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Erasmus Programme

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Logo of the current Erasmus+ programme (2021–2027)

TheErasmus Programme( "EuRopean CommunityActionScheme for theMobility ofUniversityStudents ")[1]is aEuropean Union(EU)student exchange programmeestablished in 1987.[2][3]Erasmus+,or Erasmus Plus, is the new programme combining all the EU's current schemes for education, training, youth and sport, which was started in January 2014.

Overview[edit]

Erasmus+ is theEU's programme to support education, training, youth and sport in Europe. The programme involves the 27 EU Member States and 6 non-EU associated countries with 55 National Agencies responsible for the decentralized management of most of the programme's actions. Other countries across the world may also participate in certain parts of the programme. The overall responsibility for the programme’s management, direction and evaluation lies with the European Commission (Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture), assisted by its Education, Audio-visual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA).

The objective of “Erasmus+” is to promote transnational learning mobility and cooperation between organisations and policy-makers, as a means of improving quality and excellence, supporting inclusion and equity, and boosting creativity and innovation in the fields of education, vocational education and training, youth and sport. In all these sectors, the aim is to provide support, through life-long learning, for the educational, professional and personal development of participants in Europe and beyond.

The programme's objective is pursued through three key actions:

  • Key action 1: Learning mobility of individuals
  • Key action 2: Cooperation among organisations and institutions
  • Key action 3: Support to policy development and cooperation

Other activities include “Jean Monnet” actions, which support teaching, learning, research and debates on European integration matters, e.g. on the EU’s future challenges and opportunities.

Full information on the current profile and the activities for which funding within the programme is available, can be found in theErasmus+ Programme Guide.

Launched in 1987, the "Erasmus" programme was originally established to promote closer cooperation between universities and higher education institutions across Europe. Over time, the programme has expanded and is now referred to asErasmus+,or Erasmus Plus, combining the EU's different schemes for transnational cooperation and mobility in education, training, youth and sport in Europe and beyond. The 'Erasmus+' programme concluded its first funding cycle from 2014 to 2020 and is now in its second cycle, spanning from 2021 to 2027. Noted for its participation among staff, students, young people, and learners across age groups, as of 2021, the programme has engaged over 13 million participants. The origins of its name refers toErasmus of Rotterdama leading scholar and inspiring lecturer during the Renaissance period who travelled extensively in Europe to teach and study at a number of universities. But at the same time, the word “Erasmus” also served as the acronym for "EuRopean CommunityActionScheme for theMobility ofUniversityStudents ".

In 1989, the Erasmus Bureau invited 32 former Erasmus students for an evaluation meeting inGhent,Belgium.The lack of peer-to-peer support was singled out as a major issue, but it was also a driving force behind the creation of theErasmus Student Network.The organization supports students from Erasmus programme and other bilateral agreement and cooperates with national agencies in order to help international students. As of 23 July 2020, the Erasmus Student Network consists of 534 local associations ( "sections" ) in 42 countries and has more than 15,000 volunteers across Europe.

As of 2014, 27 years after its creation, the programme has promoted the mobility of more than 3.3 million students within the European community. More than 5,000 higher education institutions from 38 countries are participating in the project.[4]

The Erasmus Programme, together with a number of other independent programmes, was incorporated into theSocrates programmeestablished by the European Commission in 1994. The Socrates programme ended on 31 December 1999 and was replaced with the Socrates II programme on 24 January 2000, which in turn was replaced by theLifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013on 1 January 2007.

