Jump to content

Fengli

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Thefengli(Japanese:fūri)
Guangxi (Quảng Tây) was among the places where it could be found (cf.§Geographical range)
—Hōnzōkōmoku(Bencao gangmu,Jōō2/1653 edition)
Thefūri
Afūri

Fengli(simplified Chinese:Phong li;traditional Chinese:Phong li / phong li;pinyin:fēng lí,[a]literally 'wind leopard cat') is a legendary or mythified flyingmammalof China, whose descriptions from various sources were collated in theTaiping Yulanencyclopedia (10th century ) and theBencao gangmu(16th century) compendium ofmateria medica.

It is calledfūriby Japanese sources dating back to theEdo period.

Overview[edit]

The beast is described as resembling a dark-colored or blue-green (or greenish yellow and black) animal spotted like a leopard but smaller, about the size of a wildcat (leopard cat) ormarten.Alternate sources say the beast resembles a vanishingly short-tailed monkey, or a rabbit. It is capable of flying or gliding across trees or jutted rocks, eating fruits. Sources say that its aliasfengshengshoufavors eating spiders.

Thefenglibears a number of other aliases, includingfengmu(Phong mẫu;Phong mẫu;fēng mǔ;Japanese:fūbo,[3]literally "wind mother" ),fengshengshou(Vui vẻ thú;Vui vẻ thú;fēng shēng shòu,[b]),pinghou(Bình hầu;píng hóu,[c]'flat monkey'), etc.

A collated account of thefengliis given in theBencao gangmu(1596), under its "Four Legged Animals II" section, but it misstates some alias names and work titles, drawing from such sources as the entry for "fengmu"in the encyclopediaTaiping yulan(c. 980).

The beast lore could have been based on actual fauna; thefenglimay in fact have been thecolugoaccording to one hypothesis, or apalm civetor aslow lorisaccording to others.

Thefenglihas a number of lore attached to it. It is said to carry a magical wand (or a broken stalk of grass), which when pointed at a prey can cause it to fall off a tree (cf.§hunting wand). It is also said to die easily by striking, but such death is feigned, and it will revive momentarily upon receiving wind upon it. It is supposedly immune to cutting by blade, or burning by fire. But plugging its nose with thesweet flag(root portion) was considered lethal to it. Otherwise, only by rupturing its brain and breaking its bones could it be killed completely.

Its urine purportedly was effective againstleprosy,according to the old Chinesepharmacopoeia.

Thejiqu(狤𤟎;jí qū), which reputedly ate perfume (Indian frankincense,ormastic) was described as a separate beast in the original source, but has been equated with thefengliby theBencao gangmu.

Nomenclature[edit]

The beastfengli(Phong li;Phong li[4]/ phong li[5]), literally 'wind leopard cat',[6]is described under that title in theBencao Gangmu(1782)[1596]. Thefengliarticle was originally a sub-article within the precedingleopard catarticle.[7][8][d]

The creature's name is pronouncedfūriin Japanese, but (erroneously) glossed askazetanuki(Phong li /かぜたぬき)or 'windracoon dog' in theWakan sansai zue,[11][12]due to the fact thatli(simplified character:Li) is commonly read astanukiby the Japanese.[14]

Aliases and sources[edit]

A number of aliases forfengliare given in theBencao Gangmu,one of them beingfengmu(Phong mẫu;Phong mẫu;fēng mǔor猦𤝕[16],literally “mother of wind”[17]),[5][18][6]which is the heading used in theTaiping yulanencyclopedia.[19][e]

Thefengliname has its original source in the [Guihai]Yuheng zhi([ quế hải ] ngu hành chí;"Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian [of the Cinammon Sea]" )[f][21]and referred to aswind catin an English translation from this source.[22]

Thefengmualias can be sourced to theNanzhou yiwu zhi(Nam Châu dị vật chí;~ dị vật chí,"Records of Extraordinary Things from Nanzhou", miscited as theGuangzhou yiwu zhiQuảng Châu ~;Quảng Châu ~),[20][23]and these "Records" also provide the aliaspinghou(Bình hầu;píng hóu;[18][6]Japanese:heikō;[12]“flat monkey” [?][17]).[24]

Alsofengshengshou(Vui vẻ thú;fēng shēng shòu,[g]'wind-life/birthing-beast'[?][25]) is given in the [Hainei]Shizhou ji([ trong nước ] mười châu nhớ,"Records of the Ten Islands [Within the Sea]"[26])[27]and theBaopuzi.[28]

Andfeng xing(Phong tinh;fēng xīngis the name quoted from theLingnan yiwu zhi(Lĩnh Nam dị vật chí,"Records of Extraordinary Things from Lingnan" ) in the encyclopedia.[19][h]

While the beastjiqu(狤𤟎,Japanese:kikkutsu[30]) is treated as another alias offengliby theBencao gangmu,thejiquis treated in a separate chapter (Ch. 16) in the original source,[31]and presumably distinct fromfenglias far as the source (Youyang zazu) is concerned, placing these in Books/Chapters 16 and 15, respectively.[32]The reputation of eating a type of perfume[33](mastic[6]) is attributed to thejiqu.[31]Its characteristics are rather different and shall be segregated and discussed under§Jiqubelow.

