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Fath-Ali Shah Qajar

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Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
فتحعلی شاه قاجار
King of Kings[1]
Khan of Khans[1]
Portrait byMihr 'Ali,between 1809 and 1810 (Hermitage Museum)
Shah of Iran
Reign17 June 1797 – 23 October 1834
PredecessorAgha Mohammad Khan Qajar
SuccessorMohammad Shah Qajar
Grand viziers
See list
BornMay 1769
Damghan,Zand Iran
Died24 October 1834 (aged 65)
Isfahan,Qajar Iran
Burial
Fatima Masumeh Shrine
SpouseNumerous wives,
includingTaj ol-Dowleh,Kheyr-ol-Nessa Khanom,Sanbal Baji,Badralensa KhanumandMaryam Khanom
Issue
Detail		Mohammad Ali Mirza
Abbas Mirza
Ziaʾ al-Saltaneh
Hossein Ali Mirza
Names
Fath Ali Shah
DynastyQajar
FatherHossein Qoli Khan
MotherAgha Baji
ReligionShia Islam
Tughra

Fath-Ali Shah Qajar(Persian:فتحعلىشاه قاجار,romanized:Fatḥ-ʻAli Šâh Qâjâr;May 1769 – 24 October 1834) was the secondShah(king) ofQajar Iran.He reigned from 17 June 1797 until his death on 24 October 1834. His reign saw the irrevocable ceding of Iran's northern territories in theCaucasus,comprising what is nowadaysGeorgia,Dagestan,Azerbaijan,andArmenia,to theRussian Empirefollowing the Russo-Persian Wars of1804–1813and1826–1828and the resulting treaties ofGulistanandTurkmenchay.[2]These two treaties are closely tied to Fath-Ali Shah's legacy amongst Iranians, who often view him as a weak ruler.[3]

Fath-Ali Shah successfully revamped his realm from a mostly Turkic tribal khanship into a centralized and stable monarchy based on the old imperial design.[2]At the end of his reign, his difficult economic problems and military and technological liabilities took Iran to the verge of governmental disintegration, which was quickened by a consequent struggle for the throne after his death.[4]

Under Fath-Ali Shah, many visual portrayals of himself and his court were created in an effort to commend the crown. The notable ones includerock reliefsnext to the ones erected under the pre-IslamicSasanian Empire(224–651) inRay,FarsandKermanshah.This was done so that he could represent himself as heir to the ancient Persian empire to his countryfolk and the generations that followed.[4]

Early life

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He was born in May 1769 in the city ofDamghan,then under the governorship of his father. He was called Fath-Ali, a name borne by his prominent great-grandfather,Fath-Ali Khan Qajar.But he was mainly known by his second name of Baba Khan until his coronation in 1797. However, the Russians still called him Baba Khan until 1813, as they refused to recognize his rule.[5]He was the eldest son of Hossein Qoli Khan Qajar (the brother ofAgha Mohammad Khan Qajar) and the daughter of the Mohammad Agha Ezz al-Dinlu of the Ashaqa-bash branch of theQajar tribe.Due to Hossein Qoli Khan being suspected of plotting to rebel against theZand dynasty,Baba Khan (then aged five) was sent as a hostage to the court of the Zand rulerKarim Khan Zand(r. 1751–1779) inShiraz.There Baba Khan joined his uncle Agha Mohammad Khan, who was also a hostage at the court.[4]

Baba Khan later returned to Damghan (according to the 19th-century Iranian writerReza-Qoli Khan Hedayat,this took place in 1775), where he was witness to the conflict amongst the Davallu Qajar chiefs ofAstarabad,which ultimately led to the murder of his father by the Kuklan Turkmens in 1777. Baba Khan sought shelter with his uncleMorteza Qoli Khan Qajarin the village of Anzan (near Astarabad), where he stayed for two years. Following the death of Karim Khan in 1779, Baba Khan shifted his allegiance to Agha Mohammad Khan, who had returned toMazandaranand overpowered Morteza Qoli and two other brothers inBarforush.Albeit Agha Mohammad Khan had been castrated at a young age, he married Baba Khan's mother inSariand practically became his stepfather and guardian.[4]

