File Retrieval and Editing System

David Durand demonstrating the FRESS hypertext editing system at Brown University in 2019

TheFile Retrieval and Editing SyStem,orFRESS,was ahypertextsystem developed atBrown Universitystarting in 1968 byAndries van Damand his students, includingBob Wallace.It was the first hypertext system to run on readily available commercial hardware and OS. It is also possibly the first computer-based system to have had an "undo"feature for quickly correcting small editing or navigational mistakes.

Features

FRESS was a continuation of work done on van Dam's previous hypertext system,HES,developed the previous year. FRESS ran on anIBM360-series mainframe runningVM/CMS.It improved on HES's capabilities in many ways, inspired byDouglas Engelbart'sNLS.FRESS implemented one of the firstvirtual terminalinterfaces, in order to provide device-independence. It could run on various terminals from dumb typewriters up to theImlac PDS-1graphicalminicomputer.On the PDS-1, it supported multi-windowWYSIWYGediting and graphics display. The PDS-1 used alight pen,not a mouse, and the light pen could be "clicked" using a foot-pedal.

FRESS allowed multiple users to collaborate on as set of documents, which could be of arbitrary size, and (unlike prior systems) were not laid out in lines until the moment of display. FRESS users could insert a marker at any location within a text document and link the marked selection to any other point either in the same document or a different document. This was much like theWorld Wide Webof today, but without the need for the anchorhyperlinksthatHTMLrequires. Links were also bi-directional, unlike in today's web.

FRESS had two types oflinks:tags and "jumps". Tags were links to information such as references or footnotes, while "jumps" were links that could take the user through many separate but related documents. FRESS also had the ability to assign keywords to links or text blocks to assist with navigation. Keywords could be used to select which sections to display or print, which links would be available to the user, and so on. Multiple "spaces" were also automatically maintained, including an automatic table of contents and indexes to keywords, document structures, and so on. Users could view a visualization of the "structure space" of the texts and cross-reference links, and could directly rearrange the structure space, and automatically update the links to match.

FRESS was essentially a text-based system and editing links was a fairly complex task unless you had access to the PDS-1 terminal, in which case you could select each end with the lightpen and create a link with a couple of keystrokes. FRESS provided no method for knowing where the user was within a collection of documents.

Usage

FRESS was used aseducational technologyfor several classes at Brown, probably being the first hypertext system used in education. Most notably it was used for teaching an introduction to poetry in 1975 and 1976. In those days it was difficult to convince faculty in the humanities that computers could be useful in their teaching or work, or to convince the people funding the computer center that writing was an appropriate use of the expensive computers of the time. But English Professor Robert Scholes and two teaching assistants worked with the FRESS team to run a small experiment funded by theNational Endowment for the Humanities.They sawhypertextas an attractive new way to presentpoetry,which is often highly reflexive and full ofallusionsand references to other works. They also wanted to help students directly interact with the course material, and engage with other students and instructors to collectively add meaning to it. There was only a single Imlac terminal, which students signed up for time on, so only 12 students per course could use FRESS. The students in the section which read and commented on the material via FRESS wrote about three times as much as students in control groups, and seemed to benefit from the use of the system, but given the small number of students in the study, the uncertainty in the results is high.A short film was made to document the project,which was rediscovered and shown as part of NEH's 50th anniversary celebration.

FRESS was for many years theword processorof choice at Brown and a small number of other sites. It was used fortypesettingmany books, including those byRoderick Chisholm,Robert CooverandRosmarie Waldrop.For example, in the Preface toPerson and ObjectChisholm writes "The book would not have been completed without the epoch-making File Retrieval and Editing System..."

Through the diligent work of Alan Hecht, FRESS survived a major OS upgrade around 1978. Around the same time Jonathan Prusky wrote thorough user documentation for the system as well, in The FRESS Resource Manual. Although support had to be withdrawn a few years later for lack of resources and while rarely used, FRESS still runs on the current Brown mainframe.

For theACMHypertext '89 conference,David Durandreverse-engineered the PDS-1 terminal and created an emulator for theApple Macintosh.He andSteven DeRose,the last FRESS project director, recovered the old poetry class databases and gave live demos on this and a few later occasions.

Documentary Film

• Andries van Dam:Hypertext: an Educational Experiment in English and Computer Science at Brown University.Brown University, Providence, RI, U.S. 1974, Run time 15:16,HypertextatIMDb,Full Movie on the Internet Archive

External links

• [1]Video documenting FRESS in use at Brown University poetry class, 1976
• [2]from the Cyberart Database
• [3]File Retrieval and Editing System by Steven DeRose
• [4]A Half-Century of Hypertext at Brown: A Symposium, Brown University Department of Computer Science, 23 May 2019