Geographical range[edit]

Thefenglidwelled in such places asYong zhou[zh](in present-dayGuangxi), one of the old provinces (zhou) in theLingnan[37](areas south of the "Five Ridges" /Wuling Mountains), and elsewhere further south in Lingan.[i][6][18]

Thefengliwas also found in certain western parts of Shu (Thục,archaic forSichuan), in areas called the "outside of Xijao" (Thục Tây kiếu ngoại).[38][j][k]

Non-native to Japan[edit]

Thefengli(fūri) was not a creature known to be found in Japan so far asTerajima Ryōan[ja]knew, according to hisWakan sansai zue.[40]HoweverNegishi Yasumori[ja],the author ofMimibukuro[ja],thought it was just a "type oftanuki(racoon dog) ", and felt that human encounters with it in Japan were documented.[41]

External appearance[edit]

Size[edit]

Thefengliis said to measure about the size of ali(leopard cat)[44]or an otter according to theBencao gangmu.[45][6][18]

Thefengshengshou(Vui vẻ thú) is rather described as blue/green leopard-like, but about the size of aXing xing[28][27]which is tentatively identified asorangutan,[46][47]suggesting perhaps a large beast. However, scribal errors seems to be in play, because whileXing xing(orangutan-sized) is traceable toBaopuzias quoted in encyclopedia,[28]the original text readsli(Li,"badger-sized" ) in theBaopuziitself.[15][43]

And there is the aliasfeng xing(Phong tinh), presumably meaning 'wind orangutan', but the beast there is described as being monkey- or ape-like yet small.[48][49]

Coat and color[edit]

The creature, described by its different aliases, is likened to several different animals depending on the source.

The amalgamated profile of thefengliaccording to theBencao gangmuis that its fur has markings similar to aleopard,and is multicolored, either "blue-green, yellow, and black",[18]or "greenish-yellow and black",[6]depending on the translator.[l]TheBCGMalso says it is a short-tailed (almost tailess) beast resembling a small ape or monkey, with red eyes.[6][18]

Breakdown by source[edit]

The creaturefengshengshou(Vui vẻ thú) is described as blue (or rather green)[50]and leopard-like in two sources quoted by the encyclopedia.[27][28]

However, one of the two sources quoted secondhand, theBaopuzi,provides quite a different reading when the standalone edited text is consulte. The BPZ actually describes thefengshengshouas a beast that "resembles aĐiểu(Chồn) [marten or sable].. [which] is dark[m]in color and as big as ali(Li) or badger ".[28][43]

As for the simian resemblances, thefengliis said to resemble ahwangyuan(Hoàng viên) or "yellowgibbon"according to the aforementioned [Guihai]Yuheng zhi( "Treatises.. [of the Cinammon Sea]" ),[n][21][22]whilefengliresembled aju- monkey (Thư)), had long eyebrows and tended to shy away, according to theYouyang zazu(Dậu Dương Tạp Trở";"a Miscellany from Youyang").[32][17]Thefengmubeast (Phong mẫu thú) which bore the aliaspinghou(Bình hầu) or “flat monkey” was monkey-like, hairless, and red-eyed according to theNanzhou yiwu zhi.[o][51]Thefengliresembles a rabbit according to one source.[52]

Behavioral traits[edit]

Thefengliresembles a rabbit and is small according toChen Cangqi[zh],and it captures the wind, travels tree to tree, eating fruits.[52][18][6]

But the preferred food is also said to be thespiderfor thefengmubeast[48]or thefengli.[21][22][53][p]

It is said to curl up like ahedgehog(Vị) by day,[48][21]and by night it turns active and agile,[48]or flies in air when the wind rises,[21]or "jump[s] very high with the wind, crossing cliffs and pasing above trees―like birds flying in the air", as theBCGMsums it up.[6][54]

Capture, feigned death, killing method[edit]

TheBCGMwrites that when the creature encounters a human, they present a shy demeanor, "bend their head and seem to beg for mercy",[55][6][q]though an original source words it somewhat differently.[57]

Thefengli(feng xing[r],fengshengshou[s]) will seem to die easily when struck, but resuscitates momentarily upon turning its mouth toward the wind.[58][6][59]Thefengshengshouis reputedly immune to penetration by blade, and also incombustible when attempted to burn with fire, and can only be completely killed by pulverizing its bones and breaching its brain.[60][6][61]