Beside the more popular student mobility (SMS), the Erasmus+ programme promotes the teacher mobility (STA), by which university teachers can spend a short period, for a minimum of 2 teaching days and a maximum of 2 months, teaching at least 8 hours in a foreign partner university. The average and suggested stay is of 5 teaching days.[5]

Background and history[edit]

Origins of the name[edit]

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam

The programme is named after the Dutch philosopher, theologian,Renaissance Humanist,monk,and devoutRoman Catholic,Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam,called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists".[1]Erasmus, along with his good friendThomas More,became one of the main figures of European intellectual life during the Renaissance. Known for his satire, Erasmus urged internal reform of the Catholic Church. He encouraged a recovery of the CatholicPatristictradition against what he considered to be contemporary abuses of theSacramentsand certain excessive devotional practices. He famously clashed with Protestant revolutionaryMartin Lutheron the subject of free will. ERASMUS is abackronymmeaningEuropean Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students.[1]Erasmus travelled widely across Europe and he was a pioneer of the EuropeanRepublic of Letters.He was one of the first intellectuals to use as a vehicle of diffusion of his ideas a path-breaking technology, namely themovable typeand spent a lot of his time inside printing workshops.[6]

The programme's origins can be traced through a series of significant events documented on the official European Commission programme page:

  • From 1973 to 1976, the first European-level education action programme was established.
  • Between 1976 and 1987, the foundations for what would later become Erasmus were laid through the "Joint Study Programme" (JSP) scheme in higher education. This initiative gained traction as more universities and students participated, contributing to the development of mobility, partnership, and joint curricula.
  • From 1985 to 1987, the "Erasmus" proposal was developed and negotiated. In 1985, the Directorate for Education and Training presented the proposal to the Council and European Parliament. The Council officially adopted the "Erasmus" programme on June 15, 1987, and it was officially launched on July 1, 1987.

In 1969, the concept of promoting cultural, social, and academic exchanges among European students took root, thanks to the efforts of Italian educator and scientific consultant Sofia Corradi for the permanent conference of Italian university rectors. Her role allowed her to raise awareness about this idea and make it known in the academic and institutional spheres.[7]The project was born after an initiative of the EGEE student association (nowAEGEE) founded byFranck Biancheri(who later became president of the trans-European movement Newropeans) which in 1986–1987 convinced French president François Mitterrand to support the creation of the Erasmus programme.

This active collaboration between AEGEE and the European Commission and especially Domenico Lenarduzzi, Ministry of Public Education, allowed the approval of the Erasmus programme in 1987. It became an integral part of the Socrates I (1994–1999) and Socrates II (2000–2006) programmes. From 2007 it became one of the elements of the Lifelong Learning Programme (2007–2013).

In June 1984, the European Council decided in Fontainebleau to establish an ad-hoc European citizens' committee with the mission to make proposals in order to improve the image of the European Union. Each council member would select a member and together they should present a set of proposals to be approved at a future European Council. Under the chairmanship of Pietro Adonnino, the committee presented two successive reports[8]that were approved at the Council session in Milano on the 28–29 of June 1985.[9]Under the proposals that were advanced in these reports was the suggestion (to be found in the second report from number 5.6: University Cooperation) that the ministers for education and universities and higher-education establishments

  1. should establish a cross-frontier cooperation enabling students to pursue part of their studies in an establishment in a member state other than their own;
  2. should implement, a comprehensive European inter-university programme of exchanges and studies aimed at giving this opportunity to a significant section of the EU's student population.

These suggestions were advanced by the Belgian member Prosper Thuysbaert and were discussed and approved by the committee.[citation needed]

1987 European Commission proposal[edit]

By the time the Erasmus Programme was adopted in June 1987, theEuropean Commissionhad been supporting pilot student exchanges for six years. It proposed the original Erasmus Programme in early 1986, but reaction from the then member states varied: those with substantial exchange programmes of their own (essentially France, Germany and the United Kingdom) were broadly hostile[citation needed];the remaining countries were broadly in favour. Exchanges between themember statesand theEuropean Commissiondeteriorated, and the latter withdrew the proposal in early 1987 to protest against the inadequacy of the triennial budget proposed by some member states.[1]

European Court of Justice decision[edit]

This method of voting, a simple majority, was not accepted by some of the opposing member states, who challenged the adoption of the decision before theEuropean Court of Justice.Although the court held that the adoption was procedurally flawed, it maintained the substance of the decision; a further decision, adapted in the light of the jurisprudence, was rapidly adopted by theCouncil of Ministers.[citation needed]

