Fanfare

For other uses, seeFanfare (disambiguation).

Afanfare(orfanfaradeorflourish) is a shortmusicalflourish which is typically played bytrumpets(includingfanfare trumpets),French hornsor otherbrass instruments,often accompanied bypercussion.It is a "briefimprovisedintroductionto an instrumental performance ".A fanfare has also been defined inThe Golden Encyclopedia of Musicas "a musical announcement played on brass instruments before the arrival of an important person", such as heralding the entrance of a monarch(the termhonors musicfor such announcements does not have the specific connotations of instrument or style thatfanfaredoes). Historically, fanfares were usually played by trumpet players, as the trumpet was associated with royalty.Buglesare also mentioned.Themelodynotes of fanfare are often based around themajor triad,often using "[h]eroicdotted rhythms".

By extension, the term may also designate a short, prominent passage for brass instruments in an orchestral composition. Fanfares are widely used inoperaorchestral parts, notably inRichard Wagner'sTannhäuserandLohengrinandBeethoven'sFidelio.InFidelio,the dramatic use of the fanfare is heightened by having the trumpet player performoffstage,which creates a muted effect.

Etymology

The word has been traced to a 15th-century Spanish root,fanfa( "vaunting" ). Though the word may beonomatopoeic,it is also possible that it is derived from the Arabic wordfanfáre( "trumpets" ). The word is first found in 1546 in French, and in English in 1605, but it was not until the 19th century that it acquired its present meaning of a brief ceremonial flourish for brass.Indeed, an alternative term for the fanfare is "flourish", as in theruffles and flourishesplayed by military bands in the US to announce the arrival of the president, a general, or other high-ranking dignitary."In the England of Shakespeare's time", fanfares "were often known as flourishes and sometimes as 'tuckets' " (a word related totoccata).

History

In French usage,fanfarealso may refer to a hunting signal (given either on "starting" a stag, or after the kill when the hounds are given their share of the animal). In both France and Italy,fanfarewas the name given in the 19th century to a military or civilianbrass band.In French, this usage continues to the present, and distinguishes the all-brass band from bands of mixed brass and woodwind, which is calledHarmonie.The same applies in Belgium and the Netherlands, where competitions for fanfares are held to this day, well separate from other wind ensembles such asbrass bandsandharmonies.Fanfares have been imitated inart musicas early as the 14th century. Examples in opera include a fanfare for the governor's arrival inBeethoven'sFidelio,act 2. In the 20th century, well-known composed fanfares includeAaron Copland'sFanfare for the Common Man(1942), for brass and percussion, andIgor Stravinsky'sFanfare for a New Theatre(1964), for two trumpets.

Copland's Fanfare is one of a series of 18 commissioned byCincinnati Symphony OrchestraconductorEugene Goossensin 1942–43, each to open a concert. Each was to salute an aspect of the war effort; the U.S. had enteredWorld War IIthe previous year. The only one of these fanfares to become well known is Copland's; the others are rarely if ever performed or recorded. The set, with the date of the concert at which each was performed, is:

• 1.A Fanfare for Airmen,Bernard Wagenaar,Oct. 9, 1942
• 2.A Fanfare for Russia,Deems Taylor,Oct. 16, 1942.
• 3.A Fanfare for the Fighting French,Walter Piston,Oct. 23, 1942.
• 4.A Fanfare to the Forces of our Latin-American Allies,Henry Cowell,Oct. 30, 1942. (Recorded.)
• 5.A Fanfare for Friends,Daniel Gregory Mason,Nov. 6, 1942.
• 6.A Fanfare for Paratroopers,Paul Creston,Nov. 27, 1942.
• 7.Fanfare de la Liberté,Darius Milhaud,Dec. 11, 1942.
• 8.A Fanfare for American Heroes,William Grant Still,Dec. 18, 1942.
• 9.Fanfare for France,Virgil Thomson,Jan. 15, 1943.
• 10.Fanfare for Freedom,Morton Gould,Jan. 22, 1943. (Recorded.)
• 11.Fanfare for Airmen,Leo Sowerby,Jan. 29, 1943. (Recorded.)
• 12.Fanfare for Poland,Harl McDonald,Feb. 5, 1943.
• 13.Fanfare for the Medical Corps,Anis Fuleihan,Feb. 26, 1943.
• 14.Fanfare for the American Soldier,Felix Borowski,March 5, 1943.
• 15.Fanfare for the Common Man,Aaron Copland, March 12, 1943. (Many recordings. Incorporated into Copland'sSymphony No. 3.)
• 16.Fanfare for the Signal Corps,Howard Hanson,April 2, 1943.
• 17.Fanfare for the Merchant Marine,Eugene Goossens, April 16, 1943.
• 18.Fanfare for Commandos,Bernard Rogers,Feb. 20, 1943.

Sources

Works cited

• "Goosens Fanfares".Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra (accessed July 30, 2018).
• Baines, Anthony, and Jane Bellingham. 2002. "Fanfare".The Oxford Companion to Music,edited by Alison Latham. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-866212-9.
• Davidson, Thomas. 1907. "Fanfare".Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language.London and Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers, Limited.
• Griffiths, Paul. 2004.The Penguin Companion to Classical Music.London and New York: Penguin Books.ISBN9780141909769(electronic book).
• Kennedy, Michael. 2006. "Fanfare".The Oxford Dictionary of Music,second edition, revised. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-861459-3.
• Lloyd, Norman. 1968. "Fanfare".The Golden Encyclopedia of Music.New York: Golden Press. Library of Congress Number 68-17169.
• Randel, Don Michael. 2003. "Fanfare".The Harvard Dictionary of Music,fourth edition. Harvard University Press Reference Library 16. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.ISBN978-0-674-01163-2.
• Tarr, Edward H. 2001. "Fanfare".The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians,second edition, edited byStanley SadieandJohn Tyrrell.London: Macmillan Publishers.