Another piece of lore is that it can also be killed instantly by plugging its nose with the rhizome[18](root[63]) of the sweet flag (Acorussp.[6]) particularly theAcorus gramineusspecies (Cây thạch xương bồ,"grassleaf sweet flag").[18][64][65]

Hunting wand[edit]

According to the lore of southerners, thefenglialways carries a small stick or wand (Trượng) which when pointed at renders (the birds or beasts[66]) incapable of flying or running[48](or immobilizes them).[66][6]When a human obtains this wand, mere pointing at the prey will ensure its capture. But even if thefengliis netted, the wand will not be found (it has discarded the tool[66]). But by caning thefenglia hundred times[48](or by severely hitting it[66]) the animal will be persuaded to point to the whereabouts of the wand.[6]

Other sources report somewhat differently on the wand. The wand owned by is more difficult to obtain than theyi xing cao(Ế hình thảo,tr. as 'grass that covers up [your] body' (a sort of grass of invisibility)[17]) according to the experts of the art of treating wind diseases. This "wand" is actually a piece of grass stalk that thefenglibreaks off, measuring a little over 1chior Chinese foot (thus not something it carries always), and in order to catch it in action, humans span a length of rope between trees, then conceal themselves in the hollow of a nearby tree. After about three days' wait, the creature will come, and finding a flock of birds gathered in the trees, points at them with the grass-stalk causing them to fall, and starts eating. Humans emerge to capture it, but thefenglitypically swallows the grass or flings it away. Thus it is struck several hundred times until it is willing to retrieve the correct grass.[32][17]

The magic grass of thefūriis also mentioned in the Edo Period essayMimibukuro[ja],and includes an anecdote that someone who stole the grass afūri,tried to catch the bird by climbing a tree, and when he held it out the bird, the bird and that person both fell from the tree.[t][41][42]

Medicinal claims[edit]

A colugo.

The blend of this brain[u]with chrysanthemum flowers extends one's life (by 500 years[43]) after administering 10jin(catties,Chinese pound) of the medicine.[68][6][43]The longevity claim was made proably due to the reasoning that the long-lived immortals (xianren) were also considered to be capable of flight (like thefengli), according to the commentary byMinakata Kumagusu.[69]

The urine is also said to treat "massive wind" (Gió to,i.e.,leprosy[70]).[71]Certain ailments were believed caused by wind, hence, the wind creature's urine was believed effective.[69]

Its urine is milk-like, and hard to obtain, but can be procured if the beast is raised in a farm.[6]

Jiqu[edit]

Thejiqu(Chinese:狤𤟎/ cát khuất[72];pinyin:jí qū,Japanese:kikkutsu[30]orkekkutsu[73]) is a beast whose name is tentatively translated as "the one that bows to good fortune" [?].[17]

According to theYouyang zazu(Dậu dương tạp mâm) it likes to eat a type of aromatic substance calledxunlu xiang(Huân lục hương;xūn lù xiāng),[31][17]namely "Indian frankincense",[74]

Thefengliconsidered synonymous tojiquin theBCGM,it is described as feeding on thisfrankincense/olibanum,[18]ormastic.[75][6][76]It was probably only local rumour that the beast ate this perfumewood resin, according to a scholar in the field perfume ingredients.[72]

A largejiquweighed 10 catties [≈pounds], and bore resemblance to an otter. It was almost hairless, with no hair on the head, body, or its for limbs, but a blue (green) stripe of fur ran from its nose, along the spine, down to its tail, about 1cun[≈inch] wide, with individual hairs about 3 or 4 fen (0.3–0.4cun).[31][17][77]

Identification with actual fauna[edit]

Colugo[edit]

Thefengliin writings was hypothesizes to be acolugo,a bat-like mammal,[v]by Minakata Kumagusu (1920).[69][42]The colugo's wing is furry on the upper side, unlike the smooth-winged bat.[69]

While thefengli(fūri) is identifiable with thecolugo,a flying yōkai callednobusuma[ja]may be identifiable with themusasabior theJapanese giant flying squirrel(Petaurista leucogenys),[42]according to some Japanese opinion. Cf. next section on§Giant flying squirrel

Giant flying squirrel[edit]

A tentative identification with thered giant flying squirrel(Petaurista petaurista:Chinese:Cây cọ sóc bay) has been suggested by Yang Wuquan.[80]

Palm civets[edit]

Suzuki's 1931 Japanese translation of theBencao gangmu(Honzō kōmoku) under this entry indicates its scientific name to be uncertain, but in the marginal notes mentions ichthyologistShigeru Kimura[ja]'s opinion it may be themusangor the commonAsian palm civet.[w][81]

A Chinese scholar has also explored the possibility that themasked palm civet(Paguma larvata,Chinese name:Cầy hươngguozili) might be attested asfuliin classical Chinese writings.[82]