Adoption and growth[edit]

The programme built on the 1981–1986 pilot student exchanges, and although it was formally adopted only shortly before the beginning of the academic year 1987–1988, it was still possible for 3,244 students to participate in Erasmus in its first year. In 2006, over 150,000 students, or almost 1% of the European student population, took part. The proportion is higher among university teachers, where Erasmus teacher mobility is 1.9% of the teacher population inEurope,or 20,877 people.[citation needed]

From 1987 to 2006, over two million students[10]benefited from Erasmus grants, and the European Commission aimed to reach a total of 3 million by 2012.[citation needed]In 2004 Erasmus Programme was awarded thePrincess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation.

Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013[edit]

After 2007, theLifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013replaced the Socrates programme as the overall umbrella under which the Erasmus (and other) programmes operated.

Erasmus Mundus[edit]

Main article:Erasmus Mundus

TheErasmus Mundusprogramme is a parallel programme oriented towards globalising European education and is open to non-Europeans with Europeans being exceptional cases.

Citizens' initiative for more money 2014–2020[edit]

In May 2012,[11]Fraternité 2020was registered as Europe's firstEuropean Citizens' Initiativeand a goal to increase the budget for EU exchange programmes like Erasmus or theEuropean Voluntary Servicestarting in 2014. It ultimately collected only 71,057 signatures from citizens across the EU out of 1 million signatures needed by 1 November 2013.[12]

Erasmus+ Programme 2014–2020[edit]

Erasmus+also called Erasmus Plus, has been the new 14.7 billion euro catch-all framework programme for education, training, youth and sport from 2014 to 2020.[13]The Erasmus+ programme combined all the EU's schemes for education, training, youth and sport, including the Lifelong Learning Programme (Erasmus,Leonardo da Vinci,Comenius, Grundtvig), Youth in Action and five international co-operation programmes (Erasmus Mundus, Tempus, Alfa, Edulink and the programme for co-operation with industrialised countries). The Erasmus+ regulation[14]was signed on 11 December 2013.[15]

Erasmus+ provided grants for a wide range of actions including the opportunity for students to undertake work placements abroad and for teachers and education staff to attend training courses. Projects are divided into two parts – formal and non-formal education – each of them with three key actions. Erasmus+ key action one provides a unique opportunity for teachers, headmasters, trainers and other staff of education institutions to participate in international training courses in different European countries.[16]

The staff home institution must apply to receive the grant to send its staff members abroad for training.[17]

Erasmus+ conducted projects in Central Asia's Kazakhstan, funding 40 projects involving 47 Kazach universities with more than 35.5 million euros.[18]

WithBrexit,the UK government decision not to participate in Erasmus+ meant UK students (9,993 in 2018) lost access to the Erasmus programme and EU students (29,797 in 2018) lost access to UK universities,[19]despite some Conservatives such asSuella Bravermanhaving benefitted from it and promises made by then-Prime MinisterBoris Johnsonthat "There is no threat to the ERASMUS scheme."[20][21]The UK deciding to utilise the funds it would have paid into Erasmus+ to create theTuring scheme,allowing 40,000 students p.a., from age 4 to University age, to gain experience overseas, without being limited to European destinations.[22]

Erasmus+ Programme 2021–2027[edit]

Main article:Erasmus+

On 30 May 2018, the European Commission adopted its proposal for the next Erasmus programme, with a doubling of the budget to 30 billion euros for the period 2021–2027.[23]Further negotiations were expected to take place during the 2019–2024 European parliamentary term with the European Parliament and the European Council before the final programme is adopted.[24]The agreement between the European Parliament and the European Council was adopted and the publication of the new regulation 2021/817 establishing the new Erasmus+ programme was made on 28 May 2021.[25]

For the second phase of the programme, the EU has made the commitment to expand “Erasmus+” further and to enrich it by introducing a new ´greening´ dimension as well as a strong new digital education component. The new greening dimension is designed to contribute to combating climate change and addressing other global challenges including health, while the digital education strand seeks in particular to improve the quality of online education in Europe which has grown considerably in the aftermath of the Covid 19 pandemic. Further transversal priorities for the programme are the commitment to social inclusion and diversity, and to promoting stronger participation in democratic life, common values and civic engagement.