In 1780, Baba Khan and Agha Mohammad Khan were captured in Baforush by the latter's brother Rezaqoli Khan Qajar, who was displeased of the favour that Baba Khan received by Agha Mohammad Khan. They were eventually released, and in 1781 Baba Khan seized Damghan from Qader Khan Arab Bestami, thus recovering his father's former domain. Baba Khan also captured and married Qader Khan's daughterBadr Jahan.In 1783, Baba Khan married his first Qajar wife,Asiya Khanom Develluin Sari. The marriage was a political union organized by Agha Mohammad Khan to make peace with the Yokhari-bash branch of the Qajars, the clan of Asiya Khanom. Following Agha Mohammad Khan's accession to the throne atTehranon 21 March 1786, Baba Khan was designated as his heir and vice-regent.[4]

Baba Khan took part in his uncle's war with the Zands in southern Iran, where he in 1787 narrowly succeeded in defeating the governor ofYazd,Mohammad-Taqi Bafqi, who acknowledged Qajar suzerainty. Baba Khan then went toGilanto protect it against Qajar chiefs whose loyalty was questionable.[4]

Baba Khan was governor ofFarswhen his uncle was assassinated in 1797. Baba Khan then ascended the throne and used the name of Fath Ali Shah (with the word "shah" added to his name). He became suspicious of his chancellorEbrahim Khan Kalantarand ordered his execution. Hajji Ebrahim Khan had been chancellor to Zand andQajarrulers for some fifteen years.[citation needed]Much of his reign was marked by the resurgence of Persian arts and painting, as well as a deeply elaborate court culture with extremely rigid etiquette. In particular during his reign, portraiture and large-scale oil painting reached a height previously unknown under any other Islamic dynasty, largely due to his personal patronage.

Fath Ali also ordered the creation of much royal regalia, including coronation chairs; the "Takht-e Khurshīd" orSun Throne;the "Takht-e Nāderi" orNaderi Throne,which was also used by later kings; and the "Tāj-e Kiyāni" orKiani Crown,a modification of the crown of the same name created by his uncleAgha Mohammad Khan.The latter, like most of his regalia, was studded with a large number of pearls and gems.

In 1797, Fath Ali was given a complete set of theBritannica's3rd edition,which he read completely; after this feat, he extended his royal title to include "Most Formidable Lord and Master of theEncyclopædia Britannica."[6]In 1803, Fath-Ali Shah appointed his cousinEbrahim Khanas the governor of theKerman Province,which had been devastated during the reign of Agha Mohammad Khan.

In Khorasan, there would be a growing revolt led byNader Mirza,who would restore the Afsharid dynasty. The Shah's control was so limited in fact that an 1800–1801 tax register listed only Sabzevar and Neyshabur as paying taxes to the government, while the rest of the local Khorasani leaders paid no taxes to the state at all.[7]

Russo-Persian Wars (1804–1828)

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Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)

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Main article:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
The siege of Ganja Fortress in 1804during theRusso-Persian War (1804–1813)by the Russian forces under leadership of generalPavel Tsitsianov.

During the early reign of Fath Ali Shah,Imperial Russiatook control ofGeorgia,a territory whichIranhad ruled intermittently since 1555 with thePeace of Amasya.Georgia, led byErekle II,had forged an alliance with Persia's rival, Russia, following theTreaty of Georgievsk.To punish his Georgian subjects, his uncle, Agha Mohammad Khan, had invaded andsacked Tbilisi,seeking to reestablishing full Persian suzerainty over Georgia, in which he succeeded. Even though the Russian garrisons in the city had to retreat, Persia did not manage to put back all of its needed garrisons over the country as Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated soon afterwards inShusha,following with Russia's act of annexation of those priorly-Iranian ruled parts of Georgia in 1801, after many Georgian embassies and a treaty. Also, not only was Georgia annexed butDagestanwas also invaded, which had also been under Persian rule since the early Safavid era. As it was seen as a direct intrusion into Persian territory, Fath Ali Shah, determined to reassert Persian hegemony over the whole region, declared war on Russia after GeneralPavel Tsitsianovattacked andstormed the city of Ganja,massacring many of its inhabitants and forcing many thousands to flee deeper within the Iranian domains. In 1804, Fath Ali Shah ordered the invasion ofGeorgiain order to regain it, under pressure from theShiaclergy, who were urging a war against Russia. The war began with notable victories for the Persians, but Russia shipped in advanced weaponry and cannons that disadvantaged the technologically inferior Qajar forces, who did not have the artillery to match. Russia continued with a major campaign against Persia; Persia asked for help from Britain on the grounds of a military agreement with that country (the military agreement was signed after the rise of Napoleon in France). However, Britain refused to help Persia claiming that the military agreement concerned a French attack not Russian.