Slow lorises[edit]

fengxing walking on all fours
Walking on all fours
fengxing curling up
Curling up into a ball
—Feng xing tu《 phong tinh 圗》, by Ignatius Sichelbart

Ignatius Sichelbart(Chinese:Ngải khải mông) who served as court painter for the Qing Emperors paintedFeng xing tu[x](Fig. right) in realistic precise detail, and is considered to have portrayed aslow loris.[83]

The identification offulias slow loris actually occurs inB. E. Read'sMateria Medica(RMM for short), although he employed the Chinese name of the beast,lan hou(Con lười;Con cù lần), which he literally translated as a "sloth monkey".[84][85][86]

The opinion that thefenglibelongs to the slow loris genus (Con cù lần thuộc)Nycticebusis also elocuated in a paper by Tochio (2004), a scholar of natural history.[y][87]

See also[edit]

Explanatory notes[edit]

  1. ^The combined-character romanization (fengli,as used by Luo tr.), will be used instead of separated romanization (feng li) used by Unschuld tr., but pinyin phoneticization with diacrtics (fēng lí) will be appended.
  2. ^Japanese:fūseijū.
  3. ^Japanese:heikō.
  4. ^Suzuki identifiesliasLynx microtid[9](rectémicrotis), but this is still a synonym for the leopard cat or a subspecies thereof. The leopard catPrionailurus bengalensiswas also published under theP. euptilurasynonym, andmicrotiswas regarded as the subspecies of the latter.[10]
  5. ^Taiping yulan:"Fengmu"quotes sources under alternate names of the beast,[19]though notfengli.
  6. ^Cited by LSZ(Li Shizen) inBCGM[18][6]in shorthand asYuheng zhi""Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian ".[20]
  7. ^Japanese:fūseijū.
  8. ^Which is correct overfengmubeing quoted from the same source in BCGM,[5]and it is emended thus in the edition of BCGM edited by Ju Chenglong hồ thừa long (2016).[29]
  9. ^Lingnan extended from Guangxi toGuangdongand Hong Kong, etc.
  10. ^"Shu xi jiao wai" (Thục Tây kiếu ngoại) is glossed as a regional name in Sichuan, encompassingKangdingdistrict andAbadistrict of Sichuan.[39]
  11. ^"Shu xi" (Thục Tây) alone refers to western Sichuan, andSuzuki tr. (1931),p. 352 parsed it differently as "outside the borders ( kiếu ngoạijiao wai,Japanese:kōgai) of Shuxi (Western Sichuan).
  12. ^TheBCGMnotes that the creature has a blue stripe of hair running from nose to tail, but this is actually a description of another beast (cf.§Jiqu) which is conflated in theBCGM.
  13. ^Hereqing(Thanh) which means "blue/green" is rendered as "dark".
  14. ^[ quế hải ] ngu hành chí
  15. ^《 Nam Châu dị vật chí 》.
  16. ^BCGMmentions eating perfume (mastic) for food, but this is attributed to thejiqu,which the original source treats as a separate creature (Cf.§Jiqu).
  17. ^The termDập đầuis construable askowtow.Just to illustrate, in an entirely different work, this term is rendered as "knock his head on the ground".[56]
  18. ^Phong tinh
  19. ^Vui vẻ thú
  20. ^The Chinese source used by theMimibukurois unclear; although the author says he learned it fromSoushen Ji(Sưu Thần Ký) there is no mention offenglianywhere in that work (notes in Hasegawa ed.)[67]
  21. ^"This brain": Luo translates as "this medicine", suggesting it to be not just brain, but the concoct mentioned beforehand, namely, the brain steeped in wine said to treat "wind ailments", according to theLingnan yiwuzhi.[18]
  22. ^Some biologists then considered colugo to be closely related to the bat, while others had different opinions, as Minakata explains. Even mythographer Miyoko Nakano stated the colugo was close to a bat in a 2002 book.[78]
  23. ^Paradoxurus hermaphroditus.Kimura gaveP. musangabut this is an outdated synonym. The Japanese common name is given here askinobori zaru(キノボリザル) literally "tree-climbing ape".
  24. ^simplified Chinese:《 phong tinh đồ 》;traditional Chinese:《 phong tinh đồ 》.
  25. ^However, Tochio's main topic is another mammal entirely, and in his digression here, he erroneously swapped the Chinese names "Ong hầu" (loris) and "Con cù lần" (slow loris). Him callingLorisidae"Con cù lần khoa" is not wrong, however,Nycticebusmust be "Con cù lần thuộc" andNycticebus coucang(Sunda slow loris) actually "Con cù lần", which he swaps.

