Storyand 2001'sMulholland Drive.[75]Coulson and Nance appeared inTwin Peaks,[76]and made further appearances inDune,[77]Blue Velvet,[71]Wild at Heart,[78]and 1997'sLost Highway.[79]

Following the release ofEraserhead,Lynch attempted to find funding for his next project,Ronnie Rocket,a film "about electricity and a three-foot guy with red hair".[80]Lynch met film producerStuart Cornfeldduring this time. Cornfeld had enjoyedEraserheadand was interested in producingRonnie Rocket;he worked forMel BrooksandBrooksfilmsat the time, and when the two realized thatRonnie Rocketwas unlikely to find sufficient financing, Lynch asked to see some already-written scripts to consider for his next project. Cornfeld found four scripts that he felt would interest Lynch; on hearing the title ofThe Elephant Man,the director decided to make it his second film.[81]

While working onThe Elephant Man,Lynch met American directorStanley Kubrick,who revealed to Lynch thatEraserheadwas his favorite film.[82]Eraserheadalso served as an influence on Kubrick's 1980 filmThe Shining;Kubrick reportedly screened the film for the cast and crew to "put them in the mood" that he wanted the film to achieve.[83]Eraserheadis also credited with influencing the 1989 Japanese cyberpunk filmTetsuo: The Iron Man,the experimental 1989 horror filmBegotten,andDarren Aronofsky's 1998 directorial debutPi.[84][85][86]Swiss artistH. R. GigercitedEraserheadas "one of the greatest films [he had] ever seen",[87]and said that it came closer to realizing his vision than even his own films.[88]According to Giger, Lynch declined to collaborate with him onDunebecause he felt Giger had "stolen his ideas".[89]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^"Eraserhead(X) ".British Board of Film Classification.January 15, 1979.RetrievedMarch 18,2016.
  2. ^abc"Eraserhead – Box Office Data, DVD Sales, Movie News, Cast Information".The Numbers.Nash Information Services.RetrievedAugust 22,2012.
  3. ^Faulkner, Jason (October 31, 2017)."25 body horror movies that made our bones hurt".Syfy.Archived fromthe originalon September 18, 2021.RetrievedApril 23,2023.
  4. ^ab"Films Added to National Film Registry for 2004"(Press release).Library of Congress.December 28, 2004.RetrievedAugust 22,2012.
  5. ^abD'Angelo, Mike (May 14, 2012)."David Lynch shows how audio can be creepier than any image in Eraserhead".The A.V. Club.The Onion.RetrievedAugust 22,2012.
  6. ^abWierzbicki 2012,p. 182.
  7. ^Odell & Le Blanc 2007,p. 32.
  8. ^abSkal 2001,p. 298.
  9. ^Stewart 2007,p. 7.
  10. ^Olson 2008,p. 62.
  11. ^Odell & Le Blanc 2007,p. 33.
  12. ^Odell & Le Blanc 2007,pp. 192–6.
  13. ^abOdell & Le Blanc 2007,p. 27.
  14. ^abcdWoodward, Richard B. (January 14, 1990)."A Dark Lens on America".The New York Times.RetrievedAugust 22,2012.
  15. ^Olson 2008,pp. 56–59.
  16. ^Olson 2008,pp. 59–60.
  17. ^Olson 2008,p. 54.
  18. ^von Busack, Richard."Diving In".Metro Silicon Valley.RetrievedFebruary 25,2017.
  19. ^"David Lean Lecture: David Lynch".British Academy of Film and Television Arts.October 27, 2007.RetrievedFebruary 26,2017.
  20. ^abOlson 2008,p. 87.
  21. ^abOlson 2008,p. 51.
  22. ^Odell & Le Blanc 2007,pp. 27–28.
  23. ^Odell & Le Blanc 2007,p. 28.
  24. ^"A Dark Lens on America".The New York Times.January 14, 1990.
  25. ^Rodley & Lynch 2005,p. 67.