General Gardane,with colleaguesJaubertand Joanin, at the Persian court of Fath-Ali Shah in 1808.

Persia had to ask for help from France, sending an ambassador toNapoleonand concluding aFranco-Persian alliancewith the signature of theTreaty of Finkenstein.However, just when the French were ready to help Persia, Napoleon made peace with Russia. At this time,John Malcolmarrived in Persia and promised support but Britain later changed its mind and asked Persia to retreat. Though many years the war had been stale and located in various parts ofTranscaucasia,the peace with Napoleon enabled the Russians to increase their war efforts in the Caucasus against Iran. In early 1813, under GeneralPyotr Kotlyarevsky,the Russians successfullystormed Lankaran.Russian troops invaded Tabriz in 1813 and Persia was forced to sign theTreaty of Gulistanwith Russia.

Treaty of Gulistan

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Map showing Iran's northwestern borders in the 19th century, comprising EasternGeorgia,Dagestan,Armenia,andAzerbaijan,before being forced to cede the territories toImperial Russiaper thetwo Russo-Persian Wars of the 19th century.
Main article:Treaty of Gulistan

On account of consecutive defeats ofPersiaand after the fall ofLankaranon 1 January 1813, Fath Ali Shah, was forced to sign the disastrousTreaty of Gulistan.The text of treaty was prepared by a British diplomat;Sir Gore Ouseley;and was signed by Nikolai Fyodorovich Rtischev from the Russian side and Hajji Mirza Abol Hasan Khan from the Iranian side on 24 October 1813 in the village ofGulistan.

By this treaty all of the cities, towns, and villages ofGeorgia,villages and towns on the coast of theBlack Sea,all of the cities, towns and villages of theKhanatesin theSouth CaucasusandNorth Caucasus,and part of theTalysh Khanate,includingMegrelia,Abkhazia,Imeretia,Guria,Baku khanate,Shirvan Khanate,Derbent,Karabakh khanate,Ganja khanate,Shaki KhanateandQuba Khanatebecame part of Russia.[8]These territories altogether comprise modern-day Georgia, southernDagestan,and most of the contemporaryAzerbaijanRepublic. In return, Russia pledged to supportAbbas Mirzaas heir to the Persian throne after the death of Fath Ali Shah.

Interlude on a different front

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Between 1805 and 1816, Qajar rulers began invadingHeratin neighboringAfghanistanwith small detachments. The Persians were attempting to retake control of the city but were forced to abandon it due to Afghan uprisings.[9]In 1818 the Shah sent his sonMohammad Vali Mirzato capture the city but he was defeated at theBattle of Kafir Qala.

Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)

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Main article:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
Battle of Ganja,1826,Franz Roubaud.Part of the collection of the Museum for History,Baku.

In 1826, 13 years after theTreaty of Gulistan,the Shah on the advice of British agents and the utter dissatisfaction with the outcome of the previous war, Fath Ali Shah decided to occupy the lost territories. Crown princeAbbas Mirza,head of the armies, invaded theTalysh KhanateandKarabakh khanatewith an army of 35,000 on 16 July 1826. The first year of the war was very successful, and the Persians managed to regain most of their lost territories of the 1804–1813 war, including the principal cities ofLenkoran,Quba,andBaku.[10]However the tide turned after the winter. In May 1827,Ivan Paskevich,Governor ofCaucasus,invadedEchmiadzin,Nakhichevan,Abbasabadand on 1 OctoberErivan.Fourteen days later, GeneralEristoventeredTabriz.In January 1828, when the Russians reached the shores ofLake Urmia,Abbas Mirzaurgently signed theTreaty of Turkmenchayon 2 February 1828.

