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FFVS J 22

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FFVS J 22
An FFVS J 22 on static display at theSwedish Air Force Museum,in the markings ofÖstgöta Wing(F 3), code "L".
Role Fighter
National origin Sweden
Manufacturer Kungliga Flygförvaltningens Flygverkstad i Stockholm (FFVS)
Designer Bo Lundberg
First flight 20 September 1942
Introduction October 1943
Retired 1952
Status Retired
Primary user Swedish Air Force
Produced 1942–1946
Number built 198

TheFFVS J 22was a Swedish single-enginefighter aircraftdeveloped for theSwedish Air Forceduring World War II.

Development[edit]

At the onset ofWorld War II,theSwedish Air Force(Flygvapnet) was equipped with largely obsoleteGloster Gladiator(J 8) biplane fighters. To augment this, Sweden ordered 120Seversky P-35(J 9) and 144P-66 Vanguard(J 10) aircraft from the United States.[1][2]However, in October 1940, the United States declared an embargo against delivering the remainder of the orders to Sweden (only 60 P-35s had already been delivered).[1][2]As the result,Flygvapnetsuddenly faced a shortage of modern fighters. Several other foreign alternatives were considered: the SovietPolikarpovI-16andI153were considered obsolete, the FinnishVL Myrskywas rejected due to its all-wooden construction, and while Japan offered theMitsubishi A6M,delivery from Japan was impractical.[3]A batch ofFiat CR.42Falco (J 11) biplanes andReggianeRe.2000Falco(J 20) were eventually purchased but this was clearly an interim solution.[1][3]

It was decided to design a new fighter to meetFlygvapnet's needs. AsSaabwas running at full capacity building its single-engineSaab 17and twin-enginedSaab 18bombers, a new organisation was set up to design and build the new aircraft, theKungliga Flygförvaltningens Flygverkstad i Stockholm( "Royal Air Administration Aircraft Factory in Stockholm",FFVS). The design team would be led byBo Lundberg.[4][5]

This was one of the finest aircraft that I have ever flown. The responsiveness of the controls and overall handling was exceptionally nice. It was not a high altitude fighter but up to about 5000 m (16,000 ft) it could hold its own very well. We flew mock dog fights with P-51 Mustangs and they could not catch us below 4000 m (13,000 ft) but if the fight was higher than that we had to be very careful. At altitudes above 6000 m (19,500 ft) it was getting sluggish and at 9000 m (29,000 ft) it was not much power left.Stallsin turns and straight forward were usually not a problem. If you pulled really hard in turn it would sometime flip over on its back. The first version, the 22-A, did not have much fire power, but the 22-B was better.

—Ove Müller-Hansen (pilot),[citation needed]

The new aircraft, designatedJ 22,was a mid-wingcantilevermonoplanewith a retactable undercarriage and an enclosed cockpit.[6]The narrow-track main landing gear retracted rearward entirely within the fuselage. In order to minimise the use of strategic materials, the aircraft was of mixed steel and wood construction, with a plywood-covered molybdenum steel tubefuselagestructure covered by mouldedplywoodpanels, and wings with welded steel spars and ribs covered by plywood.[1][7]Power came from a Swedish copy of thePratt & Whitney R-1830Twin Wasp, manufactured bySvenska Flygmotorwithout a license at the time, although some sources state that after the end of the war, Svenska Flygmotor volunteered to pay a licence fee, with a symbolic US$1 eventually being agreed.[2]

While the two prototypes would be built at theFlygtekniska försöksanstalten(National Aeronautical Research Institute), production aircraft would be assembled by a factory atStockholm Bromma Airportwhich would be built by, and leased from the Swedish airlineAB Aerotransport.Extensive use was made of sub-contractors, many of which (such asAGA,andHägglund & Söner) were outside the aviation industry, to built sub assemblies of the J-22.[1][8]

The first prototype J 22 made its maiden flight on 20 September 1942 fromBrommaairport, with the second prototype flying on 11 June 1943. While both prototypes were destroyed in crashes, on 19 June and 20 August 1943 respectively, production had already been started prior to the prototypes flying.[9][10]Deliveries of production J 22s, to the F9 air wing atGothenburg,began in October 1943.[11]While delivery of the 198 production aircraft was planned to be completed by 1 July 1946,strike actionby factory workers disrupted these plans, and the final 18 J 22s were assembled by theFlygvapnetworkshops atArboga.[9][12]The last J 22 was delivered on 6 April 1946.[9]

Operational history[edit]

The J 22 was well-liked by its pilots and possessed good manoeuvrability and responsive controls. Forward visibility on the ground left something to be desired and if the tailwheel was left unlocked and able to swivel during take-off there was the potential to ground-loop.

With 575 km/h (360 mph) from a 795 kW (1,065 hp) engine, the Swedish press called the diminutive fighter the "world's fastest in relation to the engine power". (While this was not absolutely accurate, the J 22 was in the same class as the early marks ofSupermarine SpitfireandMitsubishi A6M( "Zero" ).[13]) J 22 pilots tongue-in-cheek modified this to "the world's fastest in relation to track width", because of the very narrow spacing of the undercarriage.[citation needed]

J 2218in 1948.