References[edit]

Citations
  1. ^Toriyama, Sekien[in Japanese](1805)."Fūri"Phong li ( ふうり ).Hyakki yakō shūi (Konjaku hyakki shūi) 3 kanBách quỷ dạ hành nhặt của rơi ( xưa nay trăm quỷ nhặt của rơi ) 3 quyển.Vol. 2. Nagano Kankichi.Phong によりて巌をかけり mộc に の ぼり, そ の はやき sự chim bay の như し
  2. ^Shida, Shida[in Japanese];Saeki, Tsunemaro, eds. (1909)."Fūbo"ふうぼ【 phong mẫu.Nihon ruigo daijitenNhật Bản loại ngữ đại từ điển.Seikōkan. p. 1323.Chi kia に trụ し vượn に tựa たる thú
  3. ^The reading is not given inSuzuki tr. (1931)but it has been verified in a dictionary.[2]
  4. ^abcdefghijklLi Shizhen(1596)."our-legged Animals II.Fengli"Thú chi nhị phong li.Bencao GangmuBản Thảo Cương Mục(in Chinese) – viaWikisource.
  5. ^abcdefghijklmnLi Shizhen(1782) [1596]."Book 51.Fengli"Cuốn 51 phong li.Bencao Gangmu (Siku Quanshu)Bản Thảo Cương Mục ( bốn kho toàn sách vở )(in Chinese) – viaWikisource.
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyLi Shizhen (2021)."Four-legged Animals II. 51-24Feng liwind leopard cat "Phong li.Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume IX: Fowls, Domestic and Wild Animals, Human Substances.Translated by Unschuld, Paul U. Univ of California Press. pp. 920–922.ISBN9780520379923.
  7. ^Suzuki tr. (1931),p. 352: "もとは li の điều hạ に phụ nhớ してあったが.. Though it was originally appended under theliarticle. "
  8. ^Suzuki tr. (1931)."Li" pp. 346ff;Unschuld tr. (2021)Chapter/section 51-24. Leopard cat, pp. 807ff.
  9. ^Suzuki tr. (1931),p. 346.
  10. ^North Manchuria Economic Research Office, South Manchuria Railway/Mantetsu Hokuman Keizai Chōsajo (1939)."Prionaelurus euptilura microtis (A. Milne-Edwards), 1871"ヤマネコ.Hokuman yasei honyūruishiBắc mãn hoang dại bú sữa loại chí.Hưng á thư viện.
  11. ^abcTerajima, Ryōan[in Japanese](1712),"38. Beasts: Fūri"38 thú loại: Phong li,Wakan sansai zue: 105 kan shu 1 kan bi 1 kanCùng hán tam tài đồ sẽ: 105 quyển đầu 1 quyển đuôi 1 quyển,vol. 26 of 81, Kan-no-38, fol. 21r
  12. ^abcdTerajima, Ryōan[in Japanese](1987).Wakan sansai zueCùng hán tam tài đồ sẽ.Vol. 6. Translated byShimada, Isao[in Japanese];Takeshima, Atsuo; Higuchi, Motomi. Heibonsha. p. 93.ISBN978-4-582-80466-9.
  13. ^Terajima Ryōan (1712)Wakan sansai zue,"Kan-no-38. Beasts:Li Tanuki"
  14. ^Thusli(Li) in the preceding section of 'BCGMwas misconstrued as "tanuki" or racoon dog (also in its preceding section) in theWSZ (Wakan sansai zue).[13]
  15. ^abcdeGuo li bian yi guan quốc lập biên dịch quán / Zhonghua cong shu bian shen wei yuan hui[in Chinese];Zhonghua wen hua fu xing yun dong zong hui Trung Hoa văn hóa phục hưng vận động tổng hội, eds. (2001)."Tiên dược thiên đệ 11".Baopuzi neipian jin zhu jin yiBão Phác Tử nội thiên nay chú kim dịch(in Chinese). Notes and translation by Chen Feilong. Taiwan Commercial Press. p. 433.ISBN9789570516807.
  16. ^Styled thus with the additional beast radical "Khuyển" ( khuyển + phong; khuyển + mẫu ) in theYupianNgọc thiên "Jade Chapters" under the part for the dog [radical] khuyển bộ.Yupianexplainsfengmuto be a tailed beast which even after being struck dead shall revive after receiving wind.[15]
  17. ^abcdefghDuan Chengshi(2021). "The jiqu 狤𤟎:" the one that bows to good fortune "?".On Feathers and Furs: The Animal Section in Duan Chengshi's đoạn thành thức Youyang zazu Dậu Dương Tạp Trở (ca. 853). An annotated translation.Translated by Chiara Bocci. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 145–152.ISBN9780520379923.JSTORj.ctv2bfhhkv.