Treaty of Turkmenchay

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Main article:Treaty of Turkmenchay

The Turkmenchay Treaty was signed on 21 February 1828 byHajji Mirza Abol Hasan Khanand GeneralIvan Paskevich.By this treaty theErivan khanate(most of present-dayArmenia,and also a small part ofEastern Anatolia),Nakhchivan khanate(most of the present-dayNakhchivan Autonomous RepublicofAzerbaijan), theTalysh Khanate(southeastern Azerbaijan), and theOrdubadandMughancame under the rule ofImperial Russia.By this treaty, Iran had lost all of its Caucasian territories comprising all ofTranscaucasiaandDagestanto neighboring Imperial Russia. Iran furthermore pledged to pay Russia 10 Million in Gold, and in return Russia pledged to supportAbbas Mirzaas heir to the Persian throne after the death of Fath Ali Shah. The treaty also stipulated the resettlement of Armenians from Persia to the Caucasus, which also included an outright liberation of Armenian captives who were brought and had lived in Iran since 1804 or as far back as 1795.

Later life

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Fath Ali Shah QajarfirmaninShikasta Nastaʿlīqscript, January 1831.

Fath Ali later employed writers and painters[who?]to make a book about his wars with Russia, inspired by theShahnamehofFerdowsi.This book, considered by many to be the most importantPersianbook written in the Qajar period, is called theShahanshahnama.

In 1829,Alexander Griboyedov,the Russiandiplomatandplaywrightwas killed in theMassacre at the Russian Embassy in Tehran.To apologize, the Shah sent princeKhosrow MirzatoTsar Nicholas Ito deliver a formal apology, as well as one of the biggest diamonds of his crown jewelry, namelyShah Diamond.

When his favourite son and crown princeAbbas Mirzadied on 25 October 1833, Fath Ali named his grandsonMohammed Mirzaas his crown prince. Fath Ali died a year later, on 24 October 1834. He was buried in a tomb in theFatima Masumeh ShrineofQom.[4]

He is instantly recognizable in all 25 known portraits – mainly due to his immense, deeply black beard, which reached well beneath his narrow waist. One of these portraits is being exhibited in the collection of theUniversity of Oxford.[11]Another one, by the artist,Mihr Ali,is atthe Brooklyn Museum.[12]

Besides eulogistic chronicles, the only real sources that allow us to judge his personality are those of British, French and Russian diplomats[citation needed].These vary greatly: earlier in his reign they tend to portray him as vigorous, manly and highly intelligent. Later they begin to point out his extreme indolence and avarice.[13]The image of decadence was epitomised by the story that he had a specialharem slideof marble constructed. Every day he would lie on his back naked "as, one by one, naked harem beauties swooped down a slide, specially made for the sport, into the arms of their lord and master before being playfully dunked in a pool."[14][15]

Titles

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Fath-Ali Shah used both the ancient Persian title ofshahanshah(King of Kings), i.e., Emperor, and theTurco-Mongoltitle ofkhaqan(khanofkhans), thus representing himself as both ruler of the country and the tribes.[1]

Appearance

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Fath-Ali Shah was the last Qajar shah to dress in the traditional manner, which included a decorated Persian long robe, high heels, and a long beard.[16]TheScottishstatesman and historianJohn Malcolm,who met Fath-Ali Shah in 1800, described him as "above the middle size, his age little more than thirty, his complexion rather fair, his features regular and fine, with an expression denoting quickness and intelligence."[4]

Legacy

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During his reign, Fath-Ali Shah successfully revamped his realm from a mostly Turkic tribal khanship into a centralized and stable monarchy based on the old imperial design.[4]