In mock dogfights withP-51 Mustangs(called J 26 in Swedish service) it was able to "hold its own" up to 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) although, above 6,000 m (19,000 ft), without a good high altitudesupercharger,it became sluggish.

Because of its simple systems the J 22 was also very easy to maintain and service.[14]

The J 22 was retired from service in1952.

Surviving aircraft[edit]

Three externally examples of the J 22 have been preserved.

Two examples are owned by theSwedish Air Force Museum,at Malmen nearLinköping.One of these is located at a nearby veteran airfield where it is able to taxi around under its own power. The other is on static display at the museum itself.

A third J 22 is owned by Svedinoes Bil- Och Flygmusum (Svedinoes Automobile and Aviation Museum), inUgglarp.This aircraft is currently undergoing restoration to flying condition, by a company in France.

Two more J 22 airframes survive, although the external panelling is incomplete. One is owned by the Swedish air force museum with the other one being owned privately. They are planned to be combined with each other and restored to flying condition.[citation needed]

Variants[edit]

J 22-1orJ 22A

Originally calledJ 22 UBv "Ursprunglig Beväpning"(original armament). First production version, 2x 8 mm and 2x13.2 mm machine guns,141 built.

J 22-2orJ 22B

Originally calledJ 22 FBv "Förbättrad Beväpning"(improved armament). Armed with 4x13.2 mm machine guns,57 built.

S 22-3orS 22

Nine J 22-1 equipped for reconnaissance in 1946, restored to fighters in 1947. Used a spaningskamera Ska4 (recce camera Ska4) in the tail.

Operators[edit]

SwedenSweden

Specifications (J 22A)[edit]

Data fromF.F.V.S. J22 Fighter Aircraft[15]

General characteristics

2,000 kg (4,409 lb)J 22A
  • Gross weight:2,835 kg (6,250 lb)
2,760 kg (6,085 lb)J 22A
630 kW (850 hp) maximum continuous power

Performance

  • Maximum speed:575 km/h (357 mph, 310 kn) at combat power at 3,500 m (11,500 ft)
560 km/h (350 mph; 300 kn) at max. continuous power at 4,300 m (14,100 ft)
510 km/h (320 mph; 280 kn) at combat power at sea level
480 km/h (300 mph; 260 kn) at max. continuous power at sea level
  • Cruise speed:500 km/h (310 mph, 270 kn) at 75% power at 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
  • Approach speed:170–180 km/h (110–110 mph; 92–97 kn)
  • Landing speed:140 km/h (87 mph; 76 kn)
  • Stall speed:137 km/h (85 mph, 74 kn) landing configuration
165 km/h (103 mph; 89 kn) clean
  • Never exceed speed:650 km/h (400 mph, 350 kn) IAS
  • Range:1,270 km (790 mi, 690 nmi)
  • Service ceiling:9,300 m (30,500 ft)
  • Absolute ceiling:13,000 m (43,000 ft)
  • g limits:+6g(+10gultimate) at 2,835 kg (6,250 lb)
  • Rate of climb:15.7 m/s (3,090 ft/min) max
  • Wing loading:177.2 kg/m2(36.3 lb/sq ft)
  • Power/mass:0.28 kW/kg (0.17 hp/lb)

Armament

J 22-1 / J 22A2x 8 mm (0.315 in)ksp m/22with 500 rpg (license-builtAN/M2machine guns)+2x 13.2 mm (0.520 in)akan m/39Awith 250 rpg

See also[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^abcdeBilling 1979,p. 87.
  2. ^abcForsgren 2023,p. 88.
  3. ^abForsgren 2023,pp. 88–89.
  4. ^Andersson 1989,pp. 182–183.
  5. ^Forsgren 2023,p. 89.
  6. ^Forsgren 2023,pp. 91, 93.
  7. ^Forsgren 2023,pp. 89, 91, 93.
  8. ^Forsgren 2023,pp. 89–90.
  9. ^abcForsgren 2023,p. 90.
  10. ^Billing 1979,p. 88.
  11. ^Forsgren 2023,p. 94.
  12. ^Andersson 1989,p. 186.
  13. ^Comparison with fighters 1,000 to 1,1150 hpArchived2010-12-22 at theWayback MachineRetrieved: 22 June 2008
  14. ^Pilot's views on J 22Retrieved: 22 June 2008
  15. ^Langebro, Håkan (January 2003)."F.F.V.S. J22 Fighter Aircraft: From a technical perspective Service in the Swedish Airforce 1943-1952".Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2010.Retrieved10 June2019.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Andersson, Hans G. (1989).SAAB Aircraft since 1937.Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.ISBN0-87474-314-1.
  • Angelucci, Enzo.The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914–1980.San Diego, California: The Military Press, 1983.ISBN0-517-41021-4.
  • Billing, Peter (February 1979). "Panic Fighter".Aeroplane Monthly.Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 87–89.
  • Donald, D, Lake J. (eds.) (1996)Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft.AIRtime Publishing.ISBN1-880588-24-2
  • Forsgren, Jan (November 2023). "Database: FFVS J 22".Aeroplane.Vol. 51, no. 11. pp. 87–99.ISSN0143-7240.

External links[edit]

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