  26. ^Rodley & Lynch 2005,p. 60.
  27. ^abOdell & Le Blanc 2007,pp. 28–29.
  28. ^Rodley & Lynch 2005,p. 55.
  29. ^Hoberman & Rosenbaum 1991,pp. 242–243.
  30. ^Odell & Le Blanc 2007,pp. 35–36.
  31. ^Rodley & Lynch 2005,p. 54.
  32. ^Patterson, John (September 6, 2008)."Film: David Lynch's film has scarred many an innocent viewer, including a teenage John Patterson".The Guardian.RetrievedAugust 24,2012.
  33. ^abcDargis, Manohla (December 7, 2007)."Distorted, Distorting and All-Too Human".The New York Times.RetrievedAugust 23,2012.
  34. ^Rodley & Lynch 2005,pp. 165–167.
  35. ^Olson 2008,p. 72.
  36. ^Hoberman & Rosenbaum 1991,p. 234.
  37. ^Hoberman & Rosenbaum 1991,pp. 234–235.
  38. ^Hoberman & Rosenbaum 1991,p. 235.
  39. ^Odell & Le Blanc 2007,p. 34.
  40. ^Carlson, Dean."Listen to Eraserhead by Original Soundtrack – Album Reviews, Credits, and Awards".AllMusic.RetrievedMarch 19,2016.
  41. ^"Eraserhead: Original Soundtrack Recording".Sacred Bones Records.RetrievedAugust 23,2012.
  42. ^Larson, Jeremy D (July 6, 2012)."David Lynch's Eraserhead soundtrack to receive deluxe reissue on Sacred Bones Records".Consequence of Sound.RetrievedAugust 23,2012.
  43. ^Richardson, Mark (August 9, 2012)."David Lynch / Alan Splet: Eraserhead | Album Reviews".Pitchfork Media.RetrievedAugust 23,2012.
  44. ^Hoberman & Rosenbaum 1991,p. 215.
  45. ^Hoberman & Rosenbaum 1991,p. 220.
  46. ^Guest, Haden (November 13, 2019)."Fever Dreamer: Suzan Pitt's Feminist Fantasias".The Criterion Collection.RetrievedJanuary 11,2023.
  47. ^"BFI | Film & TV Database | 22nd".British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon December 13, 2013.RetrievedAugust 23,2012.
  48. ^abcdAnkeny, Jason."Eraserhead – Review".AllMovie.AllRovi.Archived fromthe originalon January 11, 2012.RetrievedAugust 22,2012.
  49. ^ab"Variety Reviews – Eraserhead – Film Reviews – – Review by Variety Staff".Variety.1977.RetrievedAugust 22,2012.
  50. ^Tom, Buckley (October 17, 1980). "The Screen: 'Eraserhead'".The New York Times.p. C15.
  51. ^abRose, Lloyd (October 1, 1984)."Tumoresque: the films of David Lynch".The Atlantic.Atlantic Media Company. Archived fromthe originalon May 13, 2013.RetrievedAugust 22,2012.(subscription required)
  52. ^Wilmington, Michael (November 19, 1993)."Eraserhead Makes Its Mark As A Monument To Alienation".Chicago Tribune.RetrievedAugust 23,2012.
  53. ^Rosenbaum 1995,p. 23.
  54. ^Simon 2005,p. 123.
  55. ^"Eraserhead".Rotten Tomatoes.RetrievedAugust 24,2021.
  56. ^"Eraserhead Reviews".Metacritic.RetrievedNovember 13,2021.
  57. ^Beard, Steve."Empire's Eraserhead Movie Review".Empire.Archived fromthe originalon October 8, 2015.RetrievedAugust 22,2012.
  58. ^abHaflidason, Almar (January 16, 2001)."BBC – Films – review – Eraserhead".BBC.RetrievedAugust 22,2012.
  59. ^ab"Eraserhead (1977) – Film Review".Film4.Channel Four Television Corporation.RetrievedAugust 22,2012.
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