Marriage and children

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Muhammad Hasan (Persian, active 1808–1840). Prince Yahya, ca. the 1830s. Prince Yahya, born in 1817, was the forty-third son of the Qajar ruler Fath Ali Shah (r. 1798–1834).Brooklyn Museum

Fath-Ali Shah is reported to have had more than 1,000 spouses. He was survived by fifty-seven sons and forty-six daughters, along with 296 grandsons and 292 granddaughters.[13]

A book published in England in 1874 provided different numbers:

"It is believed that Fetteh Ali had the largest number of children ever born to a man. Like a pious Mohammedan, he had only four wives, but his harem generally contained from 800 to 1,000 ladies. By these he had 130 sons and 150 daughters, and it is believed that at the time of his death his descendants numberedfive thousand souls.The three grandsons who merit notice were the sons of Hussein Ali, the governor of Fars, who aspired to the throne. The princes, Riza Kuli Mirza, Nejeff Kuli Mirza, and Timour Mirza, were at Shiraz when their father attempted to seize the throne. They were able to make their escape from the city. "[17]

While this is a large number of children, the claim that Fatḥ-ʻAli holds the record is not true. (Moulay Ismail ibn Sharif,who lived a hundred years earlier in Morocco, is said to hold the record for the most number of children born to a man.)

Fatḥ-Ali's first son,Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlat Shah,was seven months older than the second sonAbbas Mirza.Yet it was the latter who was named "Wali-ahd"or crown prince. This was because Dowlat Shah's mother, Ziba Chehreh Khanoum, was of non-Qajar origin (she was aGeorgianwoman), and therefore he was passed over in favour of his younger brother.