Participation and impact of the programme[edit]

Graffiti commemorating participation in the Erasmus+ programme on the primary school building inPilszcz,Poland

Nearly 14 million people have participated in the Erasmus programme since its creation. The number of young participants has increased significantly since 1987. Nearly 300,000 a year[when?]compared with only 3,244 in 1987.Spainis the country that has allowed most people to participate in Erasmus with more than 40,000 per year, slightly ahead ofFrance,GermanyandItaly.The countries receiving the most Erasmus students are Spain with more than 47,000 students and then Germany with 32,800.[26]Erasmus has positively impacted higher education, bringing educational, social, cultural, and economic benefits to institutions. It professionalizes international cooperation, strengthens academic ties, fosters research collaborations, and forms informal networks, creating friendships across borders. The programme has become a valued source of 'soft power' and diplomatic value for participating countries. There are currently more than 4,000 higher institutions participating in Erasmus across the 37 countries. In 2012–13, 270,000 took part, the most popular destinations being Spain, Germany, Italy and France.[27]Erasmus students represented 5 percent of European graduates as of 2012.[28]

Studies have discussed issues related to the selection into the programme and the representativeness of the participants. Some studies have raised doubts about the inclusiveness of the programme, by socio-economic background, level of study, or academic performance. Thus, one study analyses the financial issues and family background of Erasmus students, showing that despite the fact that access to the programme has been moderately widened, there are still important socio-economic barriers to participation in the programme.[29]Another study uncovered what seems to be an adverse self-selection of Erasmus students based on their prior academic performance, with higher-performing students less likely to participate than lower-performing ones. However, this case was based on a number of four hundred graduates in a Spanish university only.[30]Inversely, one study looking in details at French and Italian students found that the primary predictor of participation to Erasmus was students' prior academic records, not the occupation of their parents.[31]

Requirements[edit]

The Erasmus Programme had previously been restricted to applicants who had completed at least one year of tertiary-level study, but it is now also available to secondary school students. Indeed, non-formal education programmes for adults, can expand opportunities for its students and staff through the development of international partnerships following the priorities of the Programme, such as inclusion and diversity, digital transformation, environment and climate change or participation in democratic life.[32]

Details[edit]

Students who join the Erasmus Programme study at least three months or do an internship for a period of at least 2 months to an academic year in another European country. The former case is called aStudent Mobility for StudiesorSMS,while the latter case is called aStudent Mobility of PlacementorSMP.[33][34]The Erasmus Programme guarantees that the period spent abroad is recognised by their university when they come back, as long as they abide by terms previously agreed.Switzerlandhas been suspended as a participant in the Erasmus programme as of 2015, followingthe popular voteto limit the immigration of EU citizens into Switzerland. As a consequence, Swiss students will not be able to apply for the programme and European students will not be able to spend time at a Swiss university under that programme.[35]

A main part of the programme is that students do not pay extra tuition fees to the university that they visit. Students can also apply for an Erasmus grant to help cover the additional expense of living abroad. Students with disabilities can apply for an additional grant to cover extraordinary expenses.

In order to reduce expenses and increase mobility, many students also use the European Commission-supported accommodation network, CasaSwap, FlatClub, Erasmusinn,Eurasmus,[36]Erasmate or Student Mundial, which are free websites where students and young people can rent, sublet, offer and swap accommodation – on a national and international basis. A derived benefit is that students can share knowledge and exchange tips and hints with each other before and after going abroad.