  18. ^abcdefghijklmnLi Shizhen (2003)."Drug 51-24 Fengli".Compendium of Materia Medica: Bencao Gangmu.Vol. 6. Translated byLuo Xiwen[in Chinese].Foreign Languages Press. pp. 4079–4080.ISBN9787119032603.
  19. ^abcde"Juan 908. Shou-bu 20. Fengmu"Cuốn 900 tám ． thú bộ hai mươi. Phong mẫu.Taiping yulanThái bình ngự lãm(in Chinese). c. 980 – viaWikisource.
  20. ^abcdZheng, Jinsheng; Kirk, Nalini; Buell, Paul D.; Unschuld, Paul Ulrich, eds. (2018)."Guang zhou yi wu zhi /Gui hai Yu heng zhi".Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 3: Persons and Literary Sources.University of California Press. pp. 158, 159.ISBN9780520291973.
  21. ^abcdefFan Chengda[in Chinese],Guihai yuhengzhiQuế hải ngu hành chí(in Chinese),¶75.
  22. ^abcdFan Chengdai(2021)."Quadrupeds. § Wind cats [Fengli]".Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea: The Natural World and Material Culture of Twelfth-Century China.Translated by James M. Hargett. University of Washington Press. pp. 78–79.ISBN9780295802060.
  23. ^TheTaiping yulancitesNanzhou yiwu ji(~ nhớ;~ nhớ[19]but emendable to~yiwu zhi[20]the trivial alteration of the final character meaning "history/records" being commonplace. Zheng et al.'s notes on BCGM, on the source "Guangzhou yiwu zhinotes this is quoted secondhand from theTaiping yulanand the latter givesNanzhou (ditto).[20]
  24. ^Nanzhou yiwu jiquoted inTaiping yulan.[19]
  25. ^The exact intended meaning is ambiguous. Translators of BCGM (Unshuld, Luo) don't bother to provide the meaning of aliases other thanfengli.Bocci rendersjiquandpinghoubut notfengshengshou.
  26. ^Zheng et al. (2018)"Shi zhou ji",pp. 920–922
  27. ^abcdefg[Hainei]Shizhou ji《[ trong nước ] mười châu ký 》 on "fengshengshouVui vẻ thú ",apudTaiping Yulan
  28. ^abcdeBaopuziBaopuzi neipianBão Phác Tử · nội thiên on "fengshengshouVui vẻ thú ",apudTaiping Yulan
  29. ^Li Shizhen(2016)."Feng li <shiyi> "Phong li 《 nhặt của rơi 》.In Hu Chenglong hồ thừa long (ed.).The Ben Cao Gang Mu: Chinese Edition(in Chinese). Univ of California Press. pp. 1469–1470.ISBN978-0-520-95974-3.
  30. ^abcSuzuki tr. (1931),p. 352.
  31. ^abcdDuan Chengshi(1781) [c. 860]."Juan 16 Jíqū jiǎo wài Bófánzhōu xūnlùxiāng suǒchū yě rú fēngzhī jíqū hǎo dàn.."Cuốn 16 狤𤟎 kiếu ngoại bột phàn châu huân lục hương sở ra cũng như phong chi 狤𤟎 hảo đạm...Youyang zazu (Siku quanshu)Dậu dương tạp 爼 ( bốn kho toàn sách vở )(in Chinese) – viaWikisource.
  32. ^abcDuan Chengshi(1781) [c. 860]."Juan 15 Nán zhōng yǒu shòu míng fēnglí.."Cuốn 15 nam trung có thú danh phong li...Youyang zazu (Siku quanshu)Dậu dương tạp 爼 ( bốn kho toàn sách vở )(in Chinese) – viaWikisource.
  33. ^xunluxiang(Huân lục hương), Japanese:kunroku kō(Huân lục hương)[30]
  34. ^Luo tr. (2003),p. 3839
  35. ^Unschuld (2021), Volume IX: Fowls, etc.:[1]
  36. ^Luo tr. (2003),Volume IX: Fowls,Fowls: 49-17-A01 Qinjialo Tần Cát Liễu, p. 3839
  37. ^Yong zhou is given as one of four provinces orzhou(of minority peoples[34]) within Lingnan where the birdqinjialoTần Cát Liễu(akajieliao niaoKết liêu điểu) can be found (BCGM,"Fowls" ).[35][36]
  38. ^"outside of Xi jiao in Shu",[6];"outside Xijiao in Sichuan"[18].
  39. ^Zheng et al. (2018),Thục Tây Shu xi, Thục Tây kiếu ngoại Shu xi jiao wai. p. 281
  40. ^"Không nghe thấy ở chỗ bổn triều"[11]."Phong li は Lĩnh Nam ( quảng đông ・ quảng tây địa phương ) の núi rừng trung に nhiều くいて, まだわが quốc にいるとは nghe かない".[12]
  41. ^abNegishi Yasumori[in Japanese](1991). "Fūri no koto"Phong li の sự.InHasegawa, Tsuyoshi[in Japanese](ed.).MimibukuroNhĩ túi.Iwanami bunko. Vol. 2. Iwanami. p. 220.ISBN978-4-00-302613-7.;――(1972), Heibonsha,p. 133