Consorts
Sons[33]
Fath-Ali Shah at the Hunt.Gift from Fath Ali Shah to KingGeorge IVof the United Kingdom, now in theRashtrapati BhavanPresidential Palace,New Delhi,India.
  • Mohammad Ali Mirza'Dowlatshah' (1788–1821) – with Ziba Chehr Khanum;
  • Abbas Mirza'Nayeb os-Saltaneh' (1789–1833) – with Asiya Khanom Devellu;[34]
  • Hossein Ali Mirza'Farman Farma' (1789–1835) – withBadr Jahan Khanom;
  • Hasan Ali Mirza'Etemad os-Saltaneh' 'Shoja os-Saltaneh' (1789–1854) – withBadr Jahan Khanom;
  • Ali Shah Mirza 'Zell os-Soltan' (1789–1854)- with Asiya Khanom Devellu;[34]
  • Mohammad Taqi Mirza'Hessam os-Saltaneh' (1791–1853)
  • Ali Naqi Mirza[fa]'Rokn od-Doleh' (1793) – with Begum Jan Khanum;
  • Sheikh Ali Mirza 'Sheikh ol-Molouk' (1796) – with Hajiye Khanum;
  • Abdollah Mirza'Dara' (1796–1846) – with Kulsum Khanum;
  • Emamverdi Mirza'Keshikchi Bashi' (1796–1869) – with Begum Jan Khanum;
  • Mohammad Reza Mirza'Afsar' (1797)
  • Mahmud Mirza(1799–1835) – with Maryam Khanum;
  • Heydar Qoli Mirza (1799) – with Kheyr al-Nesa Khanum;
  • Homayoun Mirza (1801–1856/1857) – with Maryam Khanum;
  • Allah Verdi Mirza 'Navab' (1801–1843) – with Banafshah Badam Khanum;
  • Esma'il Mirza (1802–1853)
  • Ahmad Ali Mirza[fa](1804) – with Maryam Khanum;
  • Ali Reza Mirza
  • Keyghobad Mirza (1806) – with Shah Pasand Khanum;
  • Haj Bahram Mirza (1806)
  • Shapour Mirza (1807)
  • Malek Iraj Mirza (1807)
  • Manouchehr Mirza 'Baha ol-Molk'
  • Keykavous Mirza[fa](1807) – with Shah Pasand Khanum;
  • Malek Ghassem Mirza (1807–1859)
  • Shah Qoli Mirza (1808)
  • Mohammad Mehdi Mirza 'Zargam ol-Molk' (1808) – with Mushteri Khanum;
  • Jahanshah Mirza(1809) – with Maryam Khanum;
  • Keykhosrow Mirza 'Sepahsalar' (1809) – with Shah Pasand Khanum;
  • Kiomarth Mirza "Il-Khani" (1809–1872/1873)
  • Soleiman Mirza[fa]'Shoa od-Doleh' (1810)
  • Fathollah Mirza Shoa os-Saltaneh[az;fa](1811–1869/1870) – with Sunbul Khanum;
  • Malek Mansour Mirza (1811)
  • Soltan Mohammad Mirza'Sayf ol-Dowleh' (1812–1899) – withTaj ol-Dowleh
  • Bahman Mirza Baha al-Dowlah[fa]– with Khazin-al-Dawleh;
  • Soltan Ebrahim Mirza (1813) – with Begum Jan Khanum;
  • Soltan Mostafa Mirza (1813)
  • Seyfollah Mirza (Jahanbani) (1814) – with Khazin-al-Dawleh;
  • Yahya Mirza (1817) – withBegum Khanum;
  • Mohammad-Amin Mirza[fa](1819–1886) – with Mushteri Khanum;
  • Zakaria Mirza (1819) s.p.
  • Farrokhseyr Mirza 'Nayer od-Doleh' (1819) – with Taj-al-Dawleh
  • Soltan Hamzeh Mirza (1819)
  • Tahmoures Mirza (1820) s.p.
  • Aliqoli Mirza'Etezad os-Saltaneh' (1822) – with Gul Pirhan Khanum;
  • Soltan-Ahmad Mirza Azod od-Dowleh(1824–1902) – withTaj ol-Dowleh;
  • Eskandar Mirza 'Saheb Khaghan'
  • Parviz Mirza 'Nayer od-Doleh' – with Begum Khanum;
  • Jalal al-Din Mirza'Ehtesham ol-Molk' (1826) – with Humai Khanum;
  • Amanollah Mirza 'Agha Lili'
  • Soltan Hossein Mirza – with Allahqoz Khanum;
  • Hossein Qoli Mirza 'Jahansouz Mirza "'Amir Toman' (1830–1900/1901) – with Begum Khanum;
  • Haj Abbas Qoli Mirza – with Gul Pirhan Khanum;
  • Nouroldar Mirza
  • Kamran Mirza – withNaneh Khanom Barforoush;
  • Orangzeb Mirza (1830/1831-1867/1868) – withNaneh Khanom Barforoush;
  • Mohammad Hadi Mirza (1832) – with Mushteri Khanum;

Daughters;