Impact[edit]

Erasmus has positively impacted higher education, bringing educational, social, cultural, and economic benefits to institutions. It professionalises international cooperation, strengthens academic ties, fosters research collaborations, and forms informal networks, creating friendships across borders. The programme has become a valued source of'soft power'and diplomatic value for participating countries.[37]

Erasmus in the media and popular culture[edit]

The "Erasmus experience"[edit]

For many higher education students, the "Erasmus" Programme is their first time living and studying in another country. Alongside academic study or practical training, the programme fosters learning and understanding of the host country, and the “Erasmus” experience is considered both a time for learning as well as a chance to socialize and experience a different culture, not to mention self-discovery. In this respect, and thanks to its popularity among students, it has emerged as a contemporary cultural phenomenon, inspiring books and films that explore the Erasmus experience.

Films[edit]

Most of the characters in the French-Spanish filmL'Auberge espagnole(2002) are enrolled in the programme, which plays a central role in the film.

Various documentary films have been produced around the programme, notably the Italian documentaryErasmus 24 7[38]orErasmus, notre plus belle année(2017).

Books[edit]

The self-finding experiences of “Erasmus” students in France form the basis for Davide Faraldi's first novelGenerazione Erasmus(2008).

InDavid Mitchell's 1997 novelSlade House,an “Erasmus” party is the scene for an important experience for fresher student Sally Timms.

Pakistani novelistNimra Ahmed's novelJannat K Patte(Leaves of Heaven) is based on the Erasmus programme, where the protagonist Haya goes toSabancı UniversityTurkey throughErasmus Mundus,which marks a turning point in her life.[39]

In the novelNormal People(2020) and itssubsequent adaptationby Irish authorSally Rooneyand its subsequent adaptation for television, Marianne goes to Sweden via the “Erasmus” programme.

Cafébabel[edit]

The online public forumCafébabelwas founded in 2001 by Erasmus exchange programme students, and is headquartered inParis.The forum is based on the principle of participatory journalism. As of June 2020 it had over 15,000 contributors as well as a team of professional editors and journalists in Paris, Brussels, Rome, Madrid and Berlin.[40]Volunteer contributors simultaneously translate the forum into six languages –French,English,German,Italian,SpanishandPolish.[41]

The Erasmus generation[edit]

Some academics have speculated that former Erasmus students will prove to be a powerful force in creating apan-European identity.In 2005, the political scientistStefan Wolff,for example, has argued that "Give it 15, 20 or 25 years, and Europe will be run by leaders with a completely different socialisation from those of today", referring to the so-called 'Erasmus generation'.[42]This term describes youngEuropeanswho participate in Erasmus programme and are assumed to supportEuropean integrationmore actively when compared with their elder generations.[43]The assumption is that young Europeans, who enjoyed the benefits of European integration, think of themselves as European citizens, and therefore create a base of support for further European integration. However, questions are raised about whether there is positive correlation between the programme and pro-European integration.[44]

According to the formerEuropean Commissioner for Education, Culture, Youth and Sport,Tibor Navracsics,Erasmus programme is asoft powertool and it reflects the political motivation behind its creation,[45]including the task of legitimising the European institutions. This conception has already presented in the project ofSofia Corradi,an Italianeducationalistcreator of the Erasmus Programme. She gives a particular attention to the need to activate an exchange between young people from all over Europe to contribute to the strengthening of its unity and integrity.[46]

One issue discussed is whether participation in the Erasmus programma helps generate more Europeansolidarity.A study carried out by the European Commission in 2010, shows that participating to Erasmus strengthens tolerance. Another issue is whether Erasmus enables the mi xing of Europeans.[47]For example, more than a quarter of Erasmus participants meet their life partner through it and participation in Erasmus encourages mobility between European countries.[48]Umberto Eco called it sexual integration.[49]TheEuropean Commissionestimates that the program has resulted directly in the births of over 1 million children, sometimes called "Erasmus Babies".[50]