  42. ^abcdMiyamoto, Yukie (2013). "Dai-4-shō. Sora to umi no yōkai. §Fūri"Chương 4 không と hải の yêu quái § phong li.Nihon no yōkai FILENhật Bản の yêu quái FILE.Gakken. pp. 116–117.ISBN978-4-054056-63-3.
  43. ^abcdefgFeifel, Feifel[in German],ed. (1946)."Pao-P'u Tzu Bão Phác Tử Nei-P'ien nội thiên Chapter XI".Monumenta Serica Hoa kiều học chí.11:13–14.doi:10.1080/02549948.1946.11744875.JSTOR40725995.
  44. ^Again, often misconstrued astanuki,i.e., racoon dog byWakan sansai zue,[11][12]and even recent Japanese sources.[42]In some editions of theBCGM,the use of the simplified character ofli(Lican be found, easily read as "tanuki" by the Japanese. And the simplifiedli(Li) is also used in the relevant passage inBaopuzi,[15]and the description transated as "as big as a badger" by Feifel.[43]
  45. ^"Này đại như li như thát"[4][5].
  46. ^Unschuld tr.,BCGMIX: "Fowls, Domestic and Wild Animals,..". Four-legged Animals III. 51-52.Sheng sheng tinh tinh.pp. 920–922
  47. ^Luo tr. (2003),pp. 4128–.
  48. ^abcdefgLingnan yiwu zhiLĩnh Nam dị vật chí on "feng xingPhong tinh ",apudTaiping Yulan
  49. ^Cf.BCGM,"physical appearance is that of monkeys, but they are smaller".[6]
  50. ^The termqing(Thanh) ambiguously means "blue, green, or blue-green", as a matter of common knowledge. Note that in the description fromBCGMgiven above, Luo renders as "blue-green" and Unschuld as "greenish".
  51. ^abNanzhou yiwu zhi《 Nam Châu dị vật chí 》 (apud『Taiping Yulan,which calls it~jiNhớ. It is referred to asGanzhou yiwu zhi《 Quảng Châu dị vật chí 》 in theBencao Gangmu,as aforestated.
  52. ^abChen Cangq.Bencao shiyi[zh]?, quoted byBCGM:"Tàng khí rằng phong li sinh Ung Châu lấy nam tựa thố mà đoản sống ở cao trên cây chờ phong mà thổi đến hắn thụ thực quả tử này nước tiểu như nhũ thật khó đến người lấy dưỡng chi nãi nhưng đến"[4][5].
  53. ^Also used in theBCGM:"Này tính thực con nhện".[4][5]
  54. ^"Ngày tắc nằm co bất động như vị đêm tắc nhân phong nhảy lên cực tiệp càng nham quá thụ như chim phi không trung[5].または “Nằm co” とつくる[4].
  55. ^"Người võng đến chi gặp người tắc như xấu hổ mà dập đầu cầu xin thương xót thái độ".[4][5]
  56. ^Pettit, J. E. E.; Chao-jan, Chang (2020).A Library of Clouds: The Scripture of the Immaculate Numen and the Rewriting of Daoist Texts.University of Hawaii Press. p. 259.ISBN9780824884376.
  57. ^"Nếu hành gặp người, liền dập đầu, trạng như sợ tội tự khất"in theNanzhou yiwuji[sic.] quoted in theTaiping yulanencyclopedia.[51]A published English translation wanting, but the latter phrase is literally "as if to beg for guilt (or fear of punishment)" which does not quite make sense.
  58. ^BCGM:"Người qua đánh chi đột nhiên chết rồi lấy khẩu hướng phong.[4][5]
  59. ^Cf.fengshengshouinShizhouji[27]andLingnan yiwuzhi.[48]
  60. ^"Giây lát sống lại duy toái này cốt phá này não nãi chết một vân đao chước không vào hỏa đốt không tiêu đánh chi như túi da tuy thiết đánh này đầu phá đến phong phục khởi"[4][5]
  61. ^Cf.fengshengshouinShizhouji[27]andBPZ.[15]
  62. ^Fang Yizhi[in Chinese](1884)."Vui vẻ thú".Vật lý tiểu thức: Mười hai cuốn.Yên lặng đường. p. Quyển mười 12 dặm.
  63. ^Though not explicit in the Chinese text, "root" is parenthetically inserted in the Unschuld tr.[6]The word for "root" is also interpolated in the quote in the 17th commentary byFang Yizhi[zh]:"Mười châu vân lấy cây thạch xương bồ căn tắc mũi nãi chết"[62]
  64. ^"Duy cây thạch xương bồ tắc này mũi tức chết cũng".[4][5]