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcAmanat 1997,p. 10.
  2. ^abDowling, Timothy C. (2014).Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes].ABC-CLIO.ISBN978-1-59884-948-6.,page 728
  3. ^Mousavi 2018.
  4. ^abcdefghijklAmanat 1999,pp. 407–421.
  5. ^Bournoutian 2020.
  6. ^William Benton (1968).Banquet at Guildhall in the City of London, Tuesday, 15 October 1968, Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the Encyclopædia Britannica and the 25th Anniversary of the Hon. William Benton as Its Chairman and Publisher.Encyclopædia Britannica.
  7. ^Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014).The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th–19th Centuries).Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.ISBN978-3-7001-7202-4.
  8. ^John F. Baddeley,The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus,Longman,Green and Co., London: 1908, p. 90
  9. ^Dumper, Michael; Bruce E. Stanley (2007).Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia.ABC-CLIO. p. 170.ISBN978-1-5760-7919-5.Retrieved22 August2010.
  10. ^William Edward David Allen and Paul Muratoff.Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco–Caucasian Border 1828–1921.(Cambridge University Press, 2010). 20.
  11. ^"Your Paintings".Art UK.Retrieved26 July2013.
  12. ^"Portrait of Fath 'Ali Shah Qajar".Brooklyn Museum.Retrieved26 July2013.
  13. ^abJoseph M. Upton,The History of Modern Iran: An Interpretation.Contributors: – Author. Publisher: Harvard University Press. Place of publication: Cambridge, 1960, p.4
  14. ^John H. Waller,Beyond the Khyber Pass: the road to British disaster in the First Afghan War,Random House, 1990, p. 59.
  15. ^The Literary World.1882. p. 85.Retrieved1 December2012.Wording also availablehereunder "The Shah's Palaces"
  16. ^Amanat 1997,p. 18.
  17. ^Piggot, John (1874).Persia: Ancient & Modern.London: Henry S. King & Co. p.89.
  18. ^"DAWLATŠĀH, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ MĪRZĀ".Encyclopaedia Iranica.Retrieved18 November2017.
  19. ^Amanat 1997,p.?.
  20. ^abcdefBeck, Lois; Nashat, Guity (2004).Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republuc.University of Illinois Press. pp. 51–3, 82–3 n. 35.ISBN978-0-252-07189-8.
  21. ^Kondo, Nobuaki (31 March 2017).Islamic Law and Society in Iran: A Social History of Qajar Tehran.Taylor and Francis. pp. 58, 71 n. 3.ISBN978-1-351-78319-4.
  22. ^Trollope, Anthony (1873).Saint Pauls [afterw.] The Saint Pauls magazine, ed. by A. Trollope, Volume 12.p. 715.
  23. ^Fatema Soudavar Farmanfarmaian (2011): "An Iranian Perspective of J. B. Fraser's Trip to Khorasan in the 1820s",Iranian Studies,44:2. (p. 225)
  24. ^Aradāknī, Hosayn Mahbūbī."'ABDALLĀH MĪRZĀ DĀRĀ ".Encyclopaedia Iranica.Retrieved18 November2017.
  25. ^Aradāknī, Hosayn Mahbūbī."EMĀMVERDĪ MĪRZĀ ĪL-KHĀNĪ".Encyclopaedia Iranica.Retrieved18 November2017.
  26. ^abTapper 1997,p.?.
  27. ^Abbas, Amanat."ETEZĀD-AL-SALTANAH, 'ALĪQULĪ MĪRZĀ".Encyclopaedia Iranica.Retrieved18 November2017.
  28. ^Amanat & Vejdani 2008,pp. 405–410.
  29. ^abKupferschmidt, Uri M. (1987).The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine.BRILL. p. 484.ISBN978-9-004-07929-8.
  30. ^Werner, Christoph (2000).An Iranian Town in Transition: A Social and Economic History of the Elites of Tabriz, 1747–1848.Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 52 n. 77.ISBN978-3-447-04309-0.
  31. ^Moazzi, Fatemeh (Spring 1387). "Mahd-e Olias of the Qajar Era."Contemporary History of Iran,12 (45): 157-182.
  32. ^abcdAzod od-Dowleh, Soltan-Ahmad Mirza(1997).Tarikh-e Azodi(in Persian). Elm Pub.ISBN9786005696325.
  33. ^L.A. Ferydoun Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn and Bahman Bayani, 'The Fath Ali Shah Project', in Qajar Studies IV (2004), Journal of the International Qajar Studies Association, Rotterdam, Santa Barbara and Tehran 2004
  34. ^abcEjtehadi, Mostafa (2003).Encyclopedia of Iranian Women (Volume 1).Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Center for Women's Participation in the Presidential Office.
  35. ^Ezzoddoleh, Mirza Ahmad Khan (1997). Navaei, Abdolhossein (ed.).تاریخ عضدی[The History of Ezzodi]. Nashr-e Elm.

Sources

[edit]
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  • Bournoutian, George(2020).From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813.Leiden:Brill.ISBN978-90-04-44515-4.
  • Mousavi, M. (2018)."Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah".Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 12 Asia, Africa and the Americas (1700-1800).Brill.
  • Tapper, Richard (1997).Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-52158-336-7.
Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
Born:5 September 1772Died:23 October 1834
Iranian royalty
Preceded by Shah of Iran
1797–1834 		Succeeded by
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