As to whether Erasmus fosters a sense of European identity the results are mixed. Some research indicates that those participating in Erasmus exchanges are already significantly predisposed to be pro-European,[51][52]leading some scholars to conclude that such exchange programmes are 'preaching to the converted'.[53]However, more recent research has criticised the earlier findings for being methodically flawed, relying primarily on the experience of British students and for using relatively small samples. Relying on a larger scale survey conducted on some 1700 students in six countries, Mitchell found that 'participation in an Erasmus exchange is significantly and positively related to changes in both identification as European and identification with Europe'.[54]In addition, it has also been submitted that the earlier literature confused cause and effect, since the existence of such programmes constitutes a tangible benefit provided by the EU to prospective students interested in going abroad, which may cause them to view the EU positively even prior to participation.[55]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcd"What's in a name? History of the Erasmus Programme".Archived fromthe originalon 4 April 2013.
  2. ^Council decision, OJ L 166, 25 June 1987
  3. ^"EUR-Lex – 31987D0327 – DE – EUR-Lex".Archivedfrom the original on 17 October 2017.Retrieved17 October2017.
  4. ^"Higher education institutions holding an ECHE – 2021–2027".
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  6. ^Huizinga,Johan (1924).Erasmus and the Age of Reformation.London: Phaidon Press, Ltd.
  7. ^"Sofia Corradi," Mamma Erasmus "".Archived fromthe originalon 25 May 2021.Retrieved17 September2019.
  8. ^L'impact du Comité Adonnino (1984–1986): Rapprocher les Communautés Européennes des Citoyens, Nathalie Tousignant, Etudes Internationales, vol. 36, 1 maart 2005, Erudit
  9. ^Session du Conseil Européen, Milan 28 et 29 juin 1985, Conclusions des Sessions du Conseil Européen (1975–1990), 240–245.
  10. ^Ec.europa.euArchived11 December 2008 at theWayback Machine,Table: Erasmus student mobility (number of outgoing students): 1987/88-2006/07
  11. ^"Open initiatives – European Citizens' Initiative – European Commission".ec.europa.eu.Archivedfrom the original on 6 July 2014.
  12. ^Simona Pronckutė (1 November 2013)."European Citizens Initiatives – one year of challenges".EuropeanPublicAffairs.eu.Archivedfrom the original on 18 May 2014.Retrieved20 August2014.
  13. ^"Green light for Erasmus+: More than 4 million to get EU grants for skills and employability".European Commission.Archivedfrom the original on 22 January 2015.Retrieved30 December2014.
  14. ^Regulation (EU) No 1288/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 establishing 'Erasmus+': the Union programme for education, training, youth and sport and repealing Decisions No 1719/2006/EC, No 1720/2006/EC and No 1298/2008/EC Text with EEA relevanceArchived4 March 2014 at theWayback Machine
  15. ^"Procedure File: 2011/0371(COD) – Legislative Observatory – European Parliament".europarl.europa.eu.Archivedfrom the original on 23 June 2017.
  16. ^Anonymous (7 October 2016)."How to read the Programme Guide".Erasmus+ – European Commission.Retrieved5 December2019.
  17. ^"Erasmus Plus Funding for Teacher Training Courses | Erasmus+ KA1".TEACHER TRAINING.Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2017.Retrieved4 November2017.
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  19. ^"The Erasmus Programme"(PDF).6 January 2021.
  20. ^"Prime minister denies threat to Erasmus scheme".
  21. ^Adams, Richard (24 December 2020)."UK students lose Erasmus membership in Brexit deal".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved27 December2020.
  22. ^Di Santolo, Alessandra Scotto (8 January 2022)."Cheaper and more global' Brexit Britain hailed as new scheme trounces EU's Erasmus".Daily Express.
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  24. ^Benakis, Theodoros (28 March 2019)."Erasmus+ 2021–2027: Budget tripled for the 2021–2027 period".European Interest.Retrieved24 June2019.