  65. ^A variant reading states that asweet flag(Acorus calamus) growing on top of stone should be used (fengshengshou“Vui vẻ thú” in BPZ 《 Bão Phác Tử ・ nội thiên 》[15][43],'fengshengshou“Vui vẻ thú” inShizhouji《[ trong nước ] mười châu ký 》[27]).
  66. ^abcdLiangnan yiwuzhiLĩnh Nam dị vật chíapudBCGM.
  67. ^Yabuno, Tadashi (2015-03-17)."Mimibukoro kan-no-jū Fūri no koto"Nhĩ túi quyển chi mười phong li の sự.Quỷ hỏa Le feu follet.Retrieved2023-01-24.
  68. ^Shizhouji,[27]quoted as "Não chủ trị rượu tẩm phục càng phong tật 〈 khi trân ra Lĩnh Nam chí 〉 cùng cúc hoa phục đến mười gân nhưng trường sinh 〈 mười châu nhớ 〉".[4][5]
  69. ^abcdMinakata (1920)Jūnishi-kō: SaruMười hai chi khảo ・ hầu.Minakata (1971),p. 354
  70. ^Unschuld tr. (2021),p. 355:Da fengGió to"massive wind"... sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy.
  71. ^Guihai yuhengzhi《 quế hải ngu hành chí 》,[21][22],YuhengzhiapudBCGM.[6][18]
  72. ^abYamada, Kentaro[in Japanese](1974)."Nyūkō・motsuyaku shōshi"Nhũ hương ・ không dược tiểu sử “Chư phiên chí” の ghi lại を trung tâm にして[A Short History of Frankincense and Myrrh in China].Journal of Nagoya Gakuin University. Humanities and natural sciences.2(3): 76–77.
  73. ^Naomi, Genshū (1759),"Kikkutsu"狤𤟎 キツクツ,Kōyamatohonzō 10kan betsuroku 2 kanQuảng Oa thảo mộc 10 quyển đừng lục 2 quyển,vol. Betsuroku–ge, Nagata Chōbei, pp. 22–23
  74. ^Borgen, Robert (2020),"Chapter 5. A Japanese Pilgrim's visit to Wutai in the winter of 1072",in Andrews, Susan; Chen, Jinhua; Kuan, Guang (eds.),The Transnational Cult of Mount Wutai: Historical and Comparative Perspectives,BRILL, p. 152,ISBN9789004419872
  75. ^Mastic is known by the Chinese nameyang rushang(Dương nhũ hương,characterizing it as a sort of frankincense (rushang).
  76. ^BCGM: "Cũng đạm huân lục hương".[4][5]
  77. ^TheBCGMappropriates this description and ascribes it to hisfengli:"Hoặc vân một thân vô mao duy tự mũi đến cuối một đạo có thanh mao quảng tấc hứa trường ba bốn phân này nước tiểu như sữa tươi".[4][5]Cf. Unschld tr.: "no fur, except for a path.. nose to tail.. covered with greenish fur..," etc.[6]Its urine being milk-like, appended at the end, is not found in theYouyang zazu.
  78. ^Nakano, Miyoko[in Japanese](2002).Songokū no tanjō: saru no minwagaku to SaiyūkiTôn Ngộ Không の ra đời: サル の dân lời nói học と “Tây Du Ký”.Iwanami. p. 265.ISBN9784006020507.
  79. ^Zhou Qufei[in Chinese](1999). Yang Wuquan (ed.).Lingwai daida jiaozhuLĩnh ngoại đại đáp chú thích.Beijing: Zhonghua shuju. pp. 9.360–361, n1.
  80. ^Yang WuquanDương võ tuyền[79]apudHargett tr. (2011),pp. 77–78, n52.
  81. ^Suzuki tr. (1931),p. 351.
  82. ^Ceng Xiongsheng (2004)."Zhōngguó lìshǐ shàng de guǒzi lí"Trung Quốc trong lịch sử cầy hương.Cửu Châu học lâm.2(3): 230.
  83. ^"Yī fú" fēng xīng tú ", huà zhōng de dòngwù yísì chuānyuè [gǔdài]le, shì qiánlóng yùyòng huàshī de zuòpǐn"Một bức 《 phong tinh đồ 》, họa trung động vật hư hư thực thực xuyên qua [ cổ đại ], là Càn Long ngự dụng họa sư tác phẩm,TencentĐằng Tấn võng(in Chinese), 2020-03-09
  84. ^Read also identifies it as aLoris sp.,but that taxonomy is obsolete and slow loris is now filed under the Nycticebus genus.
  85. ^Feifel tr., note 70).[43]
  86. ^Read, Bernard Emms (1931).Chinese Materia Medica.Peking Natural History Bulletin. p. 3 (#373).
  87. ^Tochio, Takeshi (March 2004),"Tenkinshikō wo motomete: Unnan no tabi"Điền khỉ lông vàng を cầu めて: Vân Nam の lữ[In search of the black snub-nosed monkey: Journey to Yunnan],Seijō kokubungaku(20): 108repository
Bibliography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fengli&oldid=1220992361"