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  27. ^"Press release—Another record-breaking year for Erasmus".Archivedfrom the original on 20 September 2014.
  28. ^"Erasmus students as a proportion of graduates in 2012, page 35"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 5 March 2016.
  29. ^Otero, Manuel Souto (12 February 2008)."The Socio-Economic Background of Erasmus Students: A Trend Towards Wider Inclusion?"(PDF).International Review of Education.54(2): 135–154.Bibcode:2008IREdu..54..135O.doi:10.1007/s11159-007-9081-9.ISSN0020-8566.S2CID40096930.
  30. ^Varela, Diego (5 May 2016)."Grade uncertainty and the adverse selection of Erasmus students: a Spanish experience".Journal of Contemporary European Research.12(2).doi:10.30950/jcer.v12i2.697.ISSN1815-347X.S2CID156295309.Archivedfrom the original on 29 May 2016.
  31. ^Di Pietro, Giorgio (20 August 2008). "Who Studies Abroad? Evidence from France and Italy".European Journal of Education.43(3): 389–398.doi:10.1111/j.1465-3435.2008.00355.x.ISSN1465-3435.
  32. ^Baños-Martínez, V.. (2022). Articulation of an Erasmus+ project for senior university students. HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional De Humanidades, 14(6), 1–11.https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4169
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  43. ^Iain Wilson, What should we Expect of ‘Erasmus Generations’,Journal of Common Market Studies,Vol.49, No.5, p.1114
  44. ^Feyen, B. The Making of a Success Story: the Creation of the programme in the Historical Context. in B. Feyen & Krzaklewska (eds.),The Erasmus Phenomenon-Symbol of a New European Generation?(p.22)
  45. ^"Europe's 'soft power': EU Commissioner Tibor Navracsics on European identity".France 24.18 December 2017.Retrieved13 May2019.
  46. ^Corradi, Sofia (2015).Student mobility in higher education Erasmus and Erasmus plus.Rome: Laboratorio di educazione permanente, Dipartimento di scienze della formazione, Università degli Studi Statale Roma tre. pp. 19–21.ISBN9788890527326.
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  48. ^European Commission (2014).The Erasmus impact study: effects of mobility on the skills and employability of students and the internationalisation of higher education institutions(PDF).European Union. pp. 14, 70.ISBN978-92-79-38380-9.
  49. ^Riotta, Gianni."Umberto Eco: 'It's culture, not war, that cements European identity'".
  50. ^"'You Wouldn't Exist Without Europe': The Erasmus Baby Phenomenon ".University Times.
  51. ^Wilson, I. (2011)."What Should we Expect of 'Erasmus Generations'?"(PDF).JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies.49(5): 1113–1140.doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02158.x.hdl:20.500.11820/f3b95d45-89dd-445a-b20f-d038b3760bb0.S2CID152860534.
  52. ^Sigalas, Emmanuel (2010)."Cross-border mobility and European identity: The effectiveness of intergroup contact during the ERASMUS year abroad".European Union Politics.11(2): 241–265.doi:10.1177/1465116510363656.ISSN1465-1165.S2CID145366910.
  53. ^Kuhn, Theresa (2012)."Why Educational Exchange Programmes Miss Their Mark: Cross-Border Mobility, Education and European Identity*: Why educational exchange programmes miss their mark".JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies.50(6): 994–1010.doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02286.x.S2CID154731420.
  54. ^Mitchell, Kristine (2015)."Rethinking the 'Erasmus Effect' on European Identity: Rethinking the 'Erasmus effect' on European identity".JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies.53(2): 330–348.doi:10.1111/jcms.12152.S2CID55156492.
  55. ^Hoogenboom, Alexander (2017).Balancing student mobility rights and national higher education: autonomy in the European Union.Leiden. pp. 72–75.ISBN978-90-04-34445-7.OCLC995162537.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Further reading[edit]

  • Benjamin Feyen/Ewa Krzaklewska (eds.): "The ERASMUS Phenomenon – Symbol of a New European Generation?" Peter Lang Publishing, 2013,ISBN978-3-631-62719-8

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erasmus_Programme&oldid